Psychological Theories and Systems
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
This course offers an in-depth exploration of major psychological theories and systems that have shaped the field of psychology. Students will examine foundational paradigms such as psychoanalysis, behaviorism, humanism, cognitive psychology, and biological perspectives, analyzing how each contributes to our understanding of human thought, emotion, and behavior. Emphasis is placed on the historical context, key figures, and critical evaluation of each theoretical system, as well as their applications in contemporary psychological practice and research. The course encourages students to synthesize and compare diverse theoretical viewpoints, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the dynamic and evolving nature of psychology as a scientific discipline.
Recommended Textbook
Pioneers of Psychology A History 4th Edition by Raymond E. Fancher
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15 Chapters
450 Verified Questions
450 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Foundational Ideas from Antiquity
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30 Verified Questions
30 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Descartes' mathematical invention,which integrated algebra and geometry,is called:
A) analytic geometry.
B) Cartesian analysis.
C) differential calculus.
D) dioptric.
Answer: A
Q2) The hydraulically-operated mechanical statues at St.Germain were important to Descartes because:
A) the mythological scenes they represented directed his attention toward important psychological problems.
B) they suggested the idea that animal bodies could be understood mechanistically as automata.
C) they inspired him to construct some experimental hydraulic models of his own.
D) all of the above
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Pioneering Philosophers of Mind:
Descartes,Locke,and Leibniz
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leibniz proposed all of the following features of "minute perceptions" except:
A) they are characteristic of bare monads.
B) they can be responsible for unconscious motivational effects.
C) they are experienced only by animals and humans.
D) when aggregated in large numbers they can become conscious.
Answer: C
Q2) Leibniz's sentient monads are characteristic of __________________,while rational monads relate to ________________.
A) human beings; nonhuman organisms
B) nonhuman organisms; human beings
C) nonhuman organisms; all plants and animals
D) all plants and animals; nonhuman organisms
Answer: B
Q3) Sensations such as redness,loudness,coldness,or saltiness were considered what type of ideas by Locke?
A) complex ideas
B) intuitive ideas
C) simple ideas
D) innate ideas
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Physiologists of Mind: Brain Scientists from Gall to Penfield
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Sample Questions
Q1) The discovery of several different sensory and motor regions of the brain in the 1870s proved that:
A) there was more localization of function than Flourens had believed, but it was of a different kind from that hypothesized by phrenologists.
B) the brain acts as a unit, as postulated by Flourens's theory of action commune.
C) many phrenological localizations had been surprisingly accurate.
D) it was futile to expect to learn anything from ablation studies.
Answer: A
Q2) The electrical stimulation of a conscious human brain by Bartholow in 1874: A) was performed on a retarded patient who did not understand what was happening to her.
B) produced painful sensations and convulsions in the patient.
C) was terminated sooner than planned because of the death of the patient.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Sensing and Perceiving Mind: From Kant
through the Gestalt Psychologists
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Helmholtz's theory,an important hypothetical process underlying such perceptual phenomena as depth perception was called:
A) unconscious inference.
B) unconscious rationalization.
C) inductive reasoning.
D) practical intuition.
Q2) For stimuli such as electric shocks,where the jnd's become smaller with higher intensities,the psychophysical relationship is best expressed by:
A) Weber's law.
B) Fechner's law.
C) Steven's (power) law.
D) either b or c, which are mathematically equivalent.
Q3) A notion which David Hume's skeptical philosophy challenged,and which Immanuel Kant tried to rescue in his philosophical reformulation,was:
A) specific nerve energies.
B) analytic geometry.
C) the soul.
D) causality.
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Chapter 5: Wundt and the Establishment of Experimental Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is often regarded as the "father" of modern academic and experimental psychology?
A) Edward Bradford Titchener
B) Wilhelm Wundt
C) Sigmund Freud
D) William James
Q2) Why was Wundt's landmark book Principles of Physiological Psychology (1874)important?
A) It was the first genuine "textbook" describing under one cover several recent developments in the area of experimental psychology.
B) It focused attention on the originality and variety of Wundt's own experiments.
C) It introduced the work of early female psychologists.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Which of the following was not an essential aspect of Wundt's research on mental chronometry?
A) measurement of reaction times
B) the differentiation between perception and apperception
C) the subtractive procedure
D) introspection
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Chapter 6: The Evolving Mind: Darwin and His Psychological
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Sample Questions
Q1) Darwin's so-called "variation hypothesis" suggests that:
A) males have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than females.
B) females have been more modified by evolution and show more variation than males.
C) males and females have been equally modified by evolution but males show more variation.
D) reproduction between males and females causes variation in the human species.
Q2) One of the purposes of Darwin's book,The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was to show:
A) that many human reactions with no obvious survival or utilitarian value today did have an adaptive purpose in the evolutionary past.
B) that animals and humans have very different emotional responses.
C) that human emotional expressions vary widely across different cultures.
D) that many human reactions with a clear adaptive purpose today had no adaptive purpose in the past.
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Chapter 7: Measuring the Mind: Galton and Individual Differences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Francis Galton's formal academic training was primarily in the fields of:
A) medicine and mathematics.
B) biology and psychology.
C) geography and statistics.
D) history and botany.
Q2) Galton's scatter plots for the relationships between the heights of children and their parents showed that,on average:
A) tall parents had children taller than themselves.
B) tall children had parents that were taller than themselves.
C) tall children had parents shorter than themselves.
D) both a and b above
Q3) Galton justified his neurophysiological approach to intelligence testing with all of the following arguments except:
A) that mentally retarded people supposedly cannot distinguish well between hot and cold.
B) that women are supposedly both less intelligent than men, and less able to select a fine wine.
C) that large head sizes must reflect large and powerful brains within.
D) that people with quick reaction times also have large vocabularies.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: American Pioneers: James, Hall, Calkins, and Thorndike
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was not true regarding the career of Mary Whiton Calkins?
A) She became President of both the American Psychological and American Philosophical Associations.
B) She was the first woman to receive a PhD in Psychology from Harvard.
C) She published articles on association and dreams while still a student.
D) She promoted an influential psychology of the self.
Q2) William James's most important contribution to psychology was probably:
A) an infectious enthusiasm and point of view that made psychology seem interesting and attractive.
B) his series of experiments on consciousness.
C) his theory of language and society.
D) all of the above
Q3) A famous passage in James's textbook described ____________ as "the enormous flywheel of society," which "saves the children of fortune from the uprisings of the poor," and "dooms us all to fight out the battle of life upon the lines of our nurture or our early choice."
A) instinct
B) emotion
C) habit
D) personal character
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Psychology as the Science of Behavior:
Pavlov,Watson,and Skinner
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Sample Questions
Q1) Simple stimuli such as clicks from a toy clicker may be used to help shape up complicated chains of responses if,through previous respondent conditioning,they have been made into:
A) token reinforcers.
B) partial reinforcers.
C) primary reinforcers.
D) secondary reinforcers.
Q2) Watson found Pavlov's conditioned reflex concept useful in his own work because: A) it was a properly objective technique that he could apply to many other learning situations besides the salivary reflex.
B) it explained a great deal about the nature of the brain.
C) it showed the value of precise measurements in psychological experiments.
D) both a and b above
Q3) What did Watson say about unconscious thought in his textbook,Behaviorism?
A) It does not exist.
B) It is explainable as a sequence of non-verbal (kinesthetic or visceral) reactions.
C) It is explainable as a chain of low-level verbal or vocal responses.
D) It may exist, but it is incapable of being studied by a scientific psychology.
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Chapter 10: Social Influence and Social Psychology: From
Mesmer to Milgram and Beyond
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Q1) The model Charcot followed in specifying types and formes frustes for the illnesses he studied was first suggested by:
A) grand mal and petit mal epilepsy.
B) major and minor hysteria.
C) poliomyelitis.
D) hypnotism.
Q2) In the aftermath of the furor aroused by his obedience research,Stanley Milgram conducted studies of which of the following?
A) the "small world" phenomenon
B) what happens "when prophecy fails"
C) the "prisoner's dilemma"
D) the "lost in the mall" memory reconstruction
Q3) Festinger and his colleagues discovered that the most effective way to change a person's attitude was:
A) to pay him or her well to publicly express a contrary attitude.
B) to get the person to publicly express a contrary attitude for a small reward.
C) to put the person in a group where many different opinions are expressed.
D) b and c both had strong positive effects
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Chapter 11: Mind in Conflict: Freudian Psychoanalysis and Its
Successors
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Q1) A major figure who collaborated with Freud in developing the concept of defense mechanisms was:
A) Anna Freud.
B) Karen Horney.
C) Bertha Pappenheim.
D) Melanie Klein.
Q2) A theory of hysteria which Freud held for a time,but abandoned when it turned out to be incorrect,was called the:
A) strangulated affect theory.
B) neurological degeneracy theory.
C) false reminiscence theory.
D) seduction theory.
Q3) A draft manuscript,unpublished during Freud's lifetime,which he wrote in 1895 and which gives his model of the mind in neurological terms,is called:
A) Project for a Scientific Psychology.
B) The Unconscious.
C) The Interpretation of Dreams.
D) The Ego and the Id.
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Chapter 12: Psychology Gets "Personality":
Allport,Maslow,and the Broadening Field
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Q1) Which of the following is a psychological approach that emphasizes the human need to overcome inferiority and achieve dominance,while still maintaining a sense of positive social interest
A) Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
B) Abraham Maslow's Humanistic Psychology
C) Kurt Goldstein's Gestalt Neuropsychology
D) Harry Harlow's Prosocial Psychology
Q2) Maslow's original two examples of people he regarded as self-actualized personalities were:
A) Harry Harlow and William Sheldon.
B) Ruth Benedict and Max Wertheimer.
C) Alfred Adler and Kurt Goldstein.
D) Carl Rogers and Gordon Allport.
Q3) Which of the following was not a contribution of Carl Jung to early personality psychology?
A) the Individual Will Temperament Test
B) the word association test
C) the concepts of extroversion and introversion
D) a theory of psychological "types"
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Developing Mind: Binet,Piaget,and the Study of Intelligence
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Q1) As he was beginning his self-instruction in psychology,Binet became particularly enthusiastic about which approach?
A) associationism
B) behaviorism
C) structuralism
D) functionalism
Q2) Binet's case studies of creative and extraordinarily talented individuals led him to conclude that:
A) hard and systematic work was essential for their success.
B) there was great variability in the specific ways they went about their tasks.
C) most of them showed strong powers of imagery.
D) all of the above
Q3) The first test of intelligence with substantial validity was developed in 1905 by:
A) Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon.
B) Alfred Binet and Victor Henri.
C) Frances Galton and J. M. Cattell.
D) William Stern and Lewis Terman.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Minds,Machines,and Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the key problems with the Pascaline that Leibniz went on to overcome was:
A) it could only add and subtract.
B) it only worked with Roman numerals.
C) it multiplied, but could not divide numbers.
D) it used a "stepped cylinder."
Q2) An algorithm is appropriate to use when:
A) there is a need to limit "search space."
B) the number of possible solutions are relatively few in number.
C) one is trying to develop a chess-playing program.
D) one is trying to simulate human speech.
Q3) The idea that a computer program might one day be developed that is capable of replicating all of the intellectual properties of the human mind is sometimes called:
A) strong artificial intelligence.
B) computational equivalence.
C) computational intelligence.
D) functional artificial intelligence.
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Chapter 15: Applying Psychology: From the Witness Stand to the Workplace
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Boulder Conference is significant because of:
A) its role in the development of the scientist-practitioner model.
B) its role in the legitimization of psychology as a science.
C) its role in the creation of the American Psychological Association.
D) both b and c above
Q2) One biographical factor that played a role in Witmer's focus on children with special needs was:
A) his early work as a teacher.
B) his own childhood upbringing.
C) his work with Wundt at Leipzig.
D) the fact that he had a sibling with a learning disability.
Q3) While Münsterberg embraced a relatively strict form of Taylorism,Lillian Gilbreth took a more ___________________ view.
A) personalistic
B) humanistic
C) analytical
D) dynamic
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