Psychological Science Exam Review
Course Introduction
Psychological Science is an exploration of the scientific study of mind and behavior, introducing students to foundational concepts, methods, and key findings within the field of psychology. This course emphasizes the application of the scientific method to understanding how humans think, feel, and act, and it covers topics such as perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, motivation, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will also learn about experimental design, critical analysis of research, and the diverse subfields of psychology, providing a comprehensive overview of how psychological principles can be applied to everyday life and real-world issues.
Recommended Textbook
The Science of Psychology 4th Edition by Laura King
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17 Chapters
3070 Verified Questions
3070 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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161 Verified Questions
161 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Alan is studying the regions of the brain that are activated when his subjects view disturbing images from horror movies.In the context of perspectives in psychology,the professor is using the _____ approach in his study.
A)cognitive
B)psychodynamic
C)sociocultural
D)biological
Answer: D
Q2) William James,a prominent American psychologist and philosopher,focused on human interactions with the outside world and the purpose of thoughts.His view is known as
A)psychoanalysis.
B)behaviorism.
C)functionalism.
D)structuralism.
Answer: C
Q3) Structuralists concentrated on identifying the basic elements of the human mind.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Psychologys Scientific Method
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179 Verified Questions
179 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the context of evaluating a theory,meta-analysis refers to the process of establishing causal relationships between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Jessica investigates the relationship between caffeine intake and performance on a class test for high school students.Before her sample of students takes an exam,she notes the number of cups of coffee they consumed two hours before the test.She obtains their scores after the test is over.She then calculates the correlation coefficient between the two variables and finds it to be +0.82.Which of the following conclusions should Jessica draw from this value?
A)Higher caffeine consumption is related to higher exam scores.
B)Eighty-two percent of the students consumed caffeine prior to the exam.
C)Caffeine consumption causes higher scores.
D)Caffeine consumption has no association with performance on a test.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations of Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dorothy has been suffering from epileptic seizures for the past four years.In the context of neurotransmitter functioning,her seizures can be best attributed to the
A)deficiency of acetylcholine.
B)deficiency of oxytocin.
C)overstimulation caused by glutamate.
D)overstimulation caused by endorphins.
Answer: C
Q2) Explain the difference between genotype and phenotype.How are they related to the nature-nurture debate?
Answer: Genotype is a person's genetic heritage,the actual genetic material that determines characteristics;phenotype is a person's observable characteristics,which may or may not differ from what would be predicted based on the genotypic information alone.Nature provides the genotype and nurture provides the phenotype.The environment or nurture,however,cannot influence the genotype.
Q3) Genetic expression is independent of a gene's environment.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the main difference between absolute and difference thresholds.
Q2) In the context of sensory receptors,the intensity of the stimulus is communicated to the brain by varying the _____ of the action potential sent to the brain.
A)strength
B)frequency
C)intensity
D)lucidity
Q3) In the auditory system,the pinna is the
A)outer,visible part of the ear.
B)membrane of the eardrum.
C)curled structure of the inner ear.
D)part of the ear that includes the oval window.
Q4) In the context of sensation and perception,the detection of pressure by sensory receptors is called
A)thermoreception.
B)chemoreception.
C)mechanoreception.
D)photoreception.
Q5) Describe the structure and functions of the middle ear.
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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of alcoholism?
A)People with lack of substitutes for alcohol are more likely to recover from alcoholism.
B)Some alcoholics recover from alcoholism without any treatment.
C)Close biological relatives of alcoholics are unlikely to be alcoholics.
D)Alcoholism is independent of the nurturing of the affected individual.
Q2) As a part of a research,Natasha initially had difficulty falling asleep in the sleep lab,but finally drifted into sleep and was not awakened when a student researcher knocked a can of soda off the desk.The electroencephalograph (EEG)is displaying theta waves with occasional sleep spindles.The researchers feel confident that Natasha is
A)about to wake up.
B)in stage N2 of the sleep cycle.
C)dreaming.
D)in REM sleep.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of caffeine?
A)It causes the release of melatonin by the adrenal glands.
B)It causes afferent nerves to transmit information away from the brain.
C)It affects the brain's pleasure centers.
D)It is a main psychoactive ingredient of smokeless tobacco.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In operant conditioning,_____ means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.
A)generalization
B)renewal
C)discrimination
D)preparedness
Q2) _____ was the Russian physiologist who demonstrated that neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli and that bodily processes can be influenced by environmental cues.
A)Ivan Pavlov
B)JohnB.Watson
C)B. F. Skinner
D)E. L. Thorndike
Q3) The _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.
A)fixed-ratio
B)variable-ratio
C)fixed-interval
D)variable-interval
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Memory
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Schemas from prior encounters with the environment influence the way people handle information-how they encode it,the inferences they make about it,and how they retrieve it.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A store run by Mr.Mathers was robbed by three armed men.Mr.Mathers and his staff are waiting for the police to arrive.While doing so,they discuss the robbery and decide on a common story to tell the police.Which of the following is a likely outcome of this collaborative sharing of information by the eyewitnesses?
A)The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will contaminate their memories.
B)The dialogue between the eyewitnesses will enable them to accurately recall the exact details.
C)The eyewitnesses will be less prone to display bias while identifying the perpetrator.
D)The eyewitnesses will be better able to help the police solve the crime.
Q3) In autobiographical memory,we store the lessons we have learned from life.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Differentiate between short-term memory and working memory.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Thinking, Intelligence, and Language
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the main difference between algorithms and heuristics?
A)Unlike heuristics,algorithms lead to different answers to a given problem.
B)Heuristics take more time than algorithms.
C)Unlike heuristics,algorithms always guarantee a solution.
D)Unlike heuristics,algorithms are shortcut strategies that suggest a solution to a problem.
Q2) Cognitive psychologists are interested in examining the process of A)problem solving.
B)clinical diagnosis.
C)classical conditioning.
D)operant conditioning.
Q3) Identify a true statement about secondary appraisal.
A)It involves an individual's immediate reaction to a situation.
B)It involves evaluating an individual's resources about dealing with a situation.
C)It involves understanding whether a given situation is threatening or less harmful.
D)It involves determining whether an individual has enough resources to deal with a situation.
Q4) Compare and contrast between the human brain and a computer.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Human Development
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185 Verified Questions
185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) While giving a cookie to Joe,Mathew drops it on the table,and the cookie breaks into several pieces.Joe starts to cry when he is offered the pieces of cookie instead of the whole cookie.According to Joe,since the sizes of the pieces are smaller than the whole cookie,he is being offered smaller quantity.According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development,Joe is most likely in the _____ stage of development.
A)concrete operational
B)formal operational
C)preoperational
D)sensorimotor
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of teratogens?
A)Teratogens include only the chemical substances that are classified as alcohols.
B)The effects of chemical teratogens depend on the timing of exposure.
C)Teratogen refers to the birth defect caused by radiation.
D)Teratogens enhance the development of a fetus.
Q3) Infants can gain motor skills in passive ways,by watching and modeling adult behavior.
A)True
B)False
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11
Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Camilla goes out to shop one afternoon on a hot summer day.Her body begins to sweat and releases the excess heat.Which of the following is responsible for this physiological change in Camilla's body?
A)diastases
B)self-actualization
C)self-regulation
D)homeostasis
Q2) Which of the following statements is an example of an individual's long-term goal?
A)Suresh wants to be a counseling psychologist.
B)Isabel wants to get an "A" on her next project.
C)Robert wants to quickly finish his science assignment.
D)Fiola wants to help her neighbor wash her clothes.
Q3) Which of the following is a role of the brain processes and blood chemistry on hunger?
A)Ventromedial hypothalamus is involved in reducing hunger.
B)Destruction of hypothalamus causes a rapid increase in the hunger levels of an individual.
C)Leptin increases food intake and reduces energy expenditure.
D)Serotonin antagonists cause obesity in humans.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Gender, Sex, and Sexuality
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184 Verified Questions
184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Hendricks,a psychologist,believes that the differences between the genders can be attributed to the varying levels of estrogen and testosterone in males and females.In the context of the theoretical approaches to gender development,Dr.Hendricks is most likely a proponent of the _____ approach.
A)biological
B)evolutionary psychology
C)social cognitive
D)psychodynamic
Q2) A _____ involves surgical reconstruction of genitals to match one's transgender identity.
A)gender-affirming surgery
B)gender-assignment surgery
C)gene surgery
D)voyeuristic surgery
Q3) Identify a true statement about intersex conditions.
A)They are congenital conditions that are present from birth.
B)They usually exclude disorders of sexual development.
C)They include psychological disorders that affect an individual's sexual identity.
D)They occur primarily during middle adulthood and old age.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Personality
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162 Verified Questions
162 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Victor has a counseling session with Lisa,a humanistic psychologist.During the session,Lisa says that Victor should reconnect with his true desires to feel happy.In this case,Lisa is most likely to recommend that Victor should
A)interact with self-actualizers who are spontaneous and creative.
B)encourage relationships in which people are authentic and have no false pretenses.
C)be in a relationship that requires him to meet external standards to experience positive regard.
D)interact with those who are sympathetic toward him.
Q2) _____ are theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad,enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses.
A)Humanistic theories
B)Social cognitive perspectives
C)Trait theories
D)Psychodynamic perspectives
Q3) Discuss the structures of personality conceptualized by Freud.
Q4) Discuss the defense mechanisms of displacement and sublimation with suitable examples.
Q5) Distinguish between Type A and Type B behavior patterns.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An individual's psychological discomfort caused by two inconsistent thoughts is known as
A)mere exposure.
B)egoism.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)prejudice.
Q2) Unlike sociologists,social psychologists are most likely to focus on A)the genetic factors that lead to human social behavior.
B)human social behavior on the group level.
C)the immediate social situation to understand what causes people to behave as they do.
D)the systematic functioning of organizations,institutions,and human societies at large.
Q3) Teresa asks herself whether she is as popular as Cathy.This question is an example of gaining self-knowledge through the process of A)mere exposure.
B)effort justification.
C)reciprocity.
D)social comparison.
Q4) Explain the social exchange theory in the context of close relationships.
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Chapter 14: Industrial and Organizational Psychology
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A positive organization culture involves compassion and strong leadership that is characterized by integrity and moral goodness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of transactional leadership?
A)Transactional leaders work within the goals of an existing organizational system and step in only when a problem arises.
B)Transactional leaders,with regard to personality traits,tend to be characterized by high conscientiousness and low extraversion.
C)Transactional leaders believe that people are influenced by their perspectives toward their work and not by rewards.
D)Transactional leaders do what they believe is right and serve as a role model for employees.
Q3) The 360-degree feedback method of performance appraisal reflects a general impression about the employee being rated.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how job satisfaction is related to pay.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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185 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nina has the habit of eating non-food substances.Nina's behavior is considered abnormal because
A)it is deviant.
B)it is adaptive.
C)it cannot be observed.
D)it cannot be measureD.
Q2) Jackie,a young American,is obsessed about losing weight.She is paranoid about consuming calories and often starves herself.Despite being dangerously underweight for her age,Jackie refuses to eat as she is terrified of the possibility of gaining weight.Which of the following culture-related disorders best fits the description of Jackie's condition?
A)anorexia nervosa
B)amok
C)koro
D)taijin kyofusho
Q3) Individuals with dissociative disorders have
A)a less voluminous hippocampus and amygdalA.
B)excessive levels of the neurotransmitter glutamate.
C)a very small cerebral cortex.
D)very few receptors for the neurotransmitter serotonin.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Therapies
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170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of psychodynamic therapies?
A)They typically focus on the conscious mind and ignore the unconscious mind of the individual.
B)They ensure that individuals with problems suppress their unpleasant memories.
C)They focus on the role of early childhood experiences in the development of an individual's problems.
D)They require minimal interpretation by the therapist.
Q2) Deborah visits Andrew,a psychoanalyst,to discuss her relationship issues.During the psychoanalysis sessions,she reveals that she was abandoned by her father in her childhood.During the last few sessions,Deborah tells Andrew that he resembles her father.In to this scenario,Freud would conclude that Deborah has displayed _____ toward Andrew.
A)transcendence
B)catharsis
C)transference
D)countertransference
Q3) Humanistic therapists encourage people toward achieving self-understanding and personal growth.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The general adaptation syndrome refers to the
A)steps taken during cognitive appraisal.
B)body's response to stressors.
C)frustration created by conflict.
D)the stages of behavioral change.
Q2) Jenna,a smoker,chooses nicotine gum to give up smoking.Which of the following methods is Jenna adopting to quit smoking?
A)eating healthy
B)using the cold turkey approach
C)seeking professional help to stop nicotine addiction
D)using a substitute source of nicotine
Q3) Researchers have found that individuals who are able to come up with specific strategies for dealing with the challenges of making a life change are less successful than others at negotiating the road to change.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the function of the HPA axis when a person is under stress.
Q5) Explain the reasons for the use of the biopsychosocial model in health psychology.
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