Psychological Science
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Psychological Science is an introductory course that explores the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Students will examine foundational concepts such as perception, learning, cognition, emotion, development, and personality, while also investigating the biological bases of behavior and the influence of social and cultural factors. The course emphasizes research methods and ethical considerations in psychology, fostering critical thinking skills and an understanding of how psychological principles apply to everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students gain a comprehensive overview of the field and its contributions to understanding human behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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50 Verified Questions
50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Edward Thorndike studied the association between two stimuli.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Genetic predispositions refer to:
A) specific ways in which we use our abilities.
B) specific skills we develop over time.
C) the range of our capabilities.
D) the physical expression of our abilities.
Answer: C
Q3) A critical feature of experimentation in learning and memory is the operational definition of the constructs included.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Declarative memory is an example of cognitive memory.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the biological and electrical changes in the neuron during an action potential.
Answer: Since an action potential is based on an all-or-none principle, when the synaptic transmission rises above the threshold, the cell fires. When this occurs, sodium molecules flow inside the cell through channels, resulting in a +40mV potential (from the -70mV at resting state). Then additional potassium flows outside of the cell, trying to restore the charge of the cell at -70mV. A cellular pump exchanges sodium for potassium to restore balance of the molecular concentrations.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT true about long-term potentiation?
A) Changes in the cellular responses last for several hours.
B) Rapid increases occurred in the excitatory action potential after one stimulation.
C) More cells within the assembly reached action potential.
D) It requires a decrease in the potential of the postsynaptic cell followed by an increase. Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ receptors are found in dendrites.
A) Interneuron
B) Interconnector
C) Ionotropic
D) Metabotropic
Answer: C
Q2) Habituation is a specific example of _____________ learning.
A) associative
B) nonassociative
C) stimulus
D) gradual
Answer: B
Q3) Habituation and sensitization are the simplest forms of learning.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Habituation is specific to the stimulus response but not the motor response.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human evidence of unconscious perceptual skill learning comes from studying
A) chess experts
B) skilled mechanics
C) sleeping individuals
D) amnesics
Q2) Categorical perception of phonemes is very important to identify words across different speakers and accents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Studies have shown that people with deficits related to a sensory cortex development disorder might respond well to _____________.
A) specific perceptual skill training
B) generalized sensory training
C) cortical stimulation
D) improved sleep
Q4) Explain how perceptual skill training has been used to offset deficits in those with perceptual disorders.
Q5) Describe the four main mechanisms involved in perceptual skill learning.
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before the food entered the stomach and as early as when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reflex
D) conditioned reflex
Q2) Psychic secretions occur ____________.
A) when food enters the stomach
B) after food enters the stomach
C) before the food reaches the stomach
D) when the food leaves the stomach
Q3) Compared with learning of conscious memories, classical conditioning of motor reflexes occurs ____________.
A) more slowly
B) more rapidly
C) more qualitatively
D) less quantitatively
Q4) Give two explanations for why spontaneous recovery occurs.
Q5) How does the Rescorla-Wagner model explain the strength of a CR and learning?
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you reward your dog for every sixth time they shake a paw, your dog is on a _________ schedule of reinforcement.
A) fixed ratio
B) fixed interval
C) variable ratio
D) variable interval
Q2) The _________ sorts and associates somatosensory representations with the appropriate motor representations.
A) motor cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) striatum
D) amygdala
Q3) Jack is trying to teach a pigeon to peck a disk to receive a reward. He will first reward close approximations to the desired goal through ____________.
A) place learning
B) operant reinforcing
C) cued recall
D) shaping
Q4) Explain how instrumental learning uses reinforcers to change behavior.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The amygdala receives sensory input from the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q2) It was suggested by Paul MacLean that the visceral part of the limbic system was responsible for __________.
A) regulating the limbic system feedback
B) regulating the limbic system connection to the cerebral cortex
C) regulating the internal organs
D) connecting the internal organs to the each other
Q3) Your psychology professor asks you to remember where you were when you found out about 9/11 and you easily remember many details of this event. This is an example of a ____________.
A) cued recall
B) flashbulb memory
C) contextual recall
D) quickflash memory
Q4) Explain how phobias could be an example of fear conditioning. Use an example to support your view.
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9
Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ebbinghaus found that _______ percent of his memory was lost over the first several minutes.
A) 10
B) 30
C) 40
D) 60
Q2) Chase and Simon (1973) found that chess experts did not have a better memory for chess piece location on a chess board than novices if ________.
A) the novices had more practice
B) the chess pieces were randomly placed on the board
C) the experts were given a distracter task in between D) the chess pieces represented real chess moves
Q3) Organization frameworks only worked to improve memory of a passage if they were provided to the reader _______.
A) after encoding a passage
B) in combination with imagery tasks
C) at the time of encoding
D) upon retrieval of a passage
Q4) How do mnemonists develop their extensive memory skills?
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Familiarity causes a curvilinear shape in an ROC curve.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Our memories for specific past events are specifically called __________ memory.
A) semantic
B) implicit
C) episodic
D) explicit
Q3) Gary is having a hard time remembering what he did before the age of two. This memory problem is called ________.
A) infantile memory loss
B) childhood amnesia
C) childhood distortion
D) infantile distortion
Q4) One of the features of episodic memories in non-human animals includes memory for ____________.
A) emotional connections
B) who made an event occur
C) where and when something happened
D) how an event occurred
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the patients in the clinic where you work cannot name the objects they are presented with but they can describe it and can tell you what you do with each object. This is an example of _______.
A) proposagnosia
B) pure anomia
C) aphasia
D) agnosia
Q2) Describe Farah and McClelland's (1991) model of semantic memory.
Q3) E.P. was trained to remember factual information by learning ________.
A) to discriminate between the different sentences
B) how to build on memories one at a time
C) how to inhibit his semantic inhibition process
D) novel three-word sentences
Q4) Describe the findings from the Damasio and colleagues (1996) study on individuals with aphasia, which supported the idea that different cortical areas mediate distinct categories of verbal knowledge.
Q5) Experts tend to process objects holistically as members of their categories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A memory consolidation process where alterations of our knowledge networks occur through complex interactions between brain structures is called _________.
A) redevelopment
B) prominence
C) fixation
D) reorganization
Q2) Discuss how temporally graded retrograde amnesia is related to memory consolidation.
Q3) Research findings confirm that the hippocampus is key during early consolidation but the cortical areas are more important during _________.
A) spatial encoding
B) retrieval during consolidation
C) non-spatial encoding
D) complex memory interpretations
Q4) Animals tend to retain their conditioned fear response to a stimulus if the hippocampus is damaged right after being conditioned.
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you are asked to recall a set of numbers in the same order that you learned them it is called _______ recall.
A) recency
B) primacy
C) linear
D) serial
Q2) The verbal comprehension area is in the __________ lobe and the articulatory rehearsal process is in the ________ lobe.
A) left parietal; left temporal
B) right parietal; left frontal
C) left parietal; left frontal
D) right temporal; left frontal
Q3) Two monkeys were watching a researcher hide a reward under one of two plaques and had to remember where the reward was after a short delay. This technique for short-term memory is called the delayed response task.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the components of working memory according to Baddeley (2000) and how they work together.
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