Course Introduction
Psychological Science
Midterm Exam
Psychological Science introduces students to the systematic study of behavior and mental processes through the lens of empirical research and scientific methodology. This course explores fundamental topics such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, emotion, motivation, development, personality, and social influences. Students will gain insight into how psychological theories are developed and assessed, as well as how findings are applied to address real-world problems. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking, ethical considerations, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 9th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) A behaviorist is least likely to investigate which of the following?
A) the principles of learning
B) the laws of behavior
C) experiments on animals
D) differences between conscious and unconscious thought
Answer: D
Q2) The mind-brain (or mind-body) problem refers to the question:
A) Which is more important in controlling behavior, the mind or the brain?
B) How is the mind related to the brain and does one control the other?
C) What causes the mind to undergo "out-of-body" experiences?
D) Which part of the mind controls the body?
Answer: B
Q3) The primary concern in the field of ergonomics is to
A) understand the attitudes of people at work.
B) improve the design of machines so that people can use them more effectively.
C) choose the people who can most effectively learn how to operate machines.
D) redesign jobs so that more work can be done automatically and less by employees.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 1: A --What Is Psychology
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Q1) The psychological study of people at work is known as ____________________. Answer: industrial/organizational I/O psychology.
Q2) A psychologist who specializes in making machines easier for people to use is known as an ergonomist or human-factors psychologist.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Psychology is defined as the systematic attempt to help worried, depressed, or otherwise troubled people.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) William James established the American approach to psychology known as functionalism.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) ____________________ is credited with being the founder of American psychology.
Answer: William James
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) An experimenter had people exercise much, a little, or not at all and then measured how much they ate at dinner 2 hours later. What was the independent variable in this experiment?
A) the type of food offered
B) the delay between exercise and dinner
C) the amount of exercise
D) the amount of food eaten
Answer: C
Q2) An illusory correlation is
A) a correlation that is positive at some times and negative at other times.
B) an imagined or greatly exaggerated correlation.
C) a correlation that has been increasing in strength over time.
D) a correlation between a psychological variable and a physical variable.
Answer: B
Q3) Ethical standards for the treatment of participants
A) have been established by the APA.
B) are left up to the individual experimenter.
C) exist for human participants, but not for animal participants.
D) are followed by only a small minority of psychological researchers.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A--Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) Replicable results are those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures.
A)True B)False
Q2) Consider the following set of scores on a quiz: 2, 2, 3, 5, 8. The mean for this set of scores is 3.
A)True B)False
Q3) The goal of scientific research is to establish comprehensive explanations of observable events. These explanations are called ____________________.
Q4) The ganzfeld procedure is one demonstration of psychic abilities that has consistently been replicated in the laboratory.
A)True B)False
Q5) Consider the following set of scores on a quiz: 2, 2, 3, 5, 8. The median for this set of scores is 4.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Q1) Practicing a particular skill
A) expands the dendrites and even cell bodies in the region of the brain relevant to that particular skill.
B) expands the dendrites and cell bodies in the entire brain, making it easier to learn other new skills.
C) helps turn glia cells into neurons.
D) has no effect on the anatomy of the brain.
Q2) A single nerve cell, which sends and receives information, is called a A) neuron.
B) glia.
C) myelin.
D) medulla.
Q3) The "binding problem" is the question of how we
A) perceive what we see, hear, and touch as a single object.
B) develop social attachments to other people early in life.
C) learn to think about categories of objects.
D) communicate between the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
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Chapter 3: A--Biological Psychology
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Q1) Parkinson's disease is thought to be caused by a deficiency in the activity of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
A)True
B)False
Q2) At the synaptic level, the effects of alcohol are most similar to those of ____________________.
Q3) The occipital lobe is specialized for hearing.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ____________________ is the set of fibers that connect the left hemisphere of the brain to the right hemisphere.
Q5) If a researcher wants to measure the electrical activity of the brain on a millisecond-by-millisecond basis, the best available technique would be
or
Q6) The action potential remains equally strong along the entire length of the axon, no matter how long the axon is.
A)True
B)False
Page 8
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Many psychologists believe that the brain has a special module devoted specifically to face recognition because
A) there is a map of the face on the cortex.
B) each face that we have ever seen is stored in the brain.
C) brain damage can impair the recognition of faces even though recognition of other objects is unimpaired.
D) only humans are capable of recognizing faces.
Q2) The interpretation of a pattern of stimuli from the environment (as opposed to mere conversion of energy into a pattern of responses) is called
A) assimilation.
B) accommodation.
C) perception.
D) sensation.
Q3) The primary area of the cortex for visual processing is on the __________ lobe. A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital
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Chapter 4: A--Sensation and Perception
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Q1) Within the retina, cones are adapted for ____________________ and rods are adapted for ____________________.
Q2) The ____________________detects the position and acceleration of the head?
Q3) Our brains use information from both the ____________________ and the ____________________ in order to help us maintain balance. or
Q4) As light passes through the eye it is focused by the ____________________, which always focuses light in the same way, and the ____________________, which is flexible and enables focusing on objects at different distances by varying its thickness.
Q5) After decades of research, psychologists now accept the opponent process theory as the correct theory of color vision and reject the trichromatic and retinex theories as incorrect.
A)True B)False
Q6) ____________________ is a field that focuses on our ability to perceive overall patterns.
Q7) Describe the gate theory of pain and give two examples of activities or events that can reduce pain messages.
Page 10
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Chapter 5: Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Q1) When children begin to show self-recognition they will typically also begin to show A) amazement.
B) conservation.
C) embarrassment.
D) righteous indignation.
Q2) Many psychologists have drawn cause-and-effect conclusions from relationships seen between parents' behavior and their children's behavior. The conclusion that parents influence their children would be more justifiable if the results were the same for A) boys as they are for girls.
B) adopted children as they are for children living with their biological parents.
C) seven-year-olds as they are for ten-year-olds.
D) children living in rural areas as they are for children living in large cities.
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11
Chapter 5: A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Q1) Piaget believed that his four stages represented distinct levels of development, with major changes in thinking from stage to stage. After several decades of research, the vast majority of developmental psychologists would agree with this view.
A)True
B)False
Q2) To understand the effects of genes on physical characteristics and behavior, one has to understand the difference between dominant and recessive genes. Define the terms "dominant" and "recessive" in terms of genes. Based on your understanding of genetics, state what color eyes you would have if you had one gene for brown eyes and one gene for blue eyes and explain why?
Q3) Psychologists say that a young child lacks, but gradually develops, ____________________, which is an understanding that other people have a mind too and that each person knows some things that other people don't know.
Q4) Imagine a married couple that has five children. If this family is typical, the research strongly suggests that the oldest (first-born) child will have a higher IQ than the other children in the family.
A)True
B)False
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Page 12
Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) The British and American legal systems are similar to radical behaviorism in that both
A) base decisions upon intervening variables.
B) rely on inferred mental events for interpretations.
C) view the individual as more important than the population as a whole.
D) insist upon a description of what an individual did, not why they did it.
Q2) Suppose your alarm made a slight clicking sound just before the alarm goes off. Even though you didn't wake up to the clicking sound initially, now you do, due to classical conditioning. In this example, the loud alarm is a/an
A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
Q3) Psychologists who argue that psychologists should only study observable, measurable behaviors are called
A) behaviorists.
B) Gestalt psychologists.
C) humanistic psychologists.
D) psychoanalysts.
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Page 13
Chapter 6: A--Learning
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Q1) In classical conditioning, responding decreases in both ____________________ and ____________________.
Q2) In operant conditioning ____________________ occurs if responses stop producing reinforcements.
Q3) A chimpanzee pulling the lever on a slot machine to get banana chips is an example of ____________________.
Q4) Radical behaviorists reject the idea that internal states (such as thoughts and feelings) cause behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Every time that Susie comes home from school, she drops her keys loudly in a bowl in the kitchen and then opens a can of cat food for her cat, Mabel. After two weeks of this behavior, Mabel begins salivating every time that she hears Susie's keys. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR.
Q6) In classical conditioning, responding increases in both ____________________ and ____________________.
Q7) In Pavlov's experiment the ____________________ was similar to the ____________________.
Page 14
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) People can often work on two unrelated tasks (such as remembering a series of 5 digits while also doing a visual task) with less interference between the tasks than one might expect. This fact has been taken as support for the idea that
A) short-term and long-term memory are really the same thing.
B) working memory is made up of more than one component.
C) memories are stored in subcortical, not cortical, structures.
D) memories processed in the left hemisphere do not interact with memories processed in the right hemisphere.
Q2) After the patient H.M. suffered damage to his hippocampus, he suffered severe __________ and moderate __________.
A) retrograde amnesia...anterograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia...retrograde amnesia
C) proactive interference...retroactive interference
D) retroactive interference...proactive interference
Q3) The savings method of testing memory
A) is similar to the recall method.
B) requires physiological monitoring of brain activity.
C) can be completed in less time than other methods of testing memory.
D) can detect weaker memories than the recall method can.
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Page 15
Chapter 7: A--Memory
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Q1) Lee has recently had a brain injury in which there was substantial damage to the hippocampus. During recovery, Lee finds that he is able to remember directions to the grocery store and the steps needed to shop (e.g. get a shopping basket, shop, pay for groceries and carry them out). However, Lee has extreme difficulty remembering the list of groceries that he established that he needed while he was at home. Furthermore, when he gets home, he finds that he is able to do simple tasks such as putting ice in his drink, but he becomes frustrated when he tries to remember all of the steps needed to use his espresso machine to make a drink. Given what we know about the hippocampus, explain why Lee exhibits the difficulties mentioned in the story.
Q2) Memory of a particular event in your life is ____________________; memory for factual information is ____________________.
Q3) One conclusion that emerges from all the research on brain damage and amnesia is that we clearly have different types of memory.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many clinicians now use the term ____________________ instead of repression, to refer to a memory that is stored but cannot be retrieved.
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Page 16
Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) People can often decide whether something is a "vehicle" even though they cannot clearly define the category "vehicles". The fact that they do so tends to support the concept of
A) semantic priming.
B) the availability heuristic.
C) prototypes.
D) the word-superiority effect.
Q2) In a wide variety of fields, including chess and violin, the key to becoming an expert is
A) to have a better-than-average memory and overall intelligence.
B) to be born with a brain specially adapted to the field.
C) a well-rounded personality.
D) about ten years of careful practice.
Q3) The Stroop effect occurs because
A) it is very difficult to see the colors of ink.
B) people are so used to reading words that they cannot suppress the habit.
C) people do not take the frequency of things in the population into account.
D) people's thoughts are related to their categories.
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Chapter 8: A--Cognition and Language
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Q1) A person who suffers from __________ may be mentally retarded but still able to produce language in a normal and skillful way.
Q2) We often err by accepting a hypothesis and then looking for evidence to support it, instead of considering other possibilities. This tendency is the __________.
Q3) You see the letters "RED" printed in green ink. The difficulty you have in naming the color (instead of reading the word) is known as the Stroop effect.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Thinking about one of the concepts shown in this figure will activate, or prime, the concepts linked to it through a process called __________.
Q5) Strategies for simplifying a problem or for guiding an investigation are called
Q6) Often the issues that you have to resolve quickly on a daily basis are complicated and you don't have time to go through every possible solution. You want a "good enough" answer or one that works most of the time. Define the concept of heuristics. In addition, define availability heuristic and representative heuristic and give an example of each type of heuristic.
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Page 18
Chapter 9: Intelligence
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Q1) Workers at the State Department of Transportation can quickly and accurately calculate the distance between any two cities in the state. Those same workers are rather slow to learn a simple new concept of geometry. Apparently they have a high degree of
A) motor intelligence.
B) triarchic intelligence.
C) fluid intelligence.
D) crystallized intelligence.
Q2) A test of driving skills includes a vision test. Naturally, people with poor vision get low scores. Is the test therefore biased against people with visual impairments? Why or why not?
A) Yes. People with visual impairments will get consistently lower scores than people with normal vision.
B) Yes. The fact that the test was devised by people with normal vision demonstrates a bias against people with visual impairments.
C) No. It correctly predicts that they will be poor drivers.
D) No. Bias is related to the standard deviation, and people with poor vision will have a low standard deviation.
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Chapter 9: A--Intelligence
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Q1) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for children (WISC-IV) provide scores in four major categories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Stanford-Binet is now considered the only test entirely free of cultural influence. A)True
B)False
Q3) In developing new tests for practical and creative intelligence, Sternberg has attempted to account for ____________________ differences.
Q4) Someone who has learned a great deal of specific information and who has acquired many specialized skills can be said to have a great deal of ____________________ intelligence.
Q5) The WISC-IV is a test of ____________________ developed for ____________________.
Q6) By developing tests of creative and practical intelligence, Sternberg is attempting to develop intelligence tests that are better predictors of ____________________ than standard IQ tests.
Q7) ____________________ is a possible explanation for the Flynn effect.
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Chapter 10: Consciousness
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Q1) Which of the following uses of hypnosis is NOT well supported by the evidence?
A) increased relaxation and concentration
B) relief from pain or its distress
C) improvement of memory
D) helping people to stop smoking, at least temporarily
Q2) You are trying to determine whether Marsha is really hypnotized or just pretending. You tell her that her sister is sitting in the chair in front of her, and she claims to see her sister. Now her real sister comes into the room. If Marsha is really hypnotized, what will she say when you ask about the person who just entered the room?
A) She sees no one except her sister in the chair in front of her.
B) She sees her sister in two places at once.
C) The person who just entered the room must be someone else.
D) She no longer sees anything at all.
Q3) Circadian rhythms are partially controlled by the release of the hormone?
A) clocknin.
B) adrenaline.
C) circadine.
D) melatonin.
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Chapter 10: A--Consciousness
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Q1) The brain wave patterns typical in REM sleep most closely resemble stage 4 sleep.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A person is suffering from ____________________ if he or she consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day due to lack of sleep.
Q3) The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities is known as ____________________.
Q4) Stage 2 of sleep is marked by ____________________, waves of activity at about 12-14 per second.
Q5) People experiencing the ____________________ would likely report seeing a light moving even though there is no moving light.
Q6) Research suggests that people engage in unconscious processing prior to making a conscious decision.
A)True
B)False
Q7) ____________________ theory suggests that dreams are thinking that occurs under special conditions.
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviors
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Q1) What happens to the sexual development of a genetically female fetus that is exposed to more than the normal amount of testosterone during early development (more than normal for a female, though less than normal for a male)?
A) It develops a more or less normal male appearance.
B) It develops a more or less normal female appearance.
C) It develops an appearance intermediate between the normal male and female patterns.
D) It develops an immature pattern that resembles neither male nor the female.
Q2) Alfred Kinsey reported the prevalence of various sex acts, but most psychologists doubt his percentages because
A) he had a very small sample.
B) his sample was large but not representative.
C) his interviewing style made people uncomfortable.
D) many people did not understand his questions.
Q3) Which of the following is true of many overweight people?
A) They perform much lower than average in school.
B) They expend less energy than most other people do.
C) They became overweight as a reaction to anxiety or depression.
D) They have a smaller-than-average stomach.
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Page 23
Chapter 11: A--Motivated Behaviors
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Q1) Contemporary surveys of sexual orientation find that about 10% of people have a homosexual (gay or lesbian) orientation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Shelley is trying to lose some weight before Spring Break. She is reading her textbook trying to figure out what the keys are for successfully meeting her goal. What conditions would Shelley need to consider in order to increase the likelihood of meeting her goal?
Q3) According to Masters and Johnson, the first of the four physiological stages of sexual arousal is the ____________________ stage.
Q4) The fact that some people seek out and enjoy the opportunity to ride a roller coaster is best explained by the drive-reduction theory of motivation.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Fructose tastes ____________________ than other sugars, so you need ____________________ calories of fructose to achieve the same taste.
Q6) A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called _________.
Q7) Job satisfaction is ____________________ correlated with job performance.
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Chapter 12: Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Q1) One way to cope with stress is to do something to control the situation. This method of coping is called
A) problem-minimization coping.
B) situation-minimization coping.
C) active coping.
D) problem-focused coping.
Q2) According to the James-Lange theory:
A) emotion is our perception of autonomic changes.
B) frustration leads to aggression.
C) intermediate arousal levels produce the best performance on difficult tasks.
D) the limbic system of the brain is critical for emotional behavior.
Q3) Posttraumatic stress disorder would be least likely to occur in someone who
A) fought in a war.
B) was raped.
C) failed a college course.
D) witnessed a murder.
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Chapter 12: A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Q1) Measuring emotional intelligence correctly has proved to be so difficult that contemporary psychologists have basically given up research in this area.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Based on ____________________ view of emotion, we can predict that drugs or injuries that prevent strong autonomic arousal will weaken emotional experiences.
Q3) People are more likely to display facial expressions when they are with other people compared to when they are alone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) You are going to show someone a picture that might arouse anger. The experience of anger will probably be greater if you mold the person's face into a ____________________ before showing the picture.
Q5) Researchers measure changes in the startle reflex as an operational definition of
Q6) Activity of the ____________________ decreases heart rate and increases digestion.
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Page 26
Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Q1) Over the years since Asch's experiments, many similar studies have been conducted. In the United States, most studies show a/an __________ in the amount of conformity since the 1950s. In most Asian countries, the percentage of conforming answers tends to be __________.
A) increase; relatively high
B) decrease; relatively low
C) decrease; relatively high
Q2) Animals generally prefer a mate who wastes energy and endangers its own life because that indicates that the animal is probably
A) similar to itself.
B) sexually experienced.
C) healthy.
D) available.
Q3) White college students tend to evaluate
A) White faces more favorably than Black faces.
B) Black faces more favorably than White faces.
C) White and Black faces equally.
D) unfamiliar faces more favorably than familiar faces, regardless of ethnic identity.
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Chapter 13: A--Social Psychology
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Q1) People listening to a message on a topic that they consider of little importance will probably follow the ____________________ route to persuasion.
Q2) Our beliefs and expectations about groups of people can lead to prejudice and discrimination. Define these two distinct but related terms. Explain why researchers have developed measures such as the Implicit Association Test to assess stereotypes and prejudices.
Q3) The prisoner's dilemma is an attempt to investigate
and ____________________. or
Q4) If a jury convenes to decide on a verdict and sentence in a criminal trial and every juror thinks the defendant is guilty from the start of the deliberation, they are likely to decide on a harsher sentence for the defendant as a group than if they were individually asked to determine the sentence.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Other things being equal, the first information we learn about someone influences us more than later information does. This is known as the ____________________ effect.
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Chapter 14: Personality
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Q1) A test that encourages people to describe themselves indirectly by talking about an ambiguous stimulus such as an inkblot is called a __________ test.
A) redundant
B) multiphasic
C) projective
D) progressive
Q2) The defense mechanism of sublimation is
A) a return to a more juvenile level of functioning.
B) diverting a behavior or thought away from its natural target toward a less threatening target.
C) attributing one's own undesirable characteristics to other people.
D) the transformation of sexual or aggressive energies into culturally acceptable, or even admirable, behavior.
Q3) Freud's original goal in psychoanalysis was to help a patient by
A) examining the assumptions behind the patient's style of life.
B) providing reinforcement for new learned patterns of behavior.
C) making the person conscious of memories that had been previously unconscious.
D) probing the collective unconscious, as revealed in symbols and art.
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Chapter 14: A--Personality
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Q1) Striving for success is to ____________________ as collective unconscious is to ____________________.
Q2) According to Adler, a healthy personality involves the development of social interest. A)True B)False
Q3) ____________________ theory of personality emphasized people's search for a spiritual meaning in life and the continuity of human experience, past and present.
Q4) The pattern of behavior or role that males and females are expected to follow is known as ____________________; the biological aspect of being male or female is known as ____________________.
Q5) Psychologists study personalities in two ways, called the nomothetic and the idiographic approaches. Discuss the difference between the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality.
Q6) Sigmund Freud's approach is called ____________________. Alfred Adler's approach is called ____________________.
Q7) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a test of normal personality, loosely based on ____________________ theories.
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Chapter 15: Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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210 Verified Questions
210 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Freud's method of psychotherapy is called
A) rational-emotive therapy.
B) eclectic therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) psychoanalysis.
Q2) Involuntary commitment is generally applied only to
A) people with personality disorders.
B) people who are likely to show clear benefits of psychotherapy.
C) people who have uncommon disorders.
D) people who are considered dangerous.
Q3) Which kind of psychotherapy focuses on reducing the incongruence between a person's self-concept and their ideal self?
A) person-centered therapy
B) behavior therapy
C) psychoanalysis
D) rational-emotive therapy
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Chapter 15: A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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45 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous which provide support for people with similar problems without using a trained therapist are ____________________ groups.
Q2) Forensic psychologists and psychiatrists evaluate patients and then decide who requires an involuntary commitment and who does not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____________________ means the removal of patients from mental hospitals.
Q4) The distinguishing feature of ____________________ therapy is that the therapist provides an atmosphere in which the client can deal with his or her own problems.
Q5) The use of the term ____________________ by a therapist refers to a release of pent-up emotions associated with unconscious thoughts and memories.
Q6) The predominant view of abnormal behavior in Western cultures today is the ____________________ view.
Q7) Of all people with any psychiatric diagnosis, nearly ____________________ qualify for at least one additional diagnosis.
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Page 32
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
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247 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In North America, which of these disorders is more common in females than in males?
A) depression
B) alcoholism
C) schizophrenia
D) heroin addiction
Q2) Someone with schizophrenia
A) alternates between one personality and another.
B) has a higher than 50% chance of being a violent criminal.
C) deteriorates in everyday functioning.
D) is likely to improve, even without treatment.
Q3) Jill has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Her friends notice that she alternates between periods of
A) obsessions and compulsions.
B) alcohol abuse and abstention from alcohol.
C) depression and mania.
D) fear and anger.
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Chapter 16: A--Specific Disorders and Treatments
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Sample Questions
Q1) Women are about twice as likely to suffer depression as men. The explanation for this difference that currently has received the strongest research support has to do with the hormonal differences between the sexes.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Disulfiram, available under the trade name ____________________, is now sometimes used in the treatment of alcoholism, for which it is regarded as only moderately effective.
Q3) Cigarette smokers who switch to "low nicotine" brands tend to smoke ____________________ cigarettes than before and inhale ____________________ deeply.
Q4) ____________________ antidepressant drugs act (in part) by increasing the number of serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine molecules in the synapses.
Q5) Research has demonstrated that monkeys can learn to fear snakes by watching videotapes of other monkeys showing fear of snakes.
A)True
B)False
Q6) _____________________ is a fear of open or public places.
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Chapter Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination
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250 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tardive dyskinesia is a side effect of some drugs used to treat A) schizophrenia.
B) sleep disorders.
C) PKU.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
Q2) Which kind of therapy for psychological disorders uses methods that are mostly closely related to the methods of classical and operant conditioning?
A) psychoanalysis
B) person-centered therapy
C) paradoxical intervention
D) behavior therapy
Q3) The foot-in-the-door technique starts with a small request and builds up to a larger one. In that respect it is similar to which of these learning procedures?
A) shaping
B) spontaneous recovery
C) discrimination learning
D) fixed-interval schedule
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