Course Introduction
Psychological Science
Pre-Test Questions
Psychological Science explores the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, combining empirical research methods with foundational theories in the field of psychology. The course covers key topics such as cognition, emotion, development, personality, mental health, and social interactions. Through critical analysis of research studies and psychological experiments, students gain insights into how individuals think, feel, and behave within a diverse range of social and cultural contexts. The course also examines ethical considerations and the practical applications of psychological principles in real-world settings.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the definition of psychology that appears in your textbook,psychology is both
A) a science and a profession.
B) a theory and an academic discipline.
C) a school of thought and an occupation.
D) a cognitive process and an undergraduate major.
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Scarply believes that if all violent programming were banned,aggressive behavior would almost completely disappear.This type of explanation for the prevalence of aggressive behavior is inconsistent with the view that
A) behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
B) heredity and the environment jointly influence behavior.
C) perception is often subjective.
D) behavior is determined by multiple causes.
Answer: D
Q3) Psychology is both the ____________________ that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it,and the ____________________ that applies the accumulated knowledge to practical problems.
Answer: science; profession
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Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the difference between a positive correlation and a negative correlation? List some specific variables that you predict would be positively correlated,and variables that would be negatively correlated,with alcohol consumption by college students.
Answer: Positive correlation: As scores on variable X increase,scores on variable Y tend to increase,too.Examples: alcohol consumption and body weight; alcohol consumption and number of missed classes.
Negative correlation: As scores on variable X increase,scores on variable Y tend to decrease.Examples: alcohol consumption and coordination; alcohol consumption and grade point average.
Q2) The goals of the scientific enterprise in psychology are to describe,understand,predict and control behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) A person who agreed with all the questions on a personality inventory,even when the questions contradicted each other,would be demonstrating a(n)____________________.
Answer: response set
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Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Jeffrey slipped on the stairs and hit his head he saw "stars" for several minutes.The "stars" were most likely a result of activity in Jeffrey's
A) temporal lobes.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) occipital lobes.
D) primary somatosensory cortex.
Answer: C
Q2) In a set of identical twins that have been raised together,one of them develops schizophrenia,but the other does not.Which of the unifying themes discussed in the text is this illustrative of?
A) Psychology is empirical.
B) Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
C) Heredity and environment jointly influence behavior.
D) Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
Answer: C
Q3) The ____________________ serves as a relay station for sensory information. Answer: Thalamus
Q4) The ____________________ is the junction between two neurons. Answer: synapse
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over at the ____________________ and then project to the opposite hemisphere of the brain.
Q2) Night and peripheral vision depend mainly on ____,while daylight and acute vision depend mainly on ____.
A) rod cells; cone cells
B) cone cells; rod cells
C) rod cells; bipolar cells
D) bipolar cells; cone cells
Q3) Recent research suggests that pain is experienced as less intense when looking at A) unpleasant pictures.
B) pleasant pictures.
C) pictures of men.
D) pictures of women.
Q4) Explain why a particular note played on 2 different instruments sounds different.
Q5) In vision the ____________________ of light affects the perception of brightness,while the ____________________ affects the perception of color.
Q6) ____________________ refers to the relative amount of whiteness in a color.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
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Q1) In which culture would people be held responsible for their dream actions? (For example an erotic dream about someone could be seen as an adulterous act.)
A) Marakesh of Morocco
B) Aborigines of Australia
C) Arapesh of New Guinea
D) Parintinin of Brazil
Q2) Briefly discuss the methods available to assist people in realigning their circadian rhythms.
Q3) Meditation has its roots in
A) early Christianity.
B) Eastern religions.
C) transcendental psychology.
D) the scientific study of the relaxation response.
Q4) Differences between a REM dream and a non-REM dream include
A) non-REM dreams are more vivid, visual and story like.
B) dreamers tend to remember their non-REM dreams more frequently and clearly.
C) REM dreams are more vivid, visual and story like.
D) non-REM dreams don't exist.
Q5) What are dreams and what is known about the significance of their content?
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others who are called models is
A) operant conditioning.
B) modeling.
C) observational learning.
D) classical conditioning.
Q2) Escape learning is a type of learning in which
A) an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others' behavior.
B) an organism engages in a response that brings aversive stimulation to an end.
C) a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to elicit a response that was originally elicited by another stimulus.
D) an organism engages in a response that prevents aversive stimulation from occurring.
Q3) In a Skinner box,the cumulative recorder
A) permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies.
B) provides a complete record of everything the animal does.
C) delivers the reinforcers.
D) creates a graphic record of operant responding as a function of time.
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Chapter 7: Human Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine that researchers find some memories are lost very quickly from memory,while other memories last much longer.This evidence would create the MOST problems for
A) the decay theory of forgetting.
B) the interference theory of forgetting.
C) the repression theory of forgetting.
D) the neurochemical theory of forgetting.
Q2) Brendan knows that his professor plans to give essay exams throughout the semester,so he prepares for the exams by thinking of questions that ask about key concepts and writing out answers to those questions.In this case,Brendan is trying to maximize his exam performance
A) by reducing the misinformation effect.
B) by eliminating proactive interference.
C) through the use of transfer-appropriate processing.
D) through the use of state-dependent memory.
Q3) Freud's concept of repression involves a specific type of A) retrieval failure.
B) ineffective encoding.
C) interference.
D) decay.
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Chapter 8: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two sentences "The boy hit the ball" and "The ball was hit by the boy" are the same in regard to
A) grammar.
B) syntax.
C) morphemes.
D) semantics.
Q2) Underextension would be evident if a three-year-old child
A) used a word too broadly.
B) used telegraphic speech to communicate complex ideas.
C) used a word too narrowly.
D) failed to utilize fast mapping.
Q3) When people must choose between two alternatives,and they recognize one alternative but not the other,they often infer that the alternative they recognize has the higher value.This decision-making heuristic is called the
A) representativeness heuristic.
B) recognition heuristic.
C) framing heuristic.
D) conjunction heuristic.
Q4) List and describe the three types of problems proposed by Greeno.
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Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing
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Q1) Steele's theory of stereotype vulnerability is an attempt to explain why
A) Asian-Americans score higher than average on IQ tests.
B) African-Americans score lower than average on IQ tests.
C) cultural bias must necessarily be inherent in all intelligence tests.
D) general intelligence in a population declines over time.
Q2) Creativity test items that give respondents a starting point and then require them to generate as many possibilities as they can in a short period of time are scored on the basis of
A) the quantity of alternatives generated
B) the originality of the alternatives
C) the usefulness of the alternatives
D) all of these things
Q3) Recent research suggests that sterotype vulnerability may undermine test performance by reducing
A) reaction range.
B) working memory.
C) self-monitoring.
D) suppression of negative thoughts.
Q4) Describe the components of Sternberg's concept of "successful intelligence."
Q5) How well do IQ scores predict academic and vocational success?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) A polygraph typically monitors all of the following EXCEPT
A) respiration rate.
B) dilation of the pupils.
C) galvanic skin response (GSR).
D) blood pressure.
Q2) Which group tends to overestimate the interest the opposite sex has in them?
A) women
B) men
C) both sexes
D) neither sex, both are realistic
Q3) Assume a woman is deeply in love with her male partner.Based on research,you would predict this will
A) enhance her chances of achieving orgasm.
B) decrease her chances of achieving orgasm.
C) enhance her male partner's chances of achieving orgasm.
D) decrease her male partner's chances of achieving orgasm.
Q4) Leptin is produced by glucostatic neurons and results in increased feelings of hunger.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex MOST accurately describes
A) gender roles
B) gender stereotypes
C) gender behaviors
D) gender differences
Q2) A child who successfully completes stage 1 of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development will acquire
A) an ability to initiate one's own activities.
B) self-sufficiency.
C) a sense of competence.
D) optimism and trust toward the world.
Q3) Erikson's period of industry versus inferiority corresponds to the early school years. A)True
B)False
Q4) Drastic mental declines is not part of the normal aging process; however fifteen to twenty percent of adults over age 75 will show some form of a cognitive deficit known as
Q5) Briefly discuss the significance of secure attachment to later development
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Q1) The major criticism humanistic personality theorists have concerning BOTH psychodynamic and behavioral theories of personality is that those theories
A) are not supported by scientific or empirical evidence.
B) are dehumanizing and deterministic.
C) are unrealistically optimistic about human behavior.
D) focus on the unconscious.
Q2) The idea that ambiguous materials can serve as a blank screen onto which people impose their characteristic concerns,conflicts and desires is termed the A) self-report hypothesis.
B) projective hypothesis.
C) self-revealing hypothesis.
D) objective hypothesis.
Q3) The variety of modern psychodynamic theories of personality all derive from the work of which of the following individuals?
A) Albert Bandura
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Karen Horney
D) Wilhelm Wundt
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Chapter 13: Social Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the primary features of a group?
A) most groups have eligibility requirements
B) most groups have a power structure
C) most groups have a communication structure
D) most groups have norms
Q2) The state that exists when related cognitions are inconsistent or contradict one another is known as A) discrimination.
B) cognitive dissonance.
C) conformity.
D) obedience.
Q3) Most research on implicit attitudes has addressed the topic of A) politics.
B) sex.
C) education.
D) prejudice.
Q4) Describe the components and dimensions of attitudes,the correlates of attitude strength and the relations between attitudes and behavior.
Q5) Discuss the nature of groups and the bystander effect.
Q6) Briefly explain the evolutionary perspective on bias in person perception.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Stress,Coping,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wayne was a highly motivated teacher,who really tried to make a difference in the lives of his students.However,the constant budget cutbacks and the long hours that he puts in have taken their toll.He has become disillusioned with teaching,and he often calls in sick.In this case,it is quite likely that Wayne is experiencing
A) amotivational syndrome
B) burnout
C) posttraumatic stress disorder
D) general adaptation syndrome
Q2) As a task becomes more complex,the optimal level of arousal to perform the task best
A) increases
B) stays the same
C) first decreases and then increases
D) decreases
Q3) Which of the following situations is most likely to result in chronic stress?
A) being diagnosed with AIDS
B) preparing for final exams
C) being late for an appointment and stuck in traffic
D) being told that you need root canal work
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) For the past month Lawrence seems to have lost interest in most of his normal activities.He feels irritable,and he has had difficulty sleeping.He also finds that he has difficulty making decisions.Lawrence's symptoms are most consistent with those seen in A) bipolar disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) disorganized schizophrenia.
Q2) Which of the following statements about dissociative identity disorder is LEAST accurate?
A) DID is more common in men.
B) Differences between personalities can be bizarre.
C) Personalities may differ in gender and sexual orientation.
D) DID may be overdiagnosed.
Q3) The average duration of depressive episodes is
A) 7 to 14 days.
B) 4 to 6 weeks.
C) 1 year.
D) 6 months.
Q4) Briefly describe the five axes of the DSM-IV system.
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Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Juan has an intense fear of snakes.His therapist treats the phobia by having Juan approach a small snake from a distance and wait each time he becomes anxious.As the anxiety subsides,Juan takes a step closer.Juan's therapist is using A) empathic behaviorism.
B) systematic desensitization.
C) exposure therapy.
D) latent analysis.
Q2) According to Carl Roger's ____________________ therapy,the climate in which therapy takes place in is more important then the process used by the therapist.
Q3) Which of the following is LEAST accurate concerning trends in mental hospitals in this country?
A) The length of stay has increased since the 1950s.
B) They serve mainly the chronically ill patient.
C) More patients are now placed in local facilities instead of the mental hospital.
D) The number of patients in mental hospitals has declined since the 1950s.
Q4) Problems associated with ____________________ include the revolving door and increased homelessness among the mentally ill.
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Chapter 17: Statistical Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pattern in which many human characteristics are dispersed in the population that is represented by a symmetrical or bell-shaped curve is referred to as the A) significant distribution.
B) common distribution.
C) normal distribution.
D) skewed distribution.
Q2) Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the WEAKEST association between two variables?
A) +.74
B) -.43
C) +.09
D) -.85
Q3) A table that uses an organized arrangement to indicate how frequently each score or group of scores occurs in a set of data is a A) frequency polygon.
B) histogram.
C) frequency distribution.
D) frequency table.
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19
Chapter 18: Industrial organizational Psychology
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Q1) If there is a good match between a person's characteristics and the characteristics of the place of employment,it is
A) beneficial for both the employee and employer
B) beneficial only for the employee
C) beneficial only for the employer
D) not beneficial for either party
Q2) The first step in the personnel selection process is called
A) testing
B) recruitment
C) selection decision
D) job analysis
Q3) Which of the following is not one of the three specialty areas of I/O psychology?
A) social psychology
B) human factors psychology
C) industrial psychology
D) organizational psychology
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Chapter 19: Psychology and Environmental Sustainability: Conservation Psychology
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Q1) Gardner & Stern (2008)report that six aspects of human life most significantly and adversely affect the environment; transportation is one aspect.Which of the following does the study recommend as a way to lead a more sustainable lifestyle?
A) When driving increase speed, avoid sudden stops, and keep tires properly inflated.
B) When driving decrease speed, open windows instead of using air conditioner, and get regular tune-ups.
C) When driving decrease speed, keep tires properly inflated, and turn off the air conditioner.
D) When driving avoid sudden stops, open windows instead of using air conditioner, and allow engine to idle.
Q2) Research suggests that children show strong moral prohibitions against pollution
A) only when it harms humans.
B) only when it harms animals.
C) when it harms either humans or animals.
D) neither when it harms humans nor animals.
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