Psychological Statistics
Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Psychological Statistics is designed to introduce students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis as applied in psychological research. The course covers key topics such as descriptive statistics, probability, hypothesis testing, correlation, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and nonparametric tests, with a strong emphasis on their practical application in behavioral studies. Students will learn to select appropriate statistical tests, interpret data using statistical software, and critically analyze published psychological research. By the end of the course, students will develop the skills necessary to understand and conduct quantitative analyses, enabling them to make informed conclusions about psychological phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 2nd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1399 Verified Questions
1399 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only an experiment can demonstrate cause-and-effect relationships between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The weight (in pounds)of a newborn infant is an interval scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A therapist observes that spouses are more likely to forgive their partners for lying to them if they find out the truth from their spouse and not a third party.In this example,the dependent variable is
A)the number of partners
B)the spouse
C)lying
D)forgiveness
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the number of children at a local school from single-,divorced-,and married-parent homes.This frequency data would be best displayed as a
A)bar chart
B)frequency polygon
C)histogram
D)ogive
Answer: A
Q2) The real range is the difference between the largest value and smallest value in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Bar charts are used to summarize discrete and categorical data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) A skewed distribution tends to pull the median,but not the mean,toward outliers in the data.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A weighted mean is appropriate when describing the mean for two or more samples with equal sample sizes.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) When would a researcher calculate a population mean?
A)when data are measured for of a portion of individuals from a population
B)when the sample mean it not available
C)when data are measured for all members of a population
D)when it is not possible to measure all data in a population
Answer: C
Q4) The numerator of the sample mean and the population mean is the same.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher measures the amount of coffee consumed by college students while studying during the final exam week.In her study,she found that students drink 2.3±0.8 (M±SD)cups of coffee per study session.Assuming the data are normally distributed,which of the following is the most appropriate conclusion?
A)The average student drinks less than 2.3 cups of coffee per study session.
B)Most students drink between 1.5 and 3.1 cups of coffee per study session.
C)Most students drink between 2.3 and 3.9 cups of coffee per study session.
D)Most students drink between 0.7 and 2.3 cups of coffee per study session.
Q2) Fractiles are ways that data can be divided into two or more equal parts.An example of a fractile includes
A)the median
B)quartiles
C)percentiles
D)all of the above
Q3) The degrees of freedom for sample variance is equal to N.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher records the number of mistakes made during a memory skills task.He finds that the probability that participants in this study made 0 mistakes is p = .22;made 1 mistake is p = .30;made 2 mistakes is p = .16;made 3 mistakes is p = .12;and made 4 or more mistakes is p = .25.Is this probability distribution accurate?
A)Yes,it distributes all possible outcomes for the random variable.
B)No,one of the outcomes is stated as "or more."
C)No,the probability distribution does not sum to 1.0.
D)both B and C
Q2) A binomial probability distribution is constructed for random variables that have at least two possible outcomes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) If the standard deviation of a probability distribution is 9,then the variance is A)3
B)9
C)81
D)unknown
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Chapter 6: Probability, Normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a step to locate a proportion in a normal distribution?
A)Transform a raw score (x)into a z score.
B)Locate the corresponding proportion for the z score in the unit normal table.
C)Convert a proportion to a standard normal z score.
Q2) What is the implication for the tails of a normal distribution being asymptotic?
A)that scores above the mean are distributed the same as scores below the mean
B)that extreme scores are possible in a normal distribution
C)that there are an infinite number of possible normal distributions
D)that this characteristic has no practical implication
Q3) The asymptotic tails in a normal distribution represent the possibility of outliers in a data set.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a normal distribution,50% of all data:
A)fall above the mean
B)fall below the median
C)fall above and below the mode
D)all of the above
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experimental research is typically conducted using a sampling strategy in which A)the order of selecting participants matters
B)the same participant can never be selected twice in the same sample
C)participants are replaced after being sampled
D)all of the above
Q2) What does it mean to say that the sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean?
A)The sample means will vary minimally from the population mean.
B)The sampling distribution of possible sample means is approximately normally distributed,regardless of the shape of the distribution in the population.
C)If we select a sample at random,then on average we can expect the sample mean to equal the population mean.
D)all of the above
Q3) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator,follows the central limit theorem,and has minimum variance.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance, Effect Size, and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) As effect size increases,the power to detect an effect decreases.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher tests a hypothesis to prove whether or not his or her hypothesis is correct.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following best describes the p value.
A)It is the same as an alpha level
B)It is a conditional probability
C)Its value must be greater than .05 to reject the null hypothesis
D)all of the above
Q4) Suppose a researcher wants to make sure that the probability of committing a Type I error is less than 5%.How can the researcher control for this?
A)Set the value for a Type II error at .05.
B)Set the alpha level at .05.
C)Place the rejection region in both tails.
D)both B and C
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Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) As a requirement for the t test,researchers compute any type of t test with samples selected from populations in which
A)the population variance is known
B)the population size is very large
C)the population variance is unknown
D)the population is the same size as the sample
Q2) The mean crying time of infants during naptime at a local preschool is 12 minutes.The school implements a new naptime routine in a sample of 25 infants and records an average crying time of 8±4.6 (M±SD)minutes.Test whether this new naptime routine reduced crying time at a .05 level of significance.
A)The new naptime routine significantly reduced crying time,t(24)= -4.35,p < .05.
B)The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time,t(24)= -4.35,p < .05.
C)The new naptime routine did not reduce crying time,t(24)= 0.92,p > .05.
D)The new naptime routine significantly reduce crying time,t(24)= 0.92,p < .05.
Q3) As the degrees of freedom for a t test increase,the critical values for that test also increase.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Related Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the test statistic differ for a t test using the repeated measures versus the matched samples design?
A)Using the matched samples design,we analyze raw scores,whereas using the repeated measures,we analyze difference scores before computing the test statistic for the related samples t test.
B)Using the repeated measures design,we analyze raw scores,whereas using the matched samples design,we analyze difference scores before computing the test statistic for the related samples t test.
C)Using the repeated measures design,we treat each pair of scores as related;we do not treat each pair of scores as related using the matched samples design.
D)The test statistic for the repeated measures and the matched samples designs do not differ;the test statistic is computed the same.
Q2) Compared to the two-independent sample t test,the related samples design decreases
A)power
B)effect size
C)standard error
D)significance
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) To estimate the population mean for the two-independent sample t,the sample size must be known.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The smaller the level of confidence,the ________ precise the estimate.
A)more
B)less
Q3) A researcher increases his level of confidence from 90% to 95%.What will happen to the precision of his estimate?
A)The estimate will be more precise.
B)The estimate will be less precise.
C)The precision of his estimate will not change.
D)It depends on the size of the population.
Q4) The estimated standard error is used in the formula to estimate the population mean for the one-sample t.
A)True B)False
Q5) The larger the level of confidence,the ________ precise the interval estimate. A)more
B)less
13
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Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A "one-way" between-subjects ANOVA is conducted when data are recorded in one group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is an assumption for computing a one-way between-subjects ANOVA?
A)The population being sampled from is normally distributed.
B)Participants were selected to participate using a random procedure.
C)One observation has no effect on the likelihood of another observation.
D)all of the above
Q3) To compute a mean square,we divide the sum of squares by degree of freedom for a given source of variation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) For a one-way between-subjects ANOVA,a study with 3 and 36 degrees of freedom must have had participants assigned to four groups.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated Measures Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) To summarize a one-way within-subjects ANOVA,we report each of the following except,
A)the test statistic value
B)the degree of freedom
C)the critical values
D)the p value
Q2) A researcher observed the mating behavior of 10 porpoises in five different social conditions.What are the degrees of freedom between-groups for a one-way within-subjects ANOVA?
A)4
B)9
C)27
D)There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q3) The alpha level for each hypothesis test made on the same set of data is called
A)testwise alpha
B)experimentwise alpha
C)pairwise comparison
D)the Bonferroni procedure
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following describes a research design in which one factor could be a between-subjects factor,and the second factor could be a within-subjects factor?
A)the effects of ones' sex (male,female)and season of birth on rates of schizophrenia
B)the effects of ones' socioeconomic status and education level on their overall life satisfaction
C)the effects of ones' income level on their resiliency in the face of each of three cognitively-challenging tasks
D)the effects of ones' handedness (right,left)and class year (freshman to senior)on their intelligence scores.
Q2) Omega-squared corrects for the number of groups and the size of error in an analysis of variance test;eta-squared does not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which source of variation,if significant,is typically analyzed first?
A)a main effect
B)the interaction
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher observes a correlation of values from 2 to 10 points and draws conclusions about the full range of values in the population from 0 to 21 points.Which limitation for correctly interpreting a correlation coefficient did the researcher violate?
A)reverse causality
B)restriction of range
C)a confound variable
D)homoscedasticity
Q2) We convert r to a chi-square statistic for which of the following correlation tests?
A)Pearson
B)Spearman
C)point-biserial
D)phi
Q3) The assumption of normality requires that the range of scores observed in a sample is the same of the possible range of scores in the population.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) In an analysis of regression there are three sources of variation: regression,residual,and error.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To summarize any type of regression analysis using APA format,we report each of the following except the,
A)test statistic
B)degrees of freedom
C)p value
D)critical values
Q3) We can evaluate the relative contribution of each predictor variable by evaluating the significance of the added contribution of each factor.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The equation for a straight line is Y = bX + a.
A)True
B)False
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18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The chi-square test is an example of a parametric test.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher compares the frequency of participants who sleep primarily on their stomach,back,or side during the night.What is the critical value for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test at a .05 level of significance?
A)2
B)3
C)3.84
D)5.99
Q3) A key assumption for a chi-square goodness-of-fit test is that observed frequencies are independently recorded in each cell.
A)True B)False
Q4) A 2 \(\times\) 2 chi-square test for independence has 4 degrees of freedom. A)True B)False
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19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is not a step to average tied ranks?
A)Compute the mean of the tied ranks.
B)Assume the ranks are in order.
C)Rank each score by its effect size.
D)Shift the remaining ranks accordingly.
Q2) Which of the following scales of measurement are analyzed using a nonparametric test?
A)interval and ratio data
B)ordinal and interval data
C)nominal and ordinal data
D)ordinal and ratio data
Q3) A researcher finds that the number of positive ranks is 13 and the number of negative ranks is 4 using a sample of 17 participants.Based on these data,what is the decision for a related samples sign test at a .05 level of significance?
A)Retain the null hypothesis.
B)Reject the null hypothesis.
C)There is not enough information to answer this question.
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