Course Introduction
Psychological Statistics
Chapter Exam Questions
Psychological Statistics introduces students to the fundamental concepts and methods of statistical analysis as applied to psychological research. The course covers descriptive statistics, probability theory, hypothesis testing, correlation, regression, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and non-parametric tests. Emphasis is placed on selecting appropriate statistical techniques, interpreting results, applying statistical software, and understanding the ethical implications of data analysis in psychology. Through lectures, hands-on exercises, and real-world examples, students develop essential skills for critically evaluating psychological data and conducting their own research studies.
Recommended Textbook Research Methods 8th Edition by Donald H. McBurney
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Psychology and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) The assumption of discoverability refers to the notion that
A) events in the world, including behavior, are lawful and orderly
B) reasoning is the basis for solving all problems
C) all events occur as a result of preceding events
D) it is impossible to find solutions to complex problems
Answer: D
Q2) Social Construction,as applied to science,
A) Refers to the progressive nature of science
B) Refers to hypothesis testing
C) Refers to the claim that science deals with the beliefs of scientists, rather than reality
D) Refers to shifts in world beliefs
Answer: C
Q3) Speculations about the relationship between two or more variables are called
A) hypotheses
B) constructs
C) concepts
D) generalizations
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Developing a Research Question
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Q1) As you develop your hypothesis and design your experiment, A) you should ask yourself "Exactly what am I trying to find out?"
B) you should ask yourself "Is this fundable?"
C) you should worry about whether anyone else has tried to do this before
D) you should ask yourself "Is this really what I'm interested in?"
Answer: A
Q2) What is the difference between the Internet and a Library,and what is its significance?
Answer: Answer not provided.
Q3) The pre-publication process in which work submitted for publication is evaluated by others is called
A) Other evaluation
B) Informative selection
C) Filtered evidence
D) Peer review
Answer: D
Q4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various proprietary databases for searching the scientific literature in Psychology.
Answer: Answer not provided.
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Chapter 3: Ethics in Research
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Q1) The need for an ethics code became evident after the war trials associated with
A) The Korean War
B) The Vietnam War
C) World War I
D) World War II
Answer: D
Q2) In order for an average 12 year old student to take part in a study,
A) He or she must give consent
B) He or she can give assent, but their parents must give consent
C) He or she can give assent, but the school must give consent
D) Consent must come from the student, the parents, and the school
Answer: B
Q3) The APA ethics code covers all
A) activities of psychologists
B) professional activities of psychologists
C) professional activities of psychologists and those under their supervision
D) research activities of psychologists and those under their supervision.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Writing in Psychology
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Q1) If you only know of Smith's 1998 work by reading it in Jones' 1999 paper,you
A) can't cite Smith
B) cite Jones (1999)
C) cite Smith (1998)
D) cite Smith (1998, as cited by Jones, 1999)
Q2) Saying exactly what you mean to say as directly as possible is an example of which writing goal?
A) Clarity
B) Brevity
C) Felicity
D) An argument
Q3) Pleasingness of style is ____ in a research paper
A) unprofessional
B) nice if you can do it
C) one of the goals of writing
D) distracting
Q4) If you were to make an oral presentation at a national psychological convention,how would it be different from a scientific paper?
Q5) List the parts of a scientific article in APA style,and describe the contents of each.
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Chapter 5: Variables
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Q1) Random error refers to change in the measurement of a variable that can be attributed to
A) confounding.
B) chance
C) systematic error
D) the amount of time between measurements
Q2) The idea that a test appears to be measuring what it is supposed to be measuring relates to
A) face validity
B) construct validity
C) internal validity
D) both a and b
Q3) A researcher records the amount of light it takes to detect a small visual stimulus in a dark room.Luminance is the variable being measured and may be thought of here as physical energy.What level of measurement is most likely involved in making this observation?
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio
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Chapter 6: Tabular and Graphical Description of Data
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Q1) Which one of the following terms least belongs with the others?
A) dependent variable
B) Y-axis
C) vertical
D) X-axis
Q2) If the independent variable in an experiment is gender,it would be appropriate to use a ____ to represent the data
A) scattergram
B) bar graph
C) cumulative record
D) line graph
Q3) List some of the relevant information that might be found in a coding guide for an experiment that investigated the effects of attractiveness on jurors' guilty verdicts.
Q4) You should connect the data points with straight lines,instead of a smooth curve,unless
A) the data points describe a curvilinear relationship
B) you could write the mathematical equation for the curve
C) the line would be nonmonotonic
D) None of these. You should always connect the data points with straight lines.
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Chapter 7: Validity
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Q1) If a researcher asks,"Can we be sure that the observed relationship between the independent and dependent variables represents a true cause-effect relationship?" then the researcher is concerned about ____ validity
A) internal
B) construct
C) external
D) statistical
Q2) Suppose that a researcher is interested in studying the effects of Teletubbies on children.Describe the potential threats to internal validity that might be encountered in constructing a design for this study.
Q3) The extent to which data are shown to be the result of a cause-effect relationship rather than accident reflects the level of
A) ecological validity
B) external validity
C) statistical validity
D) manipulation check
Q4) Define the concepts internal and external validity.Discuss why we say that for some experiments an attempt at increasing one type tends to jeopardize the other type.
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Chapter 8: Control
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Q1) What is the main purpose of matching?
A) to reduce initial differences between the experimental and control groups on the dependent variable
B) to reduce the amount of variability among subjects within each treatment group
C) to control for order effects
D) to control for sequence effects
Q2) If the independent variable is magnitude of reward,then subjects who experience a large reward (say,$200)first may respond less to a small reward (say,$20).This is a(n)
A) Situation in which to use a within-subjects experiment
B) Example of a contrast effect
C) Example of a concurrent effect
D) Situation in which an experiment cannot be performed
Q3) The difference between a nuisance variable and a confounded variable is
A) There is no difference. They are the same thing.
B) A nuisance variable varies with the independent variable
C) A confounded variable varies with the dependent variable
D) A confounded variable varies with the independent variable
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Chapter 9: Nonexperimental Research, part 1:
Observational, archival, and Case-Study Research
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Q1) What is the hermeneutic approach to research,and how does it differ from the general approach to understanding behavior?
Q2) Which one of the following scenarios best demonstrates the concept of hermeneutics?
A) A parole officer obtains urine specimens from several parolees and has them analyzed for evidence of substance abuse.
B) Guards in a prisoner-of-war camp analyze the out-going mail of prisoners to determine if an escape attempt is being plotted.
C) A supervisor of graduate student teachers administers a questionnaire to students to determine the effectiveness of student-teachers.
D) The director of a day care center observes and records the interactions among the children to identify potentially aggressive ones.
Q3) A researcher is interested in the possible relationship between delinquency in junior high school students and family instability as evidenced by divorce.How would one go about investigating such a relationship? What else besides divorce might contribute to delinquency and be correlated with divorce?
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Chapter 10: Nonexperimental Research, part 2: Survey Research
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Q1) One of the major problems facing Web-based surveys is
A) Slippage can occur
B) A difficulty in finding a truly random sample
C) Social desirability is increased
D) The good subject tendency is increased
Q2) Branching items are useful when
A) When surveying the public about botany
B) Some participants need to skip inappropriate items
C) Attempting to avoid the social desirability tendency
D) Rating stimulus intensity
Q3) A researcher is interested in the effects of type of university,year in school,and gender have on attitudes toward gender roles.Discuss ways of selecting schools,and students within schools.
Q4) Oversampling happens when
A) too many of one subpopulation is selected by chance
B) a subpopulation is intentionally over represented in a sample
C) sampling is conducted in two waves on the same population
D) extra individuals are selected in case of incomplete data
Page 12
Q5) Define random sample,stratified random sample,cluster sample,and describe situations in which each is preferred.
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Chapter 11: True Experiments, part 1: Single-Factor Designs
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Q1) Reverse counterbalancing cannot control for ____ effects
A) nonlinear
B) order
C) sequence
D) within-subjects
Q2) Random allocation of subjects to groups
A) Insures that the groups will be equal before the experimental manipulation
B) Improves experimental reliability
C) Occurs in a within-subjects design
D) Interferes with a comparison between the experimental and the control group
Q3) You have a hypothesis that sugar decreases the ability to remember lists of words,and that this impairment increases with the amount of sugar that is administered.Design a between groups single factor true experiment to test this idea.Be sure to define your independent and dependent variables.How will you recruit subjects? How will you allocate subjects and conditions?
Q4) The one-group posttest-only design should be avoided because
A) All experimental designs have to have more than one group
B) There are many uncontrolled threats to validity
C) It produces unreliable results
D) It will not be possible to code the data
Page 13
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Chapter 12: True Experiments, part 2: Factorial Designs
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Q1) Factorial designs can be conducted
A) between subjects
B) within subjects
C) mixed
D) all of these
Q2) Barnes,Ickes,and Kidd (1979)studied whether or not students would lend their notes to a classmate by varying the intentionality of the needy student (unintentional vs attentional)and the stability of their request (always vs sometimes).Participants received one request from one needy student.What was the design of the experiment?
A) between-subjects factorial design
B) within-subjects factorial design
C) one variable within-subjects
D) one variable between-subjects
Q3) What is the advantage of a factorial design over a single-factor design?
Q4) If neither Variable A nor Variable B has a main effect you can have
A) no interaction
B) a ceiling effect interaction
C) an antagonistic interaction
D) a synergistic interaction
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Chapter 13: Single-Subject Experiments
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Q1) Which one of the following strategies is not a basic control strategy in single-subject research?
A) withdrawing the treatment
B) repeating treatments
C) using multiple baselines
D) changing more than one variable at a time
Q2) A behavioral therapist is trying to decrease an autistic child's disruptive behavior.He first observes the baseline level of the behavior,then observes the behavior again after his intervention.Since his therapy seems to be effective,he continues to treat the child in the same way.This type of design is called a(n):
A) A-B Design
B) A-B-A-B Design
C) A-B-C Design
D) Cross sectional Design
Q3) Single-subject research focuses on individuals because
A) each individual is unique
B) human creativity cannot be studied by methods that assume determinism
C) it permits a researcher to focus on small effects
D) group data sometimes obscure features of individual performance
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Chapter 14: Quasi Experiments
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Q1) An evaluation of how effective a program is in meeting its goals is called a
A) Summative evaluation
B) Factorial design
C) Formative evaluation
D) Meta-analysis
Q2) Whether quasi experiments with pretest and posttest designs can be interpreted depends on
A) Whether the pattern of result can be accounted for by other differences between the groups.
B) Whether pretest and posttest performance differ for the groups
C) The number of participants in the study
D) The number of participants in the control group
Q3) A quasi experiment has lower ____ validity but may have higher ____ validity
A) statistical, construct
B) construct, statistical
C) external, internal
D) internal, external
Q4) Discuss the differences between true experimental designs and quasi experimental designs.Discuss some of the major difficulties the researcher faces when less than a true design is used.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Biases and Limitations of Experimental Psychology
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Q1) One source of conservatism in science is provided by
A) green building initiatives
B) a drastic increase in per capita spending
C) defense contracting
D) science's dependence on financial support
Q2) By documenting what is statistically common,the psychologist is contributing to
A) The human experience
B) The definition of what is normal
C) World peace
D) A median view of science
Q3) Science must remain unbiased about
A) God
B) Questions of values
C) Masculinity and femininity
D) All of the above
Q4) What does the effort society is putting into solving health problems say about science as a conservative enterprise,and science as a liberal enterprise?
Q5) Identify and describe the essential and practical limitations of science.
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