Psychological Science
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Psychological Science is an introductory course that explores the scientific foundations of human thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. Through examination of key theories, empirical research, and experimental methods, students gain a comprehensive understanding of major psychological concepts, such as perception, learning, memory, development, personality, and psychological disorders. The course highlights the application of the scientific method to human behavior and emphasizes critical thinking, ethical research practices, and the interpretation of data in the context of understanding individual and group behavior within a diverse society.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition by Wayne Weiten
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Evolution of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Somers studies psychological topics such as attitude formation and change and how groups influence people's behavior.Which of the following BEST categorizes Dr.Somers' research specialization?
A) experimental psychology
B) personality psychology
C) psychometrics
D) social psychology
Answer: D
Q2) According to research findings,which of the following is MOST likely to be associated with poor grades?
A) being absent from class
B) rewarding yourself for studying
C) overlearning the material
D) changing answers on a multiple-choice test
Answer: A
Q3) ____________________ is a branch of medicine that is concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.
Answer: Psychiatry
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3
Chapter 2: The Research Enterprise in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the relative weaknesses and strengths of descriptive/correlational research as opposed to experimental research? Under what conditions would a psychologist choose one method as opposed to the other?
Answer: Experimental research is the more powerful of the two methods,in that it allows precise control over the independent variable and therefore yields cause-and-effect conclusions.On the other hand,experiments may be somewhat artificial and often cannot be done for ethical reasons.Descriptive/correlational studies are conducted in the subjects' natural environment,they are easier and faster to do than experiments,and they can be done ethically in many circumstances in which experiments cannot.However,the researcher has little control over extraneous variables,so cause-and-effect conclusions cannot be drawn.The choice between the two methods is a function of practical and ethical considerations.
Q2) With regard to the topic of deception in research with human subjects,which of the following is most accurate?
A) Researchers are careful to avoid deceiving subjects.
B) Some topics could not be investigated unless deception was used.
C) It has been empirically demonstrated that deception causes severe distress.
D) All psychological research must involve some deception.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: The Biological Bases of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ are the basic building blocks of heredity and are carried on 23 pairs of ____________________.
Answer: Genes; chromosomes
Q2) Since the long necks of giraffes and sharp beaks of woodpeckers allow individuals access to food these physical characteristics are considered to be examples of A) fitness.
B) adaptations.
C) behavioral change.
D) experience.
Answer: B
Q3) The implantation of electrodes in the brains of animals is accomplished through the use of which of the following?
A) a stereotypical instrument
B) a tachistoscope
C) the electroencephalograph
D) a stereotaxic instrument
Answer: D
Q4) The ____________________ is the junction between two neurons. Answer: synapse
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells in the visual cortex that respond selectively to specific features of complex stimuli are called
A) ganglion cells.
B) feature detectors.
C) selective detectors.
D) hypocomplex cells.
Q2) At the musical he attended over the weekend,Andrew noticed that whenever the red and green spotlights overlapped,they seemed to change to a yellow spotlight.This can be explained using the principles of
A) additive color mixing.
B) subtractive color mixing.
C) hypercomplex feature detection.
D) opponent-processing of colors.
Q3) The sense associated with the perception of taste is referred to as the A) gustatory system.
B) olfactory system.
C) vagus system.
D) vestibular system.
Q4) Explain why a particular note played on 2 different instruments sounds different.
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Chapter 5: Variations in Consciousness
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Q1) Among the following,which drug tends to produce tolerance most SLOWLY?
A) narcotics
B) stimulants
C) sedatives
D) alcohol
Q2) Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic?
A) codeine
B) cocaine
C) morphine
D) heroin
Q3) Correlational research,using self-report data,has investigated the link between sleep duration and mortality risk.The two key findings are: people who consistently sleep less than seven hours exhibit ____ mortality risk; people who consistently sleep more than eight hours exhibit ____ mortality risk.
A) an increased; a decreased
B) a decreased; an increased
C) an increased; an increased
D) a decreased; a decreased
Q4) Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur as one ages.
Q5) Summarize what is known about how culture influences sleep patterns.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Belinda was very close to her father,she claims that he always made her feel safe.Belinda's father always wore "Stetson" cologne.Today every time she smells the scent of "Stetson" cologne she develops a pleasant feeling of warmth and comfort.The learning process that could best account for Belinda's pleasant feelings is
A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) delayed reinforcement.
D) classical conditioning.
Q2) How do psychologists define learning?
Q3) Nancy has a headache; she takes some aspirin and the headache goes away.Nancy is more likely to take aspirin again.This is an example of A) negative reinforcement.
B) classical conditioning.
C) positive reinforcement.
D) punishers.
Q4) Social critics have expressed concern about the amount of violence on television since TV became popular and the majority of research into the impact of media violence on behavior has focused on the role of ____________________ learning.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Human Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Early-selection theories of attention propose that A) stimuli are screened out before the brain processes the meaning of sensory input. B) stimuli are screened out after the brain processes the meaning of sensory input.
C) attention is distributed equally among all stimulus inputs that are above threshold.
D) stimuli are screened out before they reach the sense organs.
Q2) When an individual's memory for an event is altered by the later introduction of inaccurate or misleading information,it is referred to as the A) reconstruction effect.
B) postcontext effect.
C) source-monitoring effect.
D) misinformation effect.
Q3) Your birth date and your mother's maiden name are most likely to be contained in your ____________________ memory system.
Q4) Describe flashbulb memories and discuss the evidence surrounding their accuracy.
Q5) This multiple-choice question is best described as an example of a(n)____________________ measure of retention.
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9
Chapter 8: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tendency to evaluate evidence in a way that supports one's own opinions is referred to as
A) myside bias.
B) stereotyping.
C) incubation.
D) framing.
Q2) Dr.Sciorro believes that because the majority of children acquire language without any effort,there must be a biological mechanism that facilitates language learning.Dr.Sciorro's views of language development most closely mirror those of A) Noam Chomsky.
B) Herbert Simon.
C) B. F. Skinner.
D) Benjamin Whorf.
Q3) What special opportunities or problems are connected with bilingualism? What advantages are there for bilingual children? Based on what you have learned about cognition and language,when do you think second language learning begin in US schools? Why?
Q4) Briefly explain why people often find some problems difficult to solve.
Q5) Summarize evidence on language acquisition in animals.
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Chapter 9: Intelligence and Psychological Testing
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____________________ refers to subaverage general mental ability accompanied by deficiencies in adaptive skills,originating before age 18.
Q2) IQ tests are correlated with occupational ____________________,but there is debate as to whether they predict ____________________well.
Q3) Ashley is 30 years old.She has an IQ score of 60,and she has developed academic skills equivalent to a sixth-grade education level.She is self-supporting,even though she still lives with her parents.According to the system traditionally used to categorize various levels of mental retardation,Ashley would MOST likely be classified as having
A) moderate mental retardation.
B) mild mental retardation.
C) severe mental retardation.
D) profound mental retardation.
Q4) Which of the following appears to be the MOST responsible for ethnic differences in IQ?
A) genetic differences between ethnic groups
B) culturally biased tests
C) poor rapport between a nonminority test giver and a minority test taker
D) the cultural disadvantages associated with a lower-class upbringing
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent research suggests that obese people are particularly sensitive to which type of food-related cue?
A) sensory
B) hormonal
C) normative
D) peripheral
Q2) Several lines of research suggest that ____ during critical periods of prenatal development may influence sexual orientation as an adult.
A) severe physical trauma
B) hormonal secretions
C) neural abnormalities
D) loss of oxygen
Q3) Describe the achievement motive and discuss how individual differences in the need for achievement influence behavior.Briefly explain how situational factors influence achievement strivings.
Q4) The polygraph,or lie detector,detects lies accurately by monitoring key indicators of automatic nervous system arousal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Human Development Across the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) The age of viability,referring to the age at which the fetus ____,is reached ____.
A) can first respond to stimulation; at about 9 weeks
B) can survive if born prematurely; between 23 and 26 weeks
C) first has a heartbeat; at about 16 weeks
D) experiences no further cell division in the brain; between 36 and 38 weeks
Q2) Research suggests that maternal emotions can affect prenatal development.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is MOST likely to decline in the later years?
A) intellectual accomplishment
B) procedural memory
C) problem-solving ability
D) speed in processing information
Q4) The cephalocaudal trend in physical development suggests that infants will be able to control their
A) hips and legs before they can control their shoulders and arms.
B) shoulders and arms before they can control their hands and fingers.
C) hands and fingers before they can control their shoulders and arms.
D) shoulders and arms before they can control their hips and legs.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Rogers,for a child to develop a healthy personality,the parents must A) avoid the use of punishment.
B) address the child's ego needs.
C) exhibit unconditional love toward the child.
D) create an atmosphere of intellectual stimulation.
Q2) Juan used to be a fairly generous individual,but it seemed that whenever he loaned things to people,they were never returned,or they were returned broken.Consequently,Juan is no longer generous.Based on principles of operant conditioning,Juan's lack of generosity is MOST likely a result of A) punishment.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) negative reinforcement.
D) extinction.
Q3) The accumulated evidence from studies of the central concepts from psychodynamic theories has provided strong support for the concept of psychosexual stages.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Briefly describe the revisions of Freud's theory proposed by Jung and Adler.
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Chapter 13: Social Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inferences that people draw about the causes of events,others' behavior,and their own behavior are called ____________________.
Q2) Jeff,Greg,Dan,and Ray all watched as the building across the street burned to the ground.They kept waiting for the fire trucks to show up,even though none of them had called 911.In this case,the fact that none of the four friends phoned to report the fire illustrates the phenomenon known as
A) social loafing.
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
C) group polarization.
D) the bystander effect.
Q3) Yielding to real or imagined social pressure defines which of the following terms?
A) cognitive dissonance
B) obedience
C) groupthink
D) conformity
Q4) Classical conditioning could account for the formation of the ____________________ component of an attitude.
Q5) Discuss the nature of groups and the bystander effect.
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Chapter 14: Stress,Coping,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Analyzing the possible gains and losses before undertaking a health-treatment program is an example of
A) seeking information to reduce uncertainty
B) listing alternative courses of action
C) making a risk-benefit analysis
D) analyzing base rates
Q2) The gender gap in stress reactivity is thought to be due in part to the effects of A) the cerebellum.
B) estrogen.
C) serotonin.
D) GABA.
Q3) Jim is on the brink of flunking out of school.Instead of increasing his studying,he spends his time daydreaming about how he'll win the state lottery so he won't need a degree.Jim is experiencing
A) conflict and is engaging in denial
B) frustration and is engaging in fantasy
C) conflict and is engaging in overcompensation
D) frustration and is engaging in acting out
Q4) Distinguish between acute and chronic stress.
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nancy Andreasen has proposed a classification scheme for schizophrenia that divides schizophrenic disorders into two categories,based on the predominance of negative versus positive symptoms.Results from research studies which have investigated this method of classification suggest that most patients
A) exhibit mainly positive symptoms.
B) alternate between positive and negative symptoms.
C) exhibit mainly negative symptoms.
D) exhibit both types of symptoms.
Q2) Insanity is a
A) psychological diagnosis that determines that an individual is unable to understand the nature and purpose of legal proceedings.
B) psychological diagnosis that confirms that an individual is dangerous to themselves or to others.
C) legal status indicating that a person cannot be held responsible for his or her actions because of mental illness.
D) recognition that a person has a chronic mental illness that is not responsive to treatment.
Q3) Describe the premise of the medical model of abnormal behavior.
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Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following shows the MOST appropriate matching of therapy to psychological problem?
A) lithium treatment for phobic disorder
B) cognitive therapy for panic disorder
C) Xanax for depression
D) systematic desensitization for bipolar mood disorder
Q2) Carl Rogers believed that psychological disorders are caused by
A) current stressful situations in one's life.
B) inconsistency between one's self-concept and reality.
C) unconscious conflicts left over from early childhood.
D) maladaptive patterns of thinking established in childhood.
Q3) In client-centered therapy the ____ is more important then the ____.
A) climate; process
B) interpretation; climate
C) process; climate
D) evaluation; process
Q4) Behavioral therapies emphasize complex verbal interactions to enhance clients' self knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Statistical Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of statistics to organize and summarize data BEST describes the purpose of A) normal statistics
B) correlational statistics
C) inferential statistics
D) descriptive statistics
Q2) Inferential statistics are designed to
A) analyze only normally distributed data.
B) summarize large amounts of data.
C) analyze only nonparametric data.
D) help draw conclusions and interpret data.
Q3) You find a correlation of .44 between a measure of subjects' extraversion and their reports of how many people they have dated in the last two years.This finding means that
A) 44 percent of extraverts date a lot.
B) extraversion accounts for 44 percent of the variation in the amount of subjects' dating.
C) high extraversion is associated with infrequent dating.
D) high extraversion is associated with more frequent dating.
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19
Chapter 18: Industrial organizational Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The majority of industrial/organizational psychologists work either in
A) government or industry
B) academia or industry
C) industry or consulting firms
D) government or universities
Q2) Which branch of industrial and organizational psychology deals with the "how-to" side of I/O psychology including how to select individuals for the right positions,how to train them,and how to compensate them?
A) industrial psychology
B) human factors psychology
C) social psychology
D) organizational psychology
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a content area of interest in human factors psychology?
A) redesigning machinery so it is easier on the body
B) legal issues including discrimination in the workplace
C) modifying a display so the user can more quickly gather information
D) changing the positions of the controls on machinery to reduce accidents
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Chapter 19: Psychology and Environmental Sustainability:
Conservation Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________________ is the study of the interactive relationships between humans and the rest of nature,with a particular focus on how to enhance conservation of natural resources.
A) Environmental psychology
B) Ecological psychology
C) Conservation psychology
D) Wilderness psychology
Q2) The U.S.has one fourth of the population of _____________ but uses more than twice the oil.
A) India
B) Russia
C) China
D) Indonesia
Q3) Environmental psychologists are MOST likely to study
A) the benefits of natural environments.
B) noise and crowding.
C) people's perceptions of natural settings.
D) attitudes about sustainability.
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