Course Introduction
Psychological Statistics
Test Preparation
Psychological Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and techniques of statistical analysis in psychological research. This course covers descriptive and inferential statistics, including measures of central tendency, variability, correlation, probability, hypothesis testing, t-tests, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and regression analysis. Emphasis is placed on understanding how statistical methods are used to interpret data, draw valid conclusions, and critically evaluate research findings in psychology. Through lectures and practical exercises, students gain the skills necessary to analyze psychological data and apply statistical reasoning to real-world scenarios in behavioral sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for The Behavioral Sciences 10th Edition by Frederick J Gravetter
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18 Chapters
1356 Verified Questions
1356 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Constructs are external attributes or characteristics that can be directly observed to describe and explain behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A researcher is interested in the average income for registered voters in the United States.The entire group of registered voters is an example of a population.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) What is the value of ( X)2 for the following scores? Scores: 1,5,2
A)10
B)16
C)30
D)64
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Frequency Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the distribution in the following table,what is the percentile rank for X = 24.5??
\[\begin{array} { l l }
X & c \% \\
30 - 34 & 100 \% \\
25 - 29 & 90 \% \\
20 - 24 & 60 \% \\
15 - 19 & 20 \% \\ \hline
\end{array}\]
A)?40%
B)?60%
C)?75%
D)?90%
Answer: B
Q2) If it is appropriate to present a distribution of scores in a polygon,then it would also be appropriate to present the scores in a bar graph.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A distribution of scores has a mean of µ = 50.One new score is added to the distribution and the new mean is found to be µ = 48.From this result,you can conclude that the new score was ____.
A)greater than 50
B)less than 50
C)equal to 48
D)between 50 and 52
Answer: B
Q2) In a population of N = 6,five of the individuals all have scores that are exactly 1 point above the mean.From this information,what can you determine about the score for the sixth individual?
A)It is also above the mean by 1 point.
B)It is below the mean by 1 point.
C)It is below the mean by 5 points.
D)It is equal to the mean.
Answer: C
Q3) A sample has n = 5 scores: 2,4,5,8,and 11.The median for the sample is 6.5.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A population has sum of squared deviations,SS = 100 and variance,s2 = 4.How many scores are in the population?
A)25
B)26
C)200
D)400
Q2) What is the variance for the following population of scores? Scores: 5,2,5,4
A)6
B)2
C)1.5
D)1.22
Q3) A sample of n = 4 scores has X = 8 and X<sup>2</sup> = 40.What is the value of the sample variance,s<sup>2</sup>?
A)2
B)4
C)8 D)10
Q4) The range is usually considered to be a relatively crude measure of variability. A)True B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Z-Scores: Location of Scores and Standardized
Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A population with = 59 and s = 8 is standardized to create a new distribution with = 100 and s = 20.After the transformation,an individual receives a new score of X = 90.The original score for this individual was X = 51.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For a population with µ = 48 and = 8,find the X value that corresponds to each of the following z-scores: -0.25,-1.50,0.50,2.00.
Q3) A distribution with µ = 55 and s = 6 is being standardized so that the new mean and standard deviation will be µ = 50 and s = 10.When the distribution is standardized,what value will be obtained for a score of X = 58 from the original distribution?
A)X = 53
B)X = 55
C)X = 58
D)X = 61
Q4) For a sample with M = 50 and s = 8,z = 1.50 corresponds to X = 65.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a normal distribution,the proportion located between z = -1.00 and z = +1.00 is p = 34.13%.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What proportion of a normal distribution is located in the tail beyond z = -1.00?
A)0.8413
B)0.1587
C)-0.3413
D)-0.1587
Q3) Assume that the total score (from both teams)for college football games averages µ = 42 points per game,and that the distribution of total points is approximately normal with = 20.
a. What is the probability that a randomly selected game would have more than 60 points?
b. What proportion of college football games have a point total between 20 and 60?
Q4) The binomial distribution for p = 1/4 and n = 96 has a mean of = 24.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Probability and Samples: the Distribution of Sample Means
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample of n = 25 scores is selected from a population with a mean of µ = 80 and a standard deviation of = 20.The expected value for the sample mean is 80.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A random sample of n = 9 scores is obtained from a normal population with µ = 40 and = 6.What is the probability that the sample mean will be greater than M = 43?
A)0.3085
B)0.6915
C)0.9332
D)0.0668
Q3) For a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10 which of the following samples has the highest probability of being obtained?
A)M = 42 for a sample of n = 4
B)M = 44 for a sample of n = 4
C)M = 42 for a sample of n = 100
D)M = 44 for a sample of n = 100
Q4) Describe what is measured by the standard error of M.
Q5) Define the distribution of sample means.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) If all other factors are held constant,increasing the sample size from n = 25 to n = 100 will increase the power of a statistical test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In general,the null hypothesis states that the treatment has no effect on the population parameter being studied.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A researcher selects a sample of n = 25 from a normal population with µ = 40 and = 10.If the treatment is expected to increase scores by 3 points,what is the power of a two-tailed hypothesis test using = .05?
Q4) Which of the following accurately describes the critical region?
A)Outcomes with a very low probability if the null hypothesis is true
B)Outcomes with a high probability if the null hypothesis is true
C)Outcomes with a very low probability whether or not the null hypothesis is true
D)Outcomes with a high probability whether or not the null hypothesis is true
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Chapter 9: Introduction to the T Statistic
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Sample Questions
Q1) In order to estimate a population mean with a confidence interval,you first must estimate a range of values for t.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A sample of n = 25 scores has a mean of M = 65 and an estimated standard error of 2 points.What is the sample variance?
A)s<sup>2</sup> = 100
B)s<sup>2</sup> = 96
C)s<sup>2</sup> = 50
D)s<sup>2</sup> = 48
Q3) If other factors are held constant,how does sample size influence the likelihood of rejecting the null hypothesis and measures of effect size such as r<sup>2</sup> and Cohen's d?
A)A larger sample increases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
B)A larger sample increases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
C)A larger sample decreases the likelihood but has little influence on measures of effect size.
D)A larger sample decreases both the likelihood and measures of effect size.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: The T Test for Two Independent Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the independent-measures t statistic,what is the effect of increasing the difference between sample means?
A)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and increase measures of effect size.
B)Increase the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and decrease measures of effect size.
C)Decrease the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and increase measures of effect size.
D)Decrease the likelihood of rejecting H<sub>0</sub> and decrease measures of effect size.
Q2) For an independent-measures study,the width of a confidence interval estimating µ<sub>1</sub> - µ<sub>2</sub> depends on the size of the difference between M<sub>1</sub> and M<sub>2</sub>.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When pooling variances,the resulting value will be closer to the variance for the sample with the smaller number of scores.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 11: The T Test for Two Related Samples
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Sample Questions
Q1) If all of the participants in a repeated-measures study show roughly the same 10-point difference between treatments,then the data are likely to produce a significant value for the t statistic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher conducts a repeated-measures study to evaluate a treatment with a sample of n = 16 participants and obtains a t statistic of t = 1.94.The treatment is expected to increase scores and the sample mean shows an increase.What is the correct decision for a hypothesis test using = .05?
A)Reject the null hypothesis with a one-tailed test but fail to reject with two tails.
B)Reject the null hypothesis with either a one-tailed or a two-tailed test.
C)Fail to reject the null hypothesis with either a one-tailed or a two-tailed test.
D)Fail to reject the null hypothesis with a one-tailed test but reject with two tails.
Q3) Briefly explain the advantages and disadvantages of using a repeated-measures design as opposed to an independent-measures design.
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Chapter 12: Introduction to Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) For an ANOVA comparing three treatment conditions,rejecting the null hypothesis is equivalent to concluding that all three treatment means are different.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher reports an F-ratio with df = 2,18 from an independent-measures research study.Based on the df values,how many treatments were compared in the study and what was the total number of subjects participating in the study?
A)2 treatments and 19 subjects
B)2 treatments and 20 subjects
C)3 treatments and 21 subjects
D)3 treatments and 22 subjects
Q3) What is stated by the alternative hypothesis (H<sub>1</sub>)for an ANOVA?
A)There are no differences between any of the population means.
B)At least one of the population means is different from another mean.
C)All of the population means are different from each other.
D)The beta estimate is significant.
Q4) The distribution of F-ratios is negatively skewed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Repeated-Measures Analysis of Variance
Anova
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the second stage of analysis for the repeated-measures ANOVA,individual differences are removed from the denominator of the F-ratio.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For the following data,what is SS<sub>between treatments</sub>?Treatments
\[\begin{array} { l c c c c c }
\text { Subject } & \text { I } & \text { II } & \text { III } & \text { P-totals } & \\
\hline \text { A } & 3 & 4 & 5 & 12 & \mathrm { G } = 27 \\
\mathrm {~B} & 1 & 1 & 4 & 6 & \sum \mathrm { X } ^ { 2 } = 109 \\ \mathrm { C } & 2 & 1 & 6 & 9 & \\
\hline & \mathrm { T } = 6 & \mathrm {~T} = 6 & \mathrm {~T} = 15 & \\ & \mathrm { SS } = 2 & \mathrm { SS } = 6 & \mathrm { SS } = 2 & \end{array}\]
A)?54
B)?24
C)?18
D)?6
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Chapter 14: Two-Factor Analysis of Variance Independent Measures
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a two-factor study with two levels of factor A,two levels of factor B,and a separate sample of n = 10 participants in each treatment condition,the two means for level A1 are 4 and 1,and the two means for level A2 are 3 and 2.For these data,what is the value of SS<sub>between treatments</sub>?
A)10
B)40
C)50
D)300
Q2) A two-factor ANOVA produces an F-ratio for factor A with df = 1,36 and an F-ratio for factor B with df = 2,36.Which of the following describes the experiment producing these F-ratios?
A)1 level of factor A and 2 levels of factor B
B)2 levels of factor A and 3 levels of factor B
C)2 levels for both factors
D)3 levels for both factors
Q3) What are the assumptions for the two-factor ANOVA?
Q4) If a two-factor ANOVA results in a significant main effect for factor A and a significant A x B interaction,explain why you should be cautious in interpreting the effect of factor A.
16
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using a two-tailed test with = .05,a sample correlation of r = 0.355 for a sample of n = 30 individuals is large enough to conclude that there is a real correlation in the general population.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher obtains a Pearson correlation of r = 0.43 for a sample of n = 20 participants.For a two-tailed test,which of the following accurately describes the significance of the correlation?
A)The correlation is significant with = .05 but not with = .01.
B)The correlation is significant with either = .05 or = .01.
C)The correlation is not significant with either = .05 or = .01.
D)The correlation is equal to zero.
Q3) A researcher obtains SS<sub>X</sub> = 20,SS<sub>Y</sub> = 5,and SP = 7 for a set of n = 25 pairs of scores.The Pearson correlation for these scores is r = 7/10 = 0.70.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what is meant by a negative relationship and a positive relationship between two variables.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Introduction to Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a linear regression equation,the sum of the squared residuals can be computed directly by finding the difference between each Y and its predicted Y,then squaring the difference and adding the squared values.An alternative procedure is to calculate ____.
A)r<sup>2</sup>SS<sub>Y</sub>
B)(1 - r<sup>2</sup>)SS<sub>Y</sub>
C)(1 + r<sup>2</sup>)SS<sub>Y</sub>
D)SS<sub>Y</sub>/SS<sub>X</sub>
Q2) The Pearson correlation between X<sub>1</sub> and Y is r = 0.70.When a second variable,X<sub>2</sub>,is added to the regression equation,we obtain R<sup>2</sup> = 0.64.How much variance for the Y scores is predicted by using only X<sub>1</sub> as a predictor variable?
A)0.06 or 6%
B)0.15 or 15%
C)0.49 or 49%
D)0.70 or 70%
Q3) The line defined by the Y = -3X + 6 slopes up to the right.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: The Chi-Square Statistic: Tests for Goodness of Fit
and Independence
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is evaluated by the chi-square test for goodness of fit?
A)the relationship between two variables
B)the mean differences between two or more treatments
C)the shape or proportions for a population distribution
D)the significance of a regression estimate
Q2) A sample of 100 people is classified by gender (male/female)and by whether or not they are registered voters.The sample consists of 80 females and 20 males,and has a total of 60 registered voters.If these data were used for a chi-square test for independence,what is the expected frequency for males who are registered voters?
A)12
B)20
C)40
D)60
Q3) A large value for the chi-square statistic indicates a large discrepancy between the sample data and the hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Binomial Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A binomial distribution has p = 1/3 and q = 2/3.How large a sample (n)is necessary to satisfy the criterion for using the normal approximation?
A)10
B)15
C)27
D)30
Q2) State the four-step procedure used in a binomial hypothesis test.
Q3) What value(s)are specified by the null hypothesis in a binomial test?
A)the value for X
B)the value for X/n
C)the value for p
D)the value for pn
Q4) If a binomial distribution has p = .30,then what is the value for q?
A).30
B).50
C).70
D)1.30
Q5) For a binomial test with p = 1/2 and n = 36,the z-score for X = 21 is z = +1.00.
A)True
B)False
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