Course Introduction
Psychological Science
Exam Questions
Psychological Science is an introduction to the scientific study of mind and behavior, exploring fundamental concepts, methods, and findings in psychology. Students will examine major psychological theories and research across areas such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, development, emotion, personality, and social processes. The course emphasizes critical thinking, ethical considerations in research, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and hands-on activities, students gain an understanding of how psychological science contributes to our knowledge of human thought and behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by Carole
Wade
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) A psychologist doing ________ might ask, "How are people's memories influenced by suggestion?" A psychologist doing ________ might ask, "How reliable are the memories of eyewitnesses in a criminal trial?"
A) basic research; applied research
B) applied research; basic research
C) applied research; pure research
D) applied research; experimental research
Answer: A
Q2) Freud's first book, The Interpretation of Dreams, sold only 600 copies in the eight years following its publication.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The Stoic philosophers, in the first century AD, made observations regarding emotions that have been verified by contemporary psychological research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Q1) The colder the weather, the fewer muggings tend to occur. This means that:
A) cold weather causes a reduction in crime.
B) cold weather and crime are positively correlated.
C) cold weather and crime are negatively correlated.
D) cold weather and crime are uncorrelated.
Answer: C
Q2) Many tests and surveys on the Web have not been:
A) correlated.
B) replicated.
C) validated.
D) standardized.
Answer: C
Q3) The ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure.
A)standardization
B)validity
C)psychological tests
D)reliability
E)norms
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The average IQ score for each age group is arbitrarily set at 100.
B) Two-thirds of all IQ test takers score between 95 and 105.
C) The distribution of IQ scores approximates a bell-shaped curve.
D) Very high or very low IQ scores are rare.
Answer: B
Q2) What is the human genome? What is the current estimate of the number of genes in the human genome?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
* The human genome is the full set of genes that a person could have.
* There are about 25 000 genes in the human genome.
Q3) Psycholinguists have found that children not exposed to adult language may invent a language of their own.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Exposure to lead is one of the environmental factors that hinders intelligence.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 5
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Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Q1) Which structure is sometimes called the "gateway to memory"?
A) amygdala
B) cerebrum
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of glial cells?
A) They remove cellular debris when neurons die.
B) They provide neurons with nutrients.
C) They are greatly outnumbered by neurons.
D) They insulate the neurons.
Q3) Neurotransmitters exist in the brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and certain glands.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Endorphins give a species an evolutionary advantage because they:
A) eliminate pain when the painful stimulation is prolonged.
B) make pain bearable and so the pain doesn't interfere with action.
C) regulate a "biological clock" in the brain.
D) increase the crying of infants, which brings parents closer.
Q5) Why is the parasympathetic nervous system compared to the brakes of a car?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Q1) The dream theory that currently seems to have the most support is the:
A) Freudian theory of dreaming.
B) problem-solving approach to dreaming.
C) cognitive approach to dreaming.
D) activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT an effect of depressants?
A) reduced anxiety, guilt, and tension
B) increased energy
C) decreased inhibitions
D) decreased heart rate and respiratory rate
Q3) Hypnosis is a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behaviours of the subject.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Psychoactive drugs produce their effects primarily by acting on brain neurotransmitters. Explain this process, using cocaine's effect on the brain as your example.
Q5) What is one of the weaknesses of the problem-focused theory of dreaming?
Q6) What is the purpose of dreaming according to the problem-focused theory of dreaming?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The Gestalt psychologist's motto was, "The whole equals the sum of its parts."
A)True
B)False
Q2) The study of purported psychic phenomena such as ESP and mental telepathy.
A)parapsychology
B)perceptual illusions
C)perceptual constancy
D)phantom pain
E)perceptual set
Q3) Swedish researchers recently found a new kind of nerve fibre that seems responsible for some types of itching.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Gestalt psychologists, we always organize our visual field into figure and ground.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Rods need much more light than do cones in order to respond.
A)True
B)False
8
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Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Q1) Media violence causes all viewers to become aggressive.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Ivan Pavlov won a Nobel Prize for his work in physiology and medicine.
A)True
B)False
Q3) For Skinner, reinforcers are defined:
A) in terms of their actual effects on changing the probability of a response.
B) differently, depending on the definition given the individual researcher.
C) on the basis of physiological changes within the organism.
D) on the basis of whether the experimenter thinks they will have an effect on changing response probability.
Q4) In operant conditioning, the word "operant" denotes the idea that behaviour:
A) is reflexive or respondent.
B) is a function of a learned association between two events.
C) is elicited by an environmental stimulus.
D) produces effects on the environment, resulting in consequences.
Q5) Describe the way that John Watson used classical conditioning procedures to explain how an individual learns to love another person.
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Q1) Deindividuation eliminates gender differences in aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q2) When Milgram's study was replicated with female subjects, almost none of the women would inflict what they thought were dangerous amounts of shock to another person.
A)True
B)False
Q3) a summary impression of a group, in which a person believes that all members of the group share a common trait or traits (positive, negative, or neutral)
A)stereotype
B)ethnic identity
C)acculturation
D)prejudice
E)ethnocentrism
Q4) When the social psychologists who designed the two-week prison study decided to end it after six days, most of the guards were disappointed.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Q1) Scientists have found evidence of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) dolphins have a grammar that permits productivity.
B) chimpanzees use deceptive tactics when competing for food.
C) chimpanzees console other chimps who are in distress.
D) dolphins pass the "mirror test" for self-recognition.
Q2) Quasi-reflective thinkers would be likely to say that:
A) some judgments are more valid than others due to their coherence.
B) because knowledge is uncertain, any judgment about the evidence is purely subjective.
C) correct answers always exist and they can be obtained through the senses.
D) their conclusions are the most compelling based on current evidence.
Q3) According to the affect heuristic, beef consumption will rise following publication of news articles reporting the dangers of mad cow disease.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ability to reason deductively might be hindered if:
A) people avoid mentally reversing a premise.
B) the problem is abstract.
C) the premises tend to be implicit rather than explicit.
D) the premises tend to be explicit rather than implicit.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Memory
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Q1) Most researchers believe that long-term potentiation is the process underlying many, and perhaps all, forms of learning and memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For many Canadians, the date 1867 is one chunk but the date 1923 is four chunks.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Memory of personally experienced events and the contexts in which they occurred.
A)Maintenance rehearsal
B)Elaborative rehearsal
C)Short-term memory
D)Working memory
E)Consolidation
F)Sensory memory
G)Procedural memory
H)Episodic memory
I)Semantic memory
J)Deep processing
Q4) Why is short-term memory sometimes called a "leaky bucket"?
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Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Q1) It is possible that a man from Germany would have a(n) ________ locus of control, whereas a traditional woman from China would have a(n) ________ locus of control.
A) external; internal
B) secondary; primary
C) internal; external
D) pessimistic; optimistic
Q2) Learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been victimized by a crime is an example of problem-focused coping.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A person is in the ________ when the muscles tense, blood pressure rises, and digestion shuts down.
A) resistance phase
B) chronic stress phase
C) alarm phase
D) exhaustion phase
Q4) Some languages lack words for emotions that seem universal.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Motivation
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Q1) Women experience "love at first sight" twice as often as men do and feel more love in relationships over the long haul.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Set point theory has difficulty explaining why most people who diet eventually gain the weight back.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A motivation to strive for fulfillment of one's potential.
A)need for achievement
B)intrinsic motivation
C)self-actualization
D)self-efficacy
E)self-fulfilling prophecy
Q4) The evidence for psychological theories of overweight was based on flawed studies, often without control groups.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Name the three kinds of motivational conflicts that affect our choice of goals.
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Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Q1) Newborn babies have many perceptual and motor abilities. Describe the motor reflexes of the newborn as well as the inborn perceptual abilities. Why is the newborn's visual focus especially adaptive in facilitating parent-child attachment?
Q2) A child is in the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development. If Piaget's model is correct, the child will next move to the ________ stage.
A) formal operational
B) abstract operational
C) concrete operational
D) preoperational
Q3) Erikson showed that development is an ongoing process.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which method of disciplining an aggressive child is most likely to teach empathy?
A) power assertion
B) physical punishment
C) induction
D) authoritarian firmness
Q5) Explain Vygotsky's concept of private speech.
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Q1) According to Rollo May, the price of free will is often anxiety and despair.
A)True
B)False
Q2) For Carl Rogers, our personalities reflect:
A) a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits.
B) the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
C) whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.
D) a gradual progression toward self-actualization.
Q3) For Carl Rogers, our personalities reflect:
A) whether or not a person received unconditional positive regard throughout childhood.
B) the ways we cope with the struggle to find meaning in existence.
C) a few central traits and a greater number of secondary traits.
D) a gradual progression toward self-actualization.
Q4) Even traits that are highly heritable are not rigidly fixed.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Using the example of tardiness, explain why the cultural diversity of North America can foster misunderstanding.
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) If heredity plays a role in alcoholism, a single gene is involved.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Today's psychologists consider the diagnosis of drapetomania to be a cruel diagnosis based on the prevailing culture of slavery in the early years of the nineteenth century.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Learning theorists suggest that alcoholism depends on learning and culture. What four arguments explain this view? Analyze each argument.
Q4) In many of the people who continue to suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, the ________ is significantly smaller than in those people who recover from the trauma.
A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala
Q5) Analyze the research findings that emphasize the role of genetics and brain chemistry in the development of depression.
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Q1) What does a promising treatment for sex offenders include?
Q2) Antipsychotic drugs also are called neuroleptics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ are nonaddictive, but they can produce some unpleasant physical reactions, including dry mouth, headaches, constipation, nausea, gastrointestinal problems, weight gain, decreased sexual desire, and delayed orgasm.
A) antipsychotic drugs
B) lithium carbonates
C) tranquilizers
D) antidepressants
Q4) A man is seeing a behaviour therapist because he feels compelled to count to one million each night before he goes to sleep. His therapist is likely to describe the problem in terms of:
A) the man's negative thoughts and feelings.
B) the man's early childhood experiences.
C) the man's current relationship with his parents.
D) the reinforcing consequences of his counting behaviour.
Q5) What is the revolving door cycle?
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