Psychological Science Exam
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Course Introduction
Psychological Science explores the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes, providing students with a comprehensive understanding of key concepts, theories, and research methods in psychology. The course covers major areas such as biological bases of behavior, learning, cognition, development, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasis is placed on the application of empirical research techniques, critical thinking, and ethical issues in psychology, preparing students to analyze human behavior from a scientific perspective and equipping them with practical skills for further academic study or professional practice.
Recommended Textbook
Personality Psychology Domains of Knowledge About Human Nature 6th Edition by Randy
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20 Chapters
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Page 2
Larsen
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many trait-descriptive adjectives are there in the English language?
A)More than 500
B)More than 1,800
C)More than 5,000
D)More than 15,000
Answer: D
Q2) The various views of researchers in personality stem from the fact that:
A)researchers study different domains of knowledge.
B)most views about personality psychology are incorrect.
C)one of the views is probably more accurate than others.
D)personality psychologists ignore others' theories.
Answer: A
Q3) At a psychological level,the physical environment may lead to the development of:
A)shivering mechanisms when people feel cold.
B)hunger pangs to motivate people to seek food.
C)friction mechanisms to prevent calluses on skin.
D)fear mechanisms to help people avoid environmental threats.
Answer: D
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3
Chapter 2: Personality Assessment, Measurement, and Research Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person's police record would most likely be considered:
A)self-report data (S-data).
B)observer-report data (O-data).
C)test data (T-data).
D)life-outcome data (L-data).
Answer: D
Q2) In the context of observer-report data (O-data),which of the following statements is true about naturalistic observation?
A)It offers researchers the ability to secure information in the realistic context of a person's everyday life.
B)Researchers are allowed to control a context and to eliminate extraneous sources of influence.
C)It requires the individuals being examined to exhibit behavior elicited by researchers.
D)People are contacted electronically one or more times a day at random intervals to answer questions pertaining to a context.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Traits and Trait Taxonomies
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Norman's markers for the Big Five,a person who is good-natured and cooperative would score high on the trait of:
A)surgency.
B)agreeableness.
C)conscientiousness.
D)emotional stability.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following indicates that the more important is an individual difference in human transactions,the more languages will have a term for it?
A)Cross-cultural universality
B)Intellect-openness
C)Synonym frequency
D)Act frequency formulation
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: Theoretical and Measurement Issues in Trait Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following might NOT explain why a person often acts in a friendly manner?
A)The person has the trait of friendliness.
B)The person is often found in social situations.
C)The person chooses to go to many parties and social events.
D)The person thinks of himself or herself as being friendly.
Q2) Duplicate questions are included and spaced far apart in questionnaires to detect:
A)carelessness.
B)faking.
C)social desirability.
D)extreme responding.
Q3) Which of the following traits is NOT associated with successful police performance?
A)Need for adventure
B)Need to influence others
C)Self-confidence
D)Sociability
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6
Chapter 5: Personality Dispositions Over Time: Stability,
Coherence, and Change
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Q1) According to a longitudinal study conducted by George Kelly and Conley (1987),which of the following aspects of personality is NOT a strong predictor of marital dissatisfaction and divorce?
A)The husband's neuroticism
B)The wife's neuroticism
C)The lack of impulse control of the husband
D)The lack of impulse control of the wife
Q2) Sensation seeking tends to decrease with age;this exemplifies:
A)mean level change.
B)mean level stability.
C)rank order stability.
D)rank order instability.
Q3) Mary Rothbart and Hwang (2005)studied infants at different ages and found that temperament is:
A)unstable.
B)more stable in early infancy.
C)more stable over short intervals of time.
D)more stable over long intervals of time.
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Chapter 6: Genetics and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following behavioral genetic methods provides the LEAST conclusive evidence that a trait is heritable?
A)Family studies
B)Twin studies
C)Adoption studies
D)Selective breeding
Q2) Usually,when the heritability of a trait is very large,the _____ of the trait is small.
A)phenotypic variance
B)genotypic variance
C)environmentality
D)genomic variance
Q3) An advantage of adoption studies is that they:
A)are based on the equal environments assumption.
B)are based on the representativeness assumption.
C)are not based on the equal environments assumption.
D)are not based on the representativeness assumption.
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Chapter 7: Physiological Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an individual reports stronger positive emotions in response to happy and amusing films,he or she is most likely to:
A)have a reactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS).
B)have a high score on neuroticism.
C)have higher levels of cortisol.
D)have greater left-side activation of the brain.
Q2) According to Zuckerman,_____ have _____ levels of monoamine oxidase.
A)sensation seekers;low
B)introverts;low
C)sensation seekers;high
D)extraverts;low
Q3) Which of the following best indicates cardiovascular activity?
A)Skin conductance
B)Alpha waves
C)Electrodermal activity
D)Blood pressure
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9
Chapter 8: Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research by Paul Ekman and his colleagues has demonstrated that emotional expression:
A)differs widely across cultures.
B)can be identified by people in diverse cultures.
C)can be identified by people in similar cultures only.
D)serves no adaptive function.
Q2) The "top-down" method of empirical research is called the _____ approach.
A)inductive reasoning
B)analysis-of-variance
C)deductive reasoning
D)regression analysis
Q3) Evolutionary theorists believe the need to belong is at the _____ level of analysis.
A)human nature
B)individual nature
C)individual differences
D)sex differences
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Chapter 9: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term _____ refers to getting stuck in a given stage of personality development.
A)identification
B)symbolism
C)fixation
D)displacement
Q2) A person who has a well-balanced mind,one that is free from anxiety,will typically have a:
A)strong superego.
B)weak collective unconscious.
C)strong ego.
D)very weak iD.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a type of anxiety described by Sigmund Freud?
A)Objective anxiety
B)Moral anxiety
C)Neurotic anxiety
D)Inferiority anxiety
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11
Chapter 10: Psychoanalytic Approaches: Contemporary Issues
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Q1) John Bowlby's working models for later adult relationships are:
A)based on the externalized projection of parental objects.
B)internalized in the form of unconscious expectations about relationships.
C)based on one's identification with the same gender parent.
D)based on a series of trial-and-error learning experiences.
Q2) Who among the following developed the strange situation procedure?
A)Erik Erikson
B)Mary Ainsworth
C)Karen Horney
D)Henry Roediger
Q3) Which of the following best characterizes Sigmund Freud's version of psychoanalysis?
A)The cognitive unconscious
B)Ego psychology
C)Id psychology
D)Object relations psychology
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Chapter 11: Motives and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Carl Rogers,good parents should:
A)provide their children unconditional positive regard.
B)set firm goals for their children.
C)try to self-actualize their child.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of adults who have experienced many conditions of worth in their childhood?
A)They work out of their own sense of self-direction.
B)They remain centered on their own desires and wants.
C)They act in ways that make others unhappy and miserable.
D)They remain preoccupied with what others think of them.
Q3) On average,women have a higher _____ than men.
A)need for power (nPow)
B)need for intimacy (nInt)
C)need for achievement (nAch)
D)All of the answers are correct.
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13
Chapter 12: Cognitive Topics in Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is defined as "intelligent behavior"?
A)is consistent across cultures
B)differs across cultures
C)is only found in Western cultures
D)None of the answers is correct
Q2) People _____ are more likely to have a better control over their weight and their spending habits.
A)high on internal locus of control
B)high on external locus of control
C)with a global explanatory style
D)with a stable explanatory style
Q3) Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)are a result of differences in:
A)perception.
B)learned helplessness.
C)memory.
D)interpretation.
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14
Chapter 13: Emotion and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diener and colleagues (1995)found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was _____ in the United States.
A)0.0
B)+ .12
C)+ .32
D)+ .02
Q2) _____ depend more on the situation a person is in than on the specific person.
A)Emotional states
B)Emotional traits
C)Mood inductions
D)Dimensional emotions
Q3) Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries?
A)Civil rights
B)Health care
C)Education
D)All of the answers are correct.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Approaches to the Self
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unlike people with high self-complexity,people with low self-complexity:
A)respond better to negative life events.
B)are devastated by negative life events.
C)tend to respond to failure with aggression.
D)score high on measures of self-esteem.
Q2) An individual difference characteristic that refers to the magnitude of short-term fluctuations in ongoing self-esteem is known as:
A)self-esteem variability.
B)global self-esteem.
C)promotion focus.
D)prevention focus.
Q3) A person who agrees with the statement "I feel I do not have much to be proud of" would score _____ self-esteem.
A)low on academic
B)high on academic
C)low on global
D)high on global
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Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Correlations between the preferences that individuals express for the ideal personality characteristics of their mates and the actual personality characteristics of their obtained mates are:
A)weakly positive.
B)moderately positive.
C)weakly negative.
D)close to zero.
Q2) Aggressive people tend to evoke _____ from others.
A)hostility
B)submission
C)understanding
D)praise
Q3) People who score high on intellect-openness tend to use the manipulation tactic of _____ above all other tactics.
A)reason
B)self-abasement
C)hardball
D)pleasure induction
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Chapter 16: Sex,Gender,and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of agreeableness tend to:
A)lack intelligence.
B)have empathy for others.
C)have a poor grasp of reality.
D)be psychologically fragile.
Q2) In the context of sex differences in temperament in children ranging in age from 3 to 13,which of the following personality traits showed the largest sex difference with girls scoring more than boys?
A)Fearfulness
B)Surgency
C)Inhibitory control
D)Perceptual sensitivity
Q3) The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing exemplifies:
A)sex differences.
B)gender differences.
C)adaptive problems.
D)gender stereotypes.
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Chapter 17: Culture and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the Twenty Statements Test,researchers have discovered that Chinese participants most often:
A)describe themselves independent of a given situation.
B)describe themselves within the context of a given situation.
C)describe themselves using social roles.
D)describe themselves as being quite ordinary.
Q2) Children in uncertain and unpredictable environments are more likely to:
A)pursue a short-term mating strategy.
B)pursue a long-term mating strategy.
C)expect to remain married throughout adulthood.
D)develop narcissistic personalities.
Q3) Unlike Americans,Japanese tend to explain events _____,with attention to relationships,context,and the links between a focal object and a field as a whole.
A)holistically
B)analytically
C)statistically
D)mechanically
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Chapter 18: Stress,Coping,Adjustment,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Hans Selye (1976),when a person is exposed to a particular stressor day in and day out,the physiological fight-or-flight response is the first step in a chain of events termed:
A)primary appraisals.
B)secondary appraisals.
C)the general adaptation syndrome (GAS).
D)primary and secondary appraisals.
Q2) Having too much to do all the time,having to fight the crowds while shopping,getting stuck regularly in heavy traffic,having to wait in lines all the time,having an unpleasant boss at work,having a long commute,and having to worry over money are all examples of:
A)daily hassles.
B)major life events.
C)attributional style.
D)emotional inhibition.
Q3) Telling others about a private aspect of oneself is known as:
A)disclosure.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)self-efficacy.
D)the general adaptive syndrome.
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Chapter 19: Disorders of Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person who is preoccupied with order and strives to be perfect most likely has _____ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)dependent
C)antisocial
D)obsessive-compulsive
Q2) Both statistical and social definitions of abnormality _____.
A)suffer from changing times and changing social or cultural norms
B)are unable to determine what behaviors are not acceptable in a society
C)are unable to collect data on atypical behaviors
D)are unable to take into account the fact that every person is unique
Q3) Which of the following terms best illustrates the fact that although a behavior pattern successfully solves one problem for a person,it may create or maintain another equally or more severe problem?
A)The neurotic paradox
B)The directionality problem
C)The false consensus effect
D)The optimistic bias
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21
Chapter 20: Summary and Future Directions
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Q1) In the context of personality in the twenty-first century,the most exciting progress will occur when:
A)researchers continue to work in isolation on different domains of knowledge that they have specialized in over a period of time.
B)researchers,perhaps working on multidisciplinary teams,combine different levels of analysis and different methods in approaching central questions of importance to the field.
C)there is a synthesis of all personality psychology findings under a common framework based on evolutionary psychology.
D)researchers attempt to lay the foundation of biological determinism using the results obtained from the Human Genome Project as a basis for studying human personality.
Q2) Many psychologists in the intrapsychic domain _____.
A)do not believe in unconscious psychological processes
B)do not study the unconscious
C)have developed impressive methods for studying the unconscious,such as priming and subliminal exposure
D)believe that the unconscious is a cognitive byproduct
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