Psychological Statistics
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Psychological Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistics as applied to psychological research. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance, and non-parametric techniques. Emphasis is placed on understanding statistical reasoning, interpreting research findings, and selecting appropriate statistical tools for various psychological data sets. Through lectures, practical exercises, and real-world examples, students develop the skills necessary to critically evaluate research and conduct their own statistical analyses in psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for People Who Think They Hate Statistics 6th Edition by Neil J. Salkind
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Statistics or Sadistics Its up to You
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the small subset of the population from whom you collect data called?
A)population
B)sample
C)database
D)group A
Answer: B
Q2) What type of statistics is used to organize and describe the characteristics of a collection of data?
A)inferential
B)descriptive
C)ordinal
D)nominal
Answer: B
Q3) What is the larger group from which a sample is drawn?
A)sample group
B)population
C)median
D)mode
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Means to an End: Computing and Understanding Averages
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does the large N represent?
A)sample size
B)population size
C)sum of scores
D)mean score
Answer: B
Q2) What is the median of the following set of scores: 1.3, 4.7, 2.3, 3.3, 3.0, 2.9?
A)2.95
B)3.05
C)2.90
D)3.00
Answer: A
Q3) What is the median for the following amounts: $13,400; $17,560; $45,440; $68,550; $96,400?
A)$13,400
B)$48,240
C)$45,440
D)$96,400
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Vive La Différence: Understanding Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sets of scores has the greatest variability?
A)7, 10, 11, 15, 19
B)7, 7, 8, 8, 10, 11
C)7, 7, 7, 7, 7, 7
D)6, 6, 7, 7, 7, 7
Answer: A
Q2) In order to calculate the variance, which of the following must you know?
A)range
B)median
C)mean
D)mode
Answer: C
Q3) What is the standard deviation for the following set of scores: 20, 24, 26, 22, 18, 16, 18?
A)12.95
B)3.60
C)6.55
D)24
Answer: B
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5
Chapter 4: A Picture Really Is Worth a Thousand Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Should a chart alone convey what we often want to say?
A)no
B)yes
C)probably
D)not sure
Q2) If you wanted to examine the proportion of students in this class who are male compared to female, which of the following might you use?
A)ogive
B)line graph
C)pie chart
D)frequency polygon
Q3) Which of the following is the best range of number of data points for a class interval?
A)40
B)80
C)20
D)8
Q4) A histogram conveys the same information that a frequency polygon does.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Ice Cream and Crime: Computing Correlation
Coefficients
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Sample Questions
Q1) A correlation coefficient is numerical index that reflects the relationship between ______>
A)one variable
B)two variables
C)three variables
D)a and b
Q2) In a partial correlation, the impact of mediating variable is removed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In certain cases, Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient can have values greater than 1.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What would you use to visually represent a correlation?
A)histogram
B)polygon
C)line graph
D)scatterplot
Q6) What is the purpose of a scatterplot? Page 7
Q5) How is a direct correlation different from an indirect correlation?
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Just the Truth: An Introduction to Understanding
Reliability and Validity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a measure of reliability?
A)test-retest reliability
B)multiple-forms reliability
C)internal consistency reliability
D)interrater reliability
Q2) To use archery practice as a metaphor for reliability and validity, hitting the bull's-eye of a target demonstrates _______, whereas repeatedly hitting the target in the same small area demonstrates _______.
Q3) If you wanted to examine the impact of fast-food consumption on weight gain, your measurement of weight gain would be the _______.
A)dependent variable
B)treatment variable
C)predictor variable
D)independent variable
Q4) Internal consistency reliability tests how each individual item scores correlates with the total score.
A)True
B)False
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Q5) Name four types of reliability and what they measure.
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Chapter 7: Hypotheticals and You: Testing Your Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ is a more testable version of a research question.
A)hypothesis
B)theorem
C)postulate
D)theory
Q2) If you hypothesize that there will be a difference between test scores from Classroom A and Classroom B, but you do not hypothesize the direction, you have _______.
A)a directional research hypothesis
B)a nondirectional research hypothesis
C)a null hypothesis
D)either a null or research hypothesis
Q3) If you were to hypothesize that test scores from Classroom A will be higher than test scores from Classroom B, you would have a _______.
A)directional research hypothesis
B)nondirectional research hypothesis
C)null hypothesis
D)hypothesis type that cannot be determined
Q4) What purposes does the null hypothesis serve?
Q5) What is the most important role of a hypothesis?
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Chapter 8: Are Your Curves Normal Probability and Why It
Counts
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is true of z scores that are equal to the mean?
A)They are negative.
B)They are positive.
C)They are equal to zero.
D)They are equal to one.
Q2) What percentage of all scores fall above a z score of +1?
A)16%
B)34%
C)50%
D)84%
Q3) What is a z score?
Q4) If you want to calculate a z score for a test where your raw score was 24, what other information must you know?
A)shape of the distribution
B)mean, median, and mode
C)mean and standard deviation
D)standard deviation only
Q5) Why is it important that the tails of a normal curve never touch the x-axis?
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Q6) What percentage of scores fall between the following z scores: 1 to +1; 1 to +2; and 1 to +3?
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Chapter 9: Significantly Significant: What It Means for You and Me
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Sample Questions
Q1) What happens when a null hypothesis has been accepted and the null hypothesis is really false?
A)a Type II error
B)power
C)a null error
D)a Type I error
Q2) If we reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that ______.
A)The obtained value is more extreme than the critical value.
B)The obtained value is smaller than the critical value.
C)The obtained value is the same as the critical value.
D)There is a difference between the obtained value and the critical value.
Q3) What happens when a null hypothesis has been rejected and the null hypothesis is True?
A)a Type II error
B)power
C)a null error
D)a Type I error
Q4) What is the difference between Type I error and Type II error?
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Q5) Why wouldn't a researcher set the confidence level at .0001, since it's better than .05 and even better than .01?
Chapter 10: Only the Lonely: The One Sample Z-Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have a population standard deviation of 10 and a sample size of 4, what is your standard error of the mean?
A) 5
B)14
C)6
D)5
Q2) In interpreting effect size, what is the meaning of effect size at 0.2?
A)small effect size
B)medium effect size
C)large effect size
D)weak effect size
Q3) If your sample mean is 10, your population average is 15, and your standard error of the mean is 10, what is your observed z value?
A)2.5
B) 0.5
C) 2
D)2
Q4) What are the guidelines in using effect size?
Q5) What is an example in which a one-sample Z test would be appropriate?
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Chapter 11: Tea for Two: Tests Between the Means of Different Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the number of participants in Group 1 = 32 and the number in Group 2 = 30, what is the associated degrees of freedom?
A)58
B)59
C)60
D)62
Q2) Independent means that the groups are _______.
A)not related in any way
B)related to each other
C)dependent
D)continuous
Q3) If you want to examine the difference among the average scores of three unrelated groups, which of the following statistical techniques should you select?
A)regression
B)dependent-samples t-test
C)analysis of variance
D)independent-samples t-test
Q4) Why do we calculate effect size?
Page 15
Q5) Please identify the elements of the formula for an independent-means t-test.
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Chapter 12: Tea for Two Again: Tests Between the Means of Related Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Moo would like to find out if participants who love cats receive more speeding tickets than participants who love dogs.Identify the type of test she would need to use to determine this, and explain your answer.
Q2) If you are running a t-test for dependent means on a group of 114 individuals, your degrees of freedom will be _______.
A)113
B)112
C)114
D)115
Q3) How many observations are there for each case in a t-test for dependent samples?
A)one
B)two
C)three
D)more than three
Q4) In the equation t = 1.03, p < .01, the number of .01 refers to significance level.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When considering a t-test for dependent samples, what is a D² score?
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Chapter 13: Two Groups Too Many Try Analysis of Variance
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a 4 × 3 factorial ANOVA design, how many possible group assignments for subjects are there?
A)3
B)4
C)7
D)12
Q2) When interpreting F , = 8.80, p < .05, what is the within-groups df?
A)30
B)27
C)3
D)2
Q3) What is the first step in the computation of the F statistic?
A)setting the level of risk
B)selecting the appropriate test
C)computing the obtained value
D)stating the null and research hypotheses
Q4) Why is it best not to perform multiple t-tests on the same data?
Q5) How is ANOVA similar to and different from a t-test?
Q6) If the total sample size was 50, and there were three groups examined, what is the between-groups degrees of freedom?
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Chapter 14: Two Too Many Factors: Factorial Analysis of
Variancea Brief Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) If your analysis notes that males in a weight loss study differ from females in the weight loss study in the amount of weight lost based on the type of weight loss program used, what type of effect is this called?
A)interaction effect
B)factor effect
C)level effect
D)main effect
Q2) What is a factorial ANOVA?
Q3) The effect of one factor in a factorial ANOVA is called the _______.
A)interaction effect
B)main effect
C)differential effect
D)experimental effect
Q4) In the main effect F , = 5.25, p < .05, what is the number of 5.25?
A)the obtained value
B)the critical value
C)the probability level
D)the correlation
Page 18
Q5) What are the three null hypotheses used in a 2 × 2 factorial analysis?
Q6) Why do we use SPSS to calculate a factorial ANOVA?
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Page 19
Chapter 15: Cousins or Just Good Friends Testing
Relationships Using Correlation Coefficient
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you posit that a relationship between two variables will be either positive or negative, what type of test should you use?
A)two tailed
B)ANOVA
C)one tailed
D)Cohen's d
Q2) A professor hypothesizes that there will be a positive relationship between couples' listening skills and length of marriage.She has a _______.
A)one-tailed hypothesis
B)invalid hypothesis
C)valid hypothesis
D)two-tailed hypothesis
Q3) If a research hypothesis posits that there is a nondirect relationship between two variables, the test is _______.
A)one tailed
B)two tailed
C)negative
D)nondirectional
Q4) What are the eight steps involved when examining a research question?
Page 20
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Chapter 16: Predicting Wholl Win the Super Bowl: Using
Linear Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following symbols is associated with the slope in the regression equation?
A)X
B) \[Y ^ { \prime }\]
C)a
D)b
Q2) If you are trying to predict Y scores from X scores, Y is referred to as the ______.
A)nominal variable
B)dependent variable
C)predictor variable
D)criterion variable
Q3) If the absolute value of your correlation is 0.1 your error in prediction will be ______.
A)high
B)low
C)very low
D)0
Q4) How is the regression line related to the correlation coefficient?
Q5) What is the standard error of estimate?
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Chapter 17: What to Do When Youre Not Normal:
CHI-Square and Some Other Nonparametric Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the level of risk associated with rejecting a true null hypothesis called?
A)Type I error
B)Type II error
C)Type III error
D)power
Q2) The chi-square statistic measures the difference between the observed data and what would be expected by chance alone.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Statistics that are not governed by distributions are referred to as _______ statistics.
A)parametric
B)nonparametric
C)population
D)nondistribution
Q4) Write a sample research question where the McNemar test would be the most appropriate statistical technique to use.
Q5) What does the one-sample chi-square test determine?
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Chapter 18: Some Other Important Statistical Procedures
You Should Know About
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following techniques is used when the goal is to represent variables as a number of more general constructs?
A)path analysis
B)ANOVA
C)factor analysis
D)multiple regression
Q2) What method was used in generating this result: Mothers' literacy activities and mothers' level of education contributed significantly to children's language skills, whereas mothers' age and shared reading did not.
A)analysis of variance
B)analysis of covariance
C)multiple regression
D)logistic regression
Q3) The outcome variable in the regression analysis is the ______.
A)dependent variable
B)independent variable
C)mediating variable
D)intervening variable
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Chapter 19: Data Mining: An Introduction to Getting the
Most Out of Your Big Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the function of SPSS syntax?
A)language
B)programming language
C)codes
D)signs
Q2) A pivot table can be created from almost any __________ output.
A)Google
B)SPSS
C)pivot
D)Microsoft
Q3) _____________ is a very large collection of either cases or variables, but usually both.
A)Data set
B)Data mining
C)Big data
D)Small data
Q4) What is an example of a research situation in which you would use data-mining techniques?
Q5) What is data mining?
Q6) What is big data? Page 24
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Chapter 20: A Statistical Software Sampler
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is billed as "statistical discovery software" that produces graphics with each statistical procedure?
A)SPSS
B)JMP
C)R
D)Minitab
Q2) Self-prompting dialog boxes and the ability to use macros to automate tasks are features of _______.
A)SPSS
B)STATISTICA
C)Minitab
D)R
Q3) According to the text, which of the following is the most popular statistical software package?
A)STATISTICA
B)Minitab
C)JMP
D)SPSS
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26
Chapter 21: The Ten or More Best and Most Fun Internet
Sites for Statistics Stuff
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which online source offers lots of stats stuff?
A)Google
B)Yahoo
C)YouTube
D)Facebook
Q2) Which university's research guide's site has hundreds of resource links?
A)University of Florida
B)University of Newcastle, Australia
C)University of Michigan
D)Wikipedia
Q3) The following course is an online component of a basic statistics course taught at the University of Newcastle, Australia, and contains a complete and interactive statistics text:
A)SurfStat Australia
B)StatMatch Australia
C)Statistics 101
D)Data Analysis 101
Q4) The URL of a website will work consistently from day to day.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 22: The Ten Commandments of Data Collection
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Q1) Never ______ the original data, such as the test booklets, interview notes, and so forth.
A)use
B)overuse
C)discard
D)destroy
Q2) You should always make a _______ of your data file and keep it in a separate location.
A)cleaner version
B)simpler version
C)duplicate version
D)more complex version
Q3) Once you get in the habit of _______ possible participants, it may become too easy to cut a sample down to too small a size.
A)welcoming
B)adding
C)removing
D)skipping
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