Psychological Science
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Course Introduction
Psychological Science is an exploration of the scientific principles and methodologies underlying the study of human behavior and mental processes. This course introduces students to core concepts in psychology, including biological bases of behavior, cognition, development, perception, emotion, personality, and social interactions. Emphasizing empirical research and critical thinking, students learn how psychological theories are developed, tested, and applied to real-world situations. The course also covers ethical considerations in research and highlights the relevance of psychological science to individual and societal well-being.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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14 Chapters
2570 Verified Questions
2570 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and
Research
Methods
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197 Verified Questions
197 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define the scientific method and note its six basic steps (in the order in which they are intended to occur).
Answer: The scientific method is a way to gather facts that will lead to the formulation and validation of a theory. It involves specifying a problem; systematically observing events; forming a hypothesis of the relation between variables; testing the hypothesis; collecting new observations to test the hypothesis; using such evidence to formulate and support a theory; and finally, testing the theory.
Q2) List the three key ideas emphasized in the definition of psychology, then briefly describe each.
Answer: Science to know; mind - thinking; behavior observable acts
Q3) Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?
A) behaviorism
B) cognitive perspective
C) functionalism
D) humanism
Answer: D
Q4) List the three levels of analysis.
Answer: Brainerson, Group p
3
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Chapter 2: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: The Brain in Action
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Sample Questions
Q1) Every deliberate action you make, such as pedaling a bike, walking, scratching, or smelling a flower, involves neurons in the ______ nervous system.
A) sympathetic
B) sensory-somatic
C) parasympathetic
D) autonomic
Answer: B
Q2) Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?
A) synapses
B) receptor sites
C) neural chiasms
D) response terminals
Answer: B
Q3) Unlike Mendelian inheritance, complex inheritance ________.
A) primarily helps to explain why birth defects occur
B) describes the effects of individual elements of inheritance
C) considers the joint combinations of genes working together
D) is unrelated to your genotype
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Olfactory receptor cells are located in the back of the throat.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) When talking to her friend, Lauren says "How was your vacation," but she coughs when she says the word vacation such that the "ca" is not audible. However, Lauren's friend claims to have heard the word in its entirety. This example illustrates ________.
A) dichotic listening
B) shadowing
C) the phonemic restoration effect
D) the cocktail party phenomenon
Answer: C
Q3) Each retina of the eye has about ______ million rods and cones.
A) 1
B) 75
C) 25
D) 120
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Learning: How Experience Changes US
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The learning of phobias is a very good example of which certain type of classical conditioning?
A) instinctive drift
B) innate learning
C) conditioned taste aversion
D) conditioned emotional response
Q2) Bandura conducted a classic study known as the "Bobo" doll study. The term Bobo refers to ____________.
A) Bandura's pet name for the dog used in the study
B) Bandura's loyal but strange assistant that carried out the study
C) Bandura's nickname that his wife had given him
D) the type of inflatable doll that was used in the study
Q3) Classical conditioning was accidentally discovered by Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov while he was studying salivation.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List and describe the three characteristics of effective punishment.
Q5) What type of reinforcement schedule is also referred to as the "gambling reinforcement schedule"? Why is it described as such?
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Chapter 5: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following pairings would result in the best overall memory?
A) sad during learning and happy at recall
B) happy during learning and sad during recall
C) serious during learning and serious during recall
D) intoxicated during learning and intoxicated during recall
Q2) Candice is studying for her psychology multiple-choice exam by thinking about the various facts she has read and trying to distinguish the very similar ideas. As such, Candice appears to be engaged in ________.
A) transfer appropriate processing
B) inappropriate learning
C) intentional learning
D) state-dependent retrieval
Q3) _____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.
A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
D) Evaluation
Q4) Suppose you're presented with a list of the bones in the hand. Which words should you expect to forget the most-the ones in the beginning, middle, or end? Why?
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Chapter 6: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence: What
Humans Do Best
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Sample Questions
Q1) Katie is an exceptional violin player, but rather ordinary in other areas. She is most likely ________.
A) not gifted
B) a prodigy
C) gifted in math as well
D) autistic
Q2) John B. Carroll argued that ________.
A) the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B) test scores can be categorized
C) intelligence is two-factored
D) intelligence is a single factor
Q3) What does it mean to say that someone is or is not intelligent?
Q4) What is functional fixedness?
Q5) If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores?
A) fraternal twins
B) identical twins
C) brothers and sisters
D) parents and children
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theory states that a stimulus triggers physiological changes that produce emotion?
A) Cannon-Bard theory
B) James-Lange theory
C) Schachter-Singer theory
D) commonsense view of emotions
Q2) According to cognitive theories, appraisal of the situation would come _______ the physical arousal and _______ the experience of emotion.
A) before; after
B) after; before
C) before; before
D) after; after
Q3) The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.
A) achievement
B) power
C) motivation
D) emotion
Q4) What is an emotional reflex?
Q5) What is the best way to lose weight?
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Chapter 8: Personality: Vive La Différence
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212 Verified Questions
212 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following BEST describes the concept of interactionism?
A) Personality is a combination of our thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
B) Traits and situations only affect thoughts.
C) Traits, situations, and their interactions affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
D) Only the interactions of traits and situations affect thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
Q2) Toilet training takes place during which of Freud's psychosexual stages?
A) oral
B) anal
C) latency
D) phallic
Q3) Derrick is an executive with a large financial firm. Any time his investments do poorly, he throws temper tantrums and breaks things. Then he starts barking orders at his secretary. Which personality structure would Freud say is exerting control?
A) id
B) superego
C) ego
D) preconscious
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Chapter 9: Psychology Over the Life Span: Growing Up,
Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ refers to the beliefs, desires, values, and attributes that define a person to himself or herself.
A) Self-esteem
B) Self-efficacy
C) Self-identity
D) Self-concept
Q2) Which type of attachment style is characterized by babies who do not seem to care very much whether the mother is present or absent, and are equally comfortable with her and a stranger?
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) resistant
D) disorganized
Q3) How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell of the human body?
A) 46
B) 23
C) 21
D) 22
Q4) Jimmy, a 17-year-old high school student, would likely be in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages?
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Chapter 10: Stress, Health, and Coping: Dealing With Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are two types of white blood cells: B and T cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which emotion is associated with greater likelihood of heart disease?
A) fear
B) depression
C) joy
D) anger
Q3) Another name for the cumulative wear and tear is allostatic load.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How many hours would our biological clock run if there no external cues except that of electric light that could be manually regulated?
Q5) After sitting quietly with her eyes closed for a few minutes, Donna may experience ________.
A) enhanced production of NK cells
B) alterations in hormone secretions
C) a decrease in pulse rate
D) a variable breathing rate
Q6) What are the three phases in the general adaptation syndrome?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Sample Questions
Q1) The restricting type is a subtype of bulimia nervosa.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Joe is described by his friends as being very "anal." His desk is always as neat as possible. His shirts are ironed to be wrinkle free, and his shoes must be lined up perfectly in his closet. If any of these things are not "just so," he finds it very distressing. Joe might be best diagnosed with ________ personality disorder.
A) histrionic
B) narcissistic
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) borderline
Q3) An individual who experiences zar is ________.
A) deviant
B) probably from the Middle East
C) probably a Pentecostal
D) putting others' lives at risk
Q4) Define psychological disorder.
Q5) Describe the five axes of the DSM.
Q6) What is binge eating?
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Chapter 12: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the two step process used in systematic desensitization.
Q2) For ________ disorders, certain forms of psychotherapy provide ________ long -term relief of symptoms as do medication.
A) depressive (only); at least as much
B) depressive (only); much more
C) anxiety and depressive; much more
D) anxiety and depressive; at least as much
Q3) Which of the following is a key component of Freud's theory of psychoanalysis?
A) cognition
B) empathy
C) dream analysis
D) unconditional positive regard
Q4) Judy's therapist listens to her without interruption and judgment. She provides Judy with warmth and respect, without any conditions attached. Her therapist is demonstrating______________.
A) reflection
B) genuineness
C) unconditional positive regard
D) nondirective countertransference
Q5) Define psychoanalysis.
14
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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209 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prejudice is to discrimination as ________.
A) attitude is to behavior
B) behavior is to attitude
C) neutral is to negative
D) stereotype is to feeling
Q2) An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.
A) social loafing
B) social idleness
C) social facilitation
D) the goof-off phenomenon
Q3) An overall evaluation about some aspect of the world is known as a(n) ________.
A) opinion
B) belief
C) attitude
D) inference
Q4) Recategorization reduces prejudice by shifting the categories of "us" and "them."
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Statistics Part B : How to Think About Research Studies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Students in Dr. Friedlander's class got the following scores on their first test: 75, 77, 87, 63, 93, 77, 72, 80, 57, 68, 76. What is the median?
A) 77
B) 75
C) 36
D) 76
Q2) Psychologists want to make judgments and decisions about the data and variables. This is the role of __________.
A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) univariate statistics
D) multivariate statistics
Q3) When researchers want an explanation for the differences in data, they would use
A) descriptive statistics
B) inferential statistics
C) the correlation coefficient
D) the method of limited decisions
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