Chapter 5: Introduction to Experimental Research
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Q1) Brady's "ulcers in executive monkeys" study was flawed by which of the following threats to internal validity?
A) selection
B) maturation
C) attrition
D) testing
Q2) Sometimes performance differences could be attributed to an independent variable or to some basic difference in the composition of the two groups involved. When this occurs, there is said to be a threat due to
A) regression
B) maturation
C) attrition
D) selection
Q3) Conclusions about cause and effect cannot be drawn in studies involving A) manipulated variables
B) task variables
C) situational variables
D) subject
Q4) Uncontrolled extraneous variables are referred to as ________.
Q5) How can a researcher be sure that a study has statistical conclusion validity?
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Chapter 6: Control Problems in Experimental Research
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Q1) Terman's studies of gifted children
A) showed clear evidence of a detrimental cohort effect
B) was flawed by problems with attrition
C) used a longitudinal design
D) used a cross-sectional design
Q2) Which of the following is true of Terman's study of gifted children?
A) it illustrated the problem of cohort effects in cross-sectional studies
B) unlike many longitudinal studies, attrition was very low
C) it combined longitudinal and cross-sectional methods into a single design
D) it showed that intellectually gifted children have serious problems with social skills
Q3) The avoidance of order effects is the major design problem for __________ designs.
Q4) If subjects are tested once in each condition,
A) a Latin square can be used to accomplish counterbalancing
B) the study is by definition a between-subjects design
C) reverse counterbalancing is the best technique to use to control order effects
D) complete counterbalancing cannot be used
Q5) All possible orders of conditions are used in ___________ counterbalancing.
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Chapter 7: Experimental Design 1: Single Factor Designs
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Q1) In the research example that examined the effects of social skills training in children with autism, what was the matching variable and why was it chosen?
Q2) Describe the logic of the yoked control group, using the EMDR study as an example.
Q3) In the study on the effectiveness of EMDR, how were participants in the yoked control group treated?
A) they moved their eyes randomly, instead of following the therapist's lead
B) they were not given any form of therapy
C) the length of their "therapy" sessions matched those in the experimental group
D) they were matched in terms of how severe their problem was
Q4) What are the defining features of the three main designs that involve between-subjects factors?
Q5) In Steele, Ball, and Runk's study of the so-called Mozart effect, which of the following was true?
A) they used a multilevel, matched-groups design
B) they used a complete counterbalancing procedure
C) they found that listening to Mozart made it easier to recall digits
D) there was no Mozart effect, but a significant practice effect occurred
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Chapter 8: Experimental Design II: Factorial Designs
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Q1) A factorial design using both a manipulated and a subject variable is referred to as a(n) ______ design.
Q2) In a study of cognitive mapping, all subjects point as accurately as they can to six different geographical targets. Half the subjects are aided by being told where true North is. The remaining subjects are not given the North orientation. Which of the following is true about this design?
A) it's a mixed factorial design
B) there are 8 different conditions
C) if 24 subjects are needed in the first condition, then 96 subject are needed altogether D) it's a 2x2 P x E factorial design
Q3) In a 2x3 mixed factorial design, with 10 people needed to fill the upper left hand cell of the matrix, how many people will be needed to complete the experiment?
A) 60
B) 20
C) 30
D) could be 20 or 30 (need more information)
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Chapter 9: Correlational Research
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Q1) A regression line for a correlation of +1.00 would
A) be parallel to the X-axis
B) be parallel to the Y-axis
C) higher for low values on the X-axis than for high values on the X-axis
D) higher for high values on the X-axis than for low values on the X-axis
Q2) A study using a ________ helps to solve the directionality problem.
A) cross-lagged panel correlation
B) partial correlation
C) multiple regression
D) factor analysis
Q3) If a researcher is trying to predict college grades, knowing high school grades, then
A) the predictor variable will be college grades
B) the criterion variable will be high school grades
C) the prediction will be poorer if only the top 20% of high school students are used than if they are all used
D) multiple regression rather than bivariate regression must be used
Q4) The effect of __________ of one or both of the variables being correlated is to reduce the size of Pearson's r.
Q5) The points will cluster near the diagonal of a(n) ____ for a strong correlation.
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Chapter 10: Quasi-Experimental Designs Applied Research
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Q1) This study uses a _________ design.
A) mixed factorial design
B) nonequivalent control group
C) interrupted time series
D) time series with a control group
Q2) Which of the following is true about the Hollingworth's Coca-Cola study?
A) their research outcome was damaging enough to cause the company to remove caffeine from the drink
B) they used just a few subjects, and each subject was tested repeatedly, but they failed to use counterbalancing procedures
C) they used placebo controls and a double blind procedure
D) they were not allowed to publish their results unless they were favorable to Coca-Cola
Q3) A summative evaluation is designed to answer the question:
A) Is this program currently working the way it is supposed to work?
B) Did this program produce the effects it was supposed to produce?
C) Should you develop this program?
D) Which of these two very effective programs should we continue?
Q4) A _________ is an person with special knowledge about the feasibility of a program.
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Chapter 11: Small N Designs
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Q1) Early research on visual discrimination learning, in which data from many subjects were averaged, supported which theory of discrimination learning?
A) discrimination learning occurs when children hit upon the correct hypothesis
B) discrimination learning occurs in a noncontinuous fashion
C) discrimination learning results from a gradual accumulation of habit strength
D) discrimination learning is essentially insight learning
Q2) Luria's mnemonist ("S.") was studied through the use of which procedure?
A) interview survey method
B) single-subject withdrawal procedures
C) case study procedures
D) archival research
Q3) Which of the following was true about Thorndike's research on cats in puzzle boxes?
A) his explanations were criticized for not being parsimonious
B) more than one cat was tested, with the additional cats serving a replication purpose
C) his results were a direct contradiction of Skinner's ideas about conditioning
D) it shows how all the early researchers had to be highly talented as apparatus builders
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Chapter 12: Descriptive Research Methods
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Q1) The "strange situation" was used to investigate parent-child attachments and is an example of
A) participant observation
B) unstructured naturalistic observation
C) archival study
D) laboratory observation
Q2) Crowley et al.'s observational study took place in a science museum. They found that
A) parents explained science more to older children than younger children
B) parents explained science more to male children than female children
C) Dads explained science more to boy children and Moms explained science more to girl children
D) parents tended to rely on museum staff to explain science to their children
Q3) What is a DK alternative and when should it be used?
Q4) Nonresponse bias occurs when
A) the population from which the sample is taken is too small
B) response rate is lower than anticipated
C) those returning a survey differ in some important way from the initial sample
D) those responding to a survey fail to answer a significant number of questions on the survey
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