Psychological Theories
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course examines the major theoretical perspectives that have shaped the field of psychology, including behaviorism, psychoanalysis, humanistic psychology, cognitive psychology, and evolutionary theory. Students will explore the foundational concepts, core assumptions, and prominent figures associated with each approach, as well as their applications to understanding human behavior, emotion, and cognition. Emphasis is placed on comparing and contrasting the theories, evaluating their empirical support, and considering their relevance to contemporary psychological research and practice.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Theory and Research 12th Edition by Daniel Cervone
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15 Chapters
1423 Verified Questions
1423 Flashcards
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2
Chapter 1: Personality Theory: From Everyday Observations to Systematic Theories
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70 Verified Questions
70 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Biologically-based personality tendencies evidence in early childhood are called A) genetics.
B) temperament.
C) structures.
D) processes.
Answer: B
Q2) A problem with the "nature versus nurture" formulation is that
A) nature is not important to personality.
B) nurture is not important to personality.
C) neither nature nor nurture is important to personality.
D) the "versus" is the problem, i.e., nature and nurture are not opposing forces.
Answer: D
Q3) The concepts of band-width and fidelity are analogous to characteristics of a A) computer.
B) radio.
C) bicycle.
D) all of the above.
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: The Scientific Study of People
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87 Verified Questions
87 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison with case studies, correlational research typically
A) involves the study of a few individuals.
B) involves quantitative relationships.
C) involves interest in cause-effect relationships.
D) all of the above.
Answer: B
Q2) Measures designed to tap beliefs of which people may not be aware are called _______ measures.
A) implicit
B) explicit
C) idiographic
D) nomothetic
Answer: A
Q3) The case of Clever Hans illustrates A) experimenter expectancy effects.
B) response style.
C) demand characteristics.
D) subliminal perception.
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: A Psychodynamic Theory: Freuds
Psychoanalytic Theory of Personality
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The psychoanalytic concept for the aspect of human functioning associated with rewards for striving for ideals and punishments for violating moral standards is the A) unconscious.
B) superego.
C) ego.
D) id.
Answer: B
Q2) Repressive style is associated with A) low reactivity to stress.
B) high self-esteem.
C) risk of health difficulties.
D) all of the above.
Answer: C
Q3) Research suggests that the suppression of exciting thoughts can promote excitement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Freuds Psychodynamic Theory: Applications,
Related Theoretical Conceptions, and Contemporary Research
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a contrast emphasized by Jung?
A) persona-private self.
B) anima-animus.
C) introversion-extroversion.
D) complex-simple.
Q2) The analyst who emphasized the early relationships between the infant and the mother - the development of anxiety and the sense of self was
A) Sullivan.
B) Murray.
C) Rorschach.
D) Adler.
Q3) Discuss the strengths and limitations of psychoanalytic theory, both in terms of points emphasized in the text as well as your own point of view.
Q4) Central to psychoanalytic treatment is
A) transference neurosis.
B) catharsis.
C) hypnosis.
D) all of the above.
Q5) Discuss Freud's view of how psychoanalysis leads to positive personality change. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: A Phenomenological Theory: Carl Rogers
Person-Centered Theory of Personality
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A criticism of Rogers's concept of self-esteem is that it is
A) too global.
B) too specific.
C) too vague.
D) too concrete.
Q2) Parents with high self-esteem were found to
A) give little guidance.
B) set ambiguous limits.
C) make clear demands.
D) all of the above.
Q3) According to Coopersmith, which of the following is not a building block for high self-esteem in children?
A) loving mother.
B) democratic parenting.
C) varying enforcement of rules.
D) they all are building blocks.
Q4) According to Rogers, the core of our nature is essentially positive.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss Rogers' views of the self, self processes, and their measurement.
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Chapter 6: A Phenomenological Theory - Applications and Evaluation of Rogers Theory
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rogers developed a scale to measure how individuals repress feelings.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to Frankl, existential frustration involves lack of
A) fulfillment of the will-to-meaning.
B) fulfillment of the will-to-power.
C) fulfillment of the drive-for-sex.
D) all of the above.
Q3) The classification of defense mechanisms was less important for Rogers than for Freud.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the text,
A) it is impossible to be completely phenomenological.
B) self-report data are worthless.
C) Rogers ignores systematic inquiry.
D) all of the above.
Q5) The authentic self is seen most clearly in the consistency of behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Trait Approaches to Personality - Allport,
Eyesneck and Cattell
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eysenck's suggestion that there is a biological basis for his dimensions has received considerable research support.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is false?
A) Extraverts are more sexually active than introverts.
B) Introverts do better in school than extraverts.
C) Introverts tend to be more suggestible than extraverts.
D) Extraverts enjoy aggressive humor more than introverts.
Q3) Cattell emphasizes three sources of data. Discuss these three sources in relation to the approaches to research discussed in Chapter 2.
Q4) Which of the following trait theorists has been associated with the application of trait theory to abnormal behavior?
A) Allport.
B) Eysenck.
C) Cattell.
D) none of the above.
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Chapter 8: Trait Theory: the Five-Factor Model: Applications and Evaluation of the Trait Approach
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) At this point in time, evidence in support of trait stability
A) is better for longitudinal stability than for cross-situational stability.
B) is better for cross-situational stability than for longitudinal stability.
C) is very good for both kinds of stability.
D) is very good for neither kind of stability.
Q2) Relative to personality structure in adulthood, that in childhood is A) more complex.
B) less integrated.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) The text suggests support for the following
A) the child is father to the man.
B) change does occur in traits.
C) stability of overall structure with individual change.
D) all of the above.
Q4) The Big Five factor showing the least cross-instrument agreement is Openness.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
Q5) Discuss the grounds for support of the Big Five model of individual differences, including evidence that the trait terms relate to people's everyday behavior.
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Chapter 9: Biological Foundations of Personality
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124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the research to date, for most personality characteristics one would expect
A) biological siblings to be more similar than adopted siblings.
B) adopted children to be more similar to adopted parents than biological parents.
C) males to be more similar to one another than females.
D) none of the above.
Q2) Heritability estimates might differ if
A) different populations were studied.
B) different measures of h² were used.
C) different aspects of the same trait were studied.
D) all of the above.
Q3) One would expect the role of heredity in personality to decline in the following order
A) IQ, extraversion, political views.
B) IQ, religiosity, neuroticism.
C) extraversion, political views, neuroticism.
D) neuroticism, extraversion, IQ.
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Chapter 10: Behaviorism and the Learning Approaches to Personality
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86 Verified Questions
86 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not one of the two basic assumptions underlying the learning theory approach to psychology put forward in the text?
A) Research methodology is important.
B) Nearly all behavior is learned.
C) People are basically active rather than reactive.
D) Both (a) and (c).
Q2) According to Skinner
A) exploration of motivation is a worthy endeavor.
B) feelings are causes of behavior.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q3) According to the text, the behavior therapist would be most likely to compare his role as a therapist to that of
A) an engineer.
B) an advisor.
C) a substitute parent.
D) an administrator.
Q4) Explain why Skinner argued against the idea that people have free will.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: A Cognitive Theory of Personality: George a Kellys
Personal Construct Theory of Personality
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76 Verified Questions
76 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fixed-role therapy does not involve
A) representing yourself in a new way.
B) believing yourself to be a new person.
C) construing things in new ways.
D) All of the above are involved.
Q2) Within Kelly's cognitive theory of personality, the term "constructive alternativism" means
A) we have the ability to seek objective reality in many alternative ways.
B) when we are limited by objective reality we have the ability to express ourselves in alternative ways.
C) there is no objective reality - only alternative ways of constructing events.
D) none of the above.
Q3) Kelly felt that people function the way they do in order to A) expand and validate the construct system.
B) avoid pain.
C) obtain reinforcement.
D) both (a) and (b).
Q4) For Kelly, psychopathology is a disordered response to anxiety.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Social Cognitive Theory: Bandura and Mischel
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87 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Bandura, a person will try harder if
A) they see a more competent person succeed.
B) they see a model punished.
C) perceived self-efficacy suggests a chance for success.
D) all of the above.
Q2) The development of intrinsic interest is enhanced by A) self-efficacy beliefs.
B) challenging standards.
C) positive feedback.
D) all of the above.
Q3) Research reveals that playing violent video games
A) increase people's aggression.
B) lower people's aggression.
C) has no influence on people's aggression.
D) lower people's verbal skills.
Q4) As illustrated by the CAPS model, social-cognitive theorists view personality as A) primarily inherited.
B) the product of unconscious forces.
C) too complex to be understand via laboratory experiments.
D) a system.
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Chapter 13: Social-Cognitive Theory: Extensions, Applications,
and Evaluation
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91 Verified Questions
91 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research and anecdotal evidence indicates that perfectionism is highly adaptive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Self-guides are thought to result from
A) early social learning experiences.
B) maturational processes in middle adulthood.
C) biological mechanisms involving the amygdala.
D) genetic influences that are stable across the life course.
Q3) RET was developed by A) Meichenbaum.
B) Ellis.
C) Kelly.
D) Lazarus.
Q4) Dweck's research on learning and performance goals employed a _____ research procedure.
A) think-aloud
B) case study
C) reaction time
D) all of the above
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Personality in Context: Interpersonal Relations,
Culture, and Development Across the Course of Life
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69 Verified Questions
69 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates the importance of A) goals.
B) schemas.
C) attentional focus.
D) expectations.
Q2) Optimists and defensive pessimists differ A) in their levels of achievement.
B) in their strategies for achievement.
C) in their expectations.
D) b and c.
Q3) Research by Ayduk et al. demonstrates that people can control their emotions regarding interpersonal relationships by
A) focusing on hot aspects of the relationship.
B) focusing on cool aspects of the relationship.
C) focusing on their level of rejection sensitivity.
D) focusing on their internal feelings of anger.
Q4) Discuss some research examples in which personality development is shown to reflect an interaction of early-life personality styles and social context.
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Chapter 15: An Overview of Personality Theory, Assessment, and Research
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49 Verified Questions
49 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The psychoanalytic view of the importance of early experiences for personality development can be contrasted with (i.e., is unlike)
A) trait theory.
B) social cognitive theory.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q2) The text concludes that some tests are clearly superior to others.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Jim felt that all of the assessment devices had some merit.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The case of Jim suggests that
A) there has been a complete change in him.
B) developments would have been difficult to predict.
C) both (a) and (b).
D) neither (a) nor (b).
Q5) Discuss the case of Jim in the light of the theories covered and the personality data obtained in association with them.
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