Psychological Science
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychological Science is an introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes, exploring the fundamental principles, theories, and methods used by psychologists to understand how humans think, feel, and act. The course covers major topics such as biological foundations of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, social interactions, and psychological disorders. Emphasis is placed on the application of the scientific method, critical thinking, and evidence-based reasoning in evaluating psychological phenomena. Students will gain insights into both classic and contemporary research, fostering an appreciation for the complexity and diversity of human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Psychology The Science of Mind 3rd Edition by John T. Cacioppo
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16 Chapters
1942 Verified Questions
1942 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Mind the Discipline of Psychology
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A doctor notices that many soldiers returning from fighting in the trenches in World War I are highly anxious,fearful of loud noises,and having difficulty reconnecting with their families.He asks them to record personal observations of their own thoughts,feelings,and behaviors in a journal.This process is called ____.
A)extroversion
B)transference
C)objectivism
D)introspection
Answer: D
Q2) Between the17th and 19th centuries,supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ____.
A)functionalism and behaviorism
B)a cognitive model and a behavioral model
C)a medical model and a psychological model
D)psychodynamic theory and humanism
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: The Measure of Mind Methods of Psychology
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Critical thinking is ____.
A)a skill people learn
B)set by one's teenage years
C)genetically determined
D)based on cultural norms
Answer: A
Q2) According to the American Psychological Association's guidelines,research animals
A)may be euthanized in accordance with veterinary standards
B)must be provided with housing,food,and veterinary care until their natural end
C)may be killed only after individual review and certification of need
D)may not be killed
Answer: A
Q3) A measure is a method for describing a variable's ____.
A)quantity
B)reliability
C)fluctuation
D)deviation
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: The Evolving Mind Nature and Nurture
Intertwined
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The gene for nerve deterioration X (NDX)disorder is located on the X chromosome.What can we conclude?
A)It is more prevalent in females.
B)It is more prevalent in males.
C)Only mothers can pass down the gene for NDX.
D)Only fathers can pass down the gene for NDX.
Answer: B
Q2) What is an argument against the idea that promiscuity is an ideal way to pass one's genes onto successive generations?
A)Parental care suffers when a parent has too many children.
B)Fertility rates typically decrease when sexual activity goes beyond a threshold level.
C)Increased sexual activity introduces a variety of fatal infections to the individual.
D)The quality of the selected mate tends to decrease with increased promiscuity.
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: The Biological Mind the Physical Basis of Behavior
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139 Verified Questions
139 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____ lobe is the most forward of the four lobes of the cerebral cortex.It is the location of the primary motor cortex and some of the most complex cognitive processes.
A)occipital
B)temporal
C)frontal
D)parietal
Q2) The brain and the spinal cord form the ____.
A)autonomic nervous system.
B)central nervous system.
C)peripheral nervous system.
D)somatic nervous system.
Q3) The endocrine system responds to input from the nervous system,particularly from the ____.
A)thalamus
B)hypothalamus
C)amygdala
D)nucleus accumbens
Q4) Compare and contrast the function and source of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: The Perceiving Mind Sensation and Perception
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with other cultures,how do Americans tend to differ in their odor categorization?
A)Americans tend to separate odor into broader categories.
B)Americans tend to find body odor offensive.
C)Americans are not as skilled at sorting odors into fruit or flower categories.
D)Americans tend to clump all natural odors into one category.
Q2) Juliet is only 2 days old.She is shown several different pictures.Which would she be most likely to stare at for the longest?
A)A picture of her mother's face
B)A picture of random shapes
C)A picture of a spiral
D)A picture of herself
Q3) According to the Müller-Lyer illusion,we tend to see lines with outward-pointing arrowheads as ____.
A)the focal point of an image
B)the secondary object of an image
C)being farther away from us
D)being closer to us
Q4) Describe how sound waves are transmitted from the outer ear to the auditory nerve.
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Chapter 6: The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The part of the brain that has been found to be most active during lucid dreaming is the ________,which suggests that such dreams occur when this brain area just "wakes up" during sleep.
A)bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B)the substantia nigra
C)ventromedial superior colliculus
D)dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q2) Describe the stages of sleep by addressing the following questions:
When does each stage typically occur during the sleep cycle?
What is the characteristic brain wave activity and autonomic response (where applicable)for each stage of sleep?
What is the typical reaction of a person when awakened at each stage?
Q3) Varying states of awareness are best monitored using ____,which provides an overall measure of brain activity.
A)a CAT scan
B)magnetic resonance imaging
C)an electroencephalogram
D)positron emission tomography
Q4) Compare and contrast a comatose state with a vegetative state.
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Chapter 7: The Feeling Mind Emotion and Motivation
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment (Dutton & Aron,1974).What is the explanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included much more sexual content in their interviews?
A)In the presence of an attractive woman,the men attempted to repress their fear.
B)Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas,including finding a mate.
C)During times of heightened fear,people often try to distract themselves.
D)The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal.
Q2) What is the evidence to support the idea that hormones involved in the menstrual cycle do not significantly influence women's sexual interest?
A)Women report more pain during sex and less sexual interest while ovulating.
B)Menopause produces significant hormonal changes in women,but has little impact on their sexual interest and activity.
C)Women report increased sexual activity during ovulation but only if they are trying to get pregnant.
D)Fertility drugs that increase gonadotropin levels have little impact on female sexual interest.
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Chapter 8: The Adaptive Mind Learning
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What mechanism is responsible for the process of extinction?
A)New learning overrides old learning.
B)The previously formed association is forgotten.
C)An aversion is formed in response to the association.
D)Spontaneous recovery replaces the association.
Q2) Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter,Anna,to help with family chores.He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore.If she does seven chores in a week,coloring in the full rainbow,she gets $1.Nick's technique demonstrates which methods?
A)Habituation,positive punishment,and a fixed interval schedule
B)Shaping,negative reinforcement,and a variable interval schedule
C)Chaining,negative punishment,and a variable ratio schedule
D)A token economy,positive reinforcement,and a fixed ratio schedule
Q3) A schedule of reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a set number of behaviors is called a ____ schedule.
A)fixed interval
B)concrete interval
C)fixed ratio
D)concrete ratio
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Page 10
Chapter 9: The Knowing Mind Memory
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117 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists have found that human memory involves three processes: encoding information into memory,storing information in memory,and retrieving information from memory.Psychologists have also identified specific strategies to help people encode,store,and retrieve information.How can this research help you study for this class more efficiently? What strategies could help you encode and store information in your memory as you study? What strategies could help you retrieve this information when you take a test?
In a multiparagraph essay,describe how you could use specific memory strategies to improve your study skills.Be sure to explain how each strategy will improve how you encode,store,or retrieve information in memory.Include details from class materials,readings,and research on memory to support your discussion.
Q2) According to the levels of processing theory,the depth (shallow to deep)of processing ____.
A)enhances long-term memory capacity
B)predicts the duration of information in long-term memory
C)predicts the ease of retrieval
D)exemplifies the power of maintenance rehearsal
Q3) Discuss the benefits and hindrances of motivated forgetting and recall of repressed memories.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: The Thinking Mind Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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117 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities is called ____ intelligence.
A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)complex
D)general
Q2) The causal factors for mild intellectual disability are typically ____.
A)genetic factors
B)birth trauma
C)medical conditions
D)preventable environmental causes
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between "genius" and IQ?
A)All geniuses have extremely high IQs.
B)Persons with IQs of 150 and above tend to be geniuses.
C)Persons with IQs below 150 cannot be geniuses.
D)High intellect,as measured by an IQ score,does not directly equate with genius.
Q4) Describe the major categories of intellectual disability.
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Chapter 11: The Developing Mind Life Span Development
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individual differences in temperament may emerge early in life.These traits ____.
A)will likely be substantially modified by adulthood
B)are not valid indicators of later psychological disorders
C)are impacted very little by environmental factors
D)most likely represent genetic differences
Q2) Amie continued to drink heavily after work throughout her pregnancy.Her daughter,now four,has physical abnormalities,including an underdeveloped jaw and thin upper lip,and cognitive and behavioral problems.She most likely has ____.
A)Down syndrome
B)fetal alcohol syndrome
C)hydrocephalus
D)spina bifida
Q3) How can parents positively influence earlier formation and timing of autobiographical memories in children?
A)By encouraging more emotion knowledge
B)By encouraging more general information knowledge
C)By encouraging more collective culture knowledge
D)By modeling the customary roles of children and adults
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13
Chapter 12: The Individual Mind Personality and the Self
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123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The self does not exist in a vacuum.It both shapes and is shaped by ____.
A)our genes
B)temperament
C)the id
D)our social environment
Q2) Theorists who attempted to update and modify Sigmund Freud's original theory of personality are called ____.
A)neo-Freudians
B)psychoanalysts
C)Gestaltists
D)humanists
Q3) For as long as she can remember,Brinja's passion in life has been to eat,drink,and be merry.Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect?
A)Superego
B)Id
C)Unconscious
D)Ego
Q4) Compare and contrast objective personality tests like the MMPI and projective personality tests like the Rorschach test.
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Chapter 13: The Connected Mind Social Psychology
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People are likely to use faces to form impressions.According to research (Rule et al. ,2010),our abilities to shape accurate first impressions based on facial features ____.
A)are dependent on gender
B)decline with age
C)interact with culture
D)depend on visual acuity
Q2) Mary and Paul made a great deal of money recently by winning the lottery.They come from families of little education or money.They moved to a beautiful new home in a neighborhood well known for the wealth and high social status of its residents.The neighbors have been very unfriendly to them,ignore their attempts to make friends,and talk badly to each other about the new family in the neighborhood.This is an example of ____ aggression.
A)relational
B)defensive
C)instrumental
D)maternal
Q3) Discus the factors associated with using a positive or negative emotional appeal to influence people using the peripheral route to persuasion.
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Chapter 14: The Troubled Mind Psychological Disorders
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The text defines abnormal behavior as behavior that is distressing,and ____.
A)harmful to self or others
B)culturally insensitive
C)a deviation from the norm
D)illegal
Q2) What is the name of the disorder characterized by an unusual lack of remorse,empathy,or regard for normal social rules and conventions?
A)Borderline personality disorder
B)Avoidant personality disorder
C)Histrionic personality disorder
D)Antisocial personality disorder
Q3) An anxiety disorder features anxiety that ____.
A)is due entirely to genetic factors
B)affects roughly 65% of the population
C)temporarily increases one's level of performance
D)is not proportional to a person's circumstances
Q4) Describe the controversy surrounding dissociative identity disorder as a diagnosis and explain how stress may play a role in a misdiagnosis.
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Chapter 15: Healing the Troubled Mind Therapy
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124 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) After running out of the medication that he takes to treat his bipolar disorder,Dan calls the pharmacy and asks for a refill of his prescription.Which medication was he most likely prescribed?
A)Potassium phosphate
B)Sodium bicarbonate
C)Manganese chloride
D)Lithium carbonate
Q2) Dr.McGuire specializes in the treatment of borderline personality disorder.She engages her patients in a type of therapy that addresses their symptoms in the order of their importance: reducing suicidal thoughts,reducing behaviors that interfere with therapy,and finally,reducing behaviors that interfere with the quality of life.This type of therapy is referred to as ____.
A)action-based therapy
B)actualization therapy
C)dialectical behavior therapy
D)mood stabilization therapy
Q3) What are the five steps of evidence-based practice (EBP)? Considering the pros and cons of EBP,as a therapist,would you follow EBP? Explain your answer.
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Chapter 16: The Healthy Mind Stress and Coping, Health
Psychology, and Positive Psychology
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124 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a critical factor in people's happiness that is consistent with the text's emphasis on social context?
A)The interaction of nature and nurture
B)The strength of interpersonal relationships
C)The power of genetic predisposition
D)The importance of critical thinking
Q2) An example of an activity associated with many of the characteristics of flow is
A)listening to your coworkers complain about the lack of pay raises at work.
B)sitting in traffic during rush hour.
C)playing a challenging video gaming.
D)the smell of perfume coming from the next office cubical and disrupting your concentration on a sales report.
Q3) When participants were subject to a short-term stressful task (a memory exercise),which result was observed?
A)Immune system functioning declined,as measured by blood levels of histamines and basophils.
B)Immune system functioning improved,as measured by blood-oxygen levels.
C)Immune system functioning declined,as measured by red-blood cell count.
D)Immune system functioning improved,as measured by markers in saliva.
Page 18
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