Psychological Research Methods
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Course Introduction
Psychological Research Methods introduces students to the fundamental principles and techniques used in the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers the design and implementation of experiments, surveys, observations, and qualitative studies, emphasizing ethical considerations, data collection, and analysis. Students learn how to formulate research questions, develop hypotheses, select appropriate methodologies, and interpret statistical results. Practical experience in conducting research projects and critically evaluating published studies equips students with essential skills for understanding and contributing to psychological science.
Recommended Textbook
Social Psychology 7th Australia Edition by Graham M. Vaughan
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16 Chapters
1147 Verified Questions
1147 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing Social Psychology
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63 Verified Questions
63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social psychologists are scientifically innovative when they
A) construct a theory based on background knowledge, experience or observation
B) force data to 'fit' a theory
C) carefully plan a crucial experiment
D) achieve a blinding breakthrough following a long period of frustration
Answer: A
Q2) A confounding variable in a research design is
A) an unintended independent variable that covaries with an intended independent variable
B) dependent on using a lie detector
C) high on internal validity
D) a bonus because it is unexpected
Answer: A
Q3) Random allocation of participants to conditions is one way to reduce
A) confounding variables
B) experimenter bias
C) socially desirable responding
D) stigmatisation
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Social Cognition and Social Thinking
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78 Verified Questions
78 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When we perform mental calculations using summation,averaging and weighted averaging,we are actually using
A) coordinate geometry
B) cluster analysis
C) cognitive algebra
D) trigonometry
Answer: C
Q2) With regard to the study of schemas,a racist
A) categorises everyone they meet as either 'black' or 'white'
B) is someone who does not like anyone who is not 'white'
C) tends to use racial schemas less than someone who is not a racist
D) tends to use racial schemas more than someone who is not a racist
Answer: D
Q3) Cognitive representations of instances in a category are
A) extremes of a fuzzy set
B) schemata
C) prototypes
D) stereotypes
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Attribution and Social Explanation
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66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alex has been pigging out and doesn't feel particularly fit.He now has doubts about qualifying in rowing at the upcoming nationals.Just before the event he tells his mate that he hasn't been feeling focussed recently.Alex's comments are a case of
A) self-fulfilling prophecy
B) belief in a just world
C) self-other bias
D) self-handicapping
Answer: D
Q2) The term 'external attribution' is also termed ________ in Heider's theory.
A) personalism
B) correspondent attribution
C) dispositional attribution
D) situational attribution
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Self and Identity
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Tom says that 'information about the self is stored in context-specific nodes'
A) he is talking nonsense
B) the topic in question is the ideal self
C) you agree, but point out that Skinner said it first
D) Tom's framework relates to self-schemas
Q2) Brewer (2001)has described 'relational social identities'.These define
A) the real me in terms of my close relatives
B) unique aspects of the person
C) self through particular others in a group setting
D) properties of a membership group
Q3) According to the metacontrast principle,category prototypes are used to accentuate ________ within groups and ________ between groups.
A) ingroup norms; outgroup norms
B) similarities; differences
C) mean scores; standard deviations
D) none of the above
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Chapter 5: Attitudes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Maria and Mario's son,Ronaldo,is four years old.To what extent will Ronaldo's attitudes reflect those of his parents by the time he turns twenty?
A) Hardly at all
B) At a general level quite a lot, but the link is weak at a specific level of attitude
C) Most of his attitudes
D) At a specific level quite a lot, but the link is weak at a general level of attitude
Q2) Carla has helped out at Open Day at the university for the last two years.However,she has never been a charity collector on the main street.For which activity is she more likely to volunteer this year?
A) Open Day
B) The probability is about the same
C) It is impossible to answer this without knowing more about Carla
D) Charity collecting
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Chapter 6: Persuasion and Attitude Change
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73 Verified Questions
73 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which one of the following is NOT an obvious way in which resistance to a persuasive message can occur?
A) Inoculation
B) Forewarning
C) Reactance
D) Vicarious dissonance
Q2) The origins of the study of communication and persuasion can be traced back to
A) Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance
B) studies on war propaganda by the Yale social psychology group
C) Baumeister and Covington's research on audience self-esteem
D) Lewin's studies of leadership in boys
Q3) Mimi goes shopping in Paris for a classy swimsuit,with a budget of 300 francs.She spots a lovely one on the Champs-Elysées and makes an impromptu decision.She takes it to the counter,pays a whopping 450 francs and takes it home.Later,she looks at herself in the mirror.'This swimsuit is so well-cut I can wear it for years.What's more it makes me look great!' Mimi has just
A) applied effort justification to her good looks
B) been enhancing the looking-glass self
C) succumbed to the delusion that money can buy everything
D) explained her own decision according to dissonance theory
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Chapter 7: Social Influence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Supporters,dissenters and deviates reduce conformity because they
A) increase criticism
B) shatter the majority's unanimity
C) provide a competent viewpoint
D) create cognitive dissonance
Q2) Some forms of social influence bring about a surface change in behaviour but no internal change in attitudes.This is referred to as
A) obedience
B) conformity
C) compliance
D) conversion
Q3) One thing a minority established by the majority as an 'ingroup' (as opposed to an 'outgroup' minority)can have with the majority is
A) a leniency contract
B) a disagreement
C) social impact
D) a contract of rules and regulations
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Page 9
Chapter 8: People in Groups
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you get right down to it,social roles in a group are
A) behavioural prescriptions
B) actually the people
C) intrinsically superficial in nature
D) all of the above
Q2) _________________ believe that people in groups behave in much the same way as they do by themselves,and that group processes are really nothing more than interpersonal processes between multiple people,whereas _________________ believe that the behaviour of people in groups is influenced by unique social processes and cognitive representations that can only occur in and emerge from groups.
A) Individualists; collectivists
B) Collectivists; individualists
C) Social psychologists; cognitive psychologists
D) Psychoanalysts; clinical psychologists
Q3) While studying human efficiency using a rope and a dynamometer,Ringelmann found that
A) people got annoyed because Ringelmann was a social loafer
B) the dynamometer broke when eight people were pulling the rope
C) each person pulled a little less as others joined in
D) each person pulled a little more as others joined in
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Chapter 9: Leadership and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) The model that explains leadership in terms of unique properties,or personality characteristics,is known as the
A) personality approach to leadership
B) great person theory
C) unique person model
D) person/leader match theory
Q2) What is a limitation of the leader-member exchange theory?
A) It only focuses on dyadic leader-member relations
B) There is little evidence of leader-member exchange relationships in real-world organisations
C) The types of leader-member relationships are difficult to differentiate and define in a real-world context
D) All of the above
Q3) Which one is NOT a factor that affects a leader's situational control?
A) Task structure
B) Leader-member relations
C) Relations between members
D) Position power
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11
Chapter 10: Prejudice and Discrimination
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Rokeach (1960),dogmatism refers to A) a syndrome related to authoritarianism
B) resistance to belief change
C) closed-mindedness
D) all of the above
Q2) Steph has just started her first semester of studying psychology at university.She hasn't met many people on campus yet but has made a small group of friends in her psychology classes.At lunch time,the group starts chatting about other students around campus.Steph says that 'all engineering students drink a lot,are only interested in sport,and have really bad dress sense'.Steph is showing signs of A) prejudice
B) prejudice and discrimination
C) dehumanisation
D) discrimination
Q3) When discrimination is levelled against women it is usually associated with A) sexual ambivalence in men
B) matrilineal societies
C) the exercise of intergroup power
D) all of the above
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Intergroup Behaviour
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81 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The relative homogeneity effect occurs when we treat
A) everyone to a jolly good time
B) our relatives in exactly the same way
C) our own group as more heterogeneous than outgroups
D) someone as a prototypical embodiment of the group
Q2) The social change belief system refers to
A) the natural progression from one social system to another through time
B) individuals' inherent belief that social groups have what they deserve C) individuals dissociating themselves from their group to join another group
D) the belief that social boundaries between groups are impermeable
Q3) If Martha thinks that she has less than what she due,or what others in her situation have,she feels
A) jealous
B) egoistically relatively deprived
C) fraternalistically relatively deprived
D) depressed
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Chapter 12: Aggression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Massive exposure to violent pornography over a long period of time can
A) lead both males and females to be more aggressive
B) increase aggression against someone who is annoying
C) lead a person to view rape in a more tolerant light
D) all of the above
Q2) In investigating the external validity of research on aggression,Anderson and Bushman (1997)reported that
A) effects found in laboratory settings are intensified in real life
B) there was no correlation between studies using analogues and real-life situations
C) there are parallels between the laboratory and real life for certain pre-conditions
D) laboratory studies are invalid
Q3) The cumulative effect of violent pornography
A) increases sexual desire in women and men alike
B) has been met by widespread resistance
C) trivialises rape
D) channels aggression into a specific domain
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Chapter 13: Prosocial Behaviour
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Sample Questions
Q1) Janet is studying at the library when she remembers that she needs to make a phone call.She can be more confident about leaving her books on the desk if she
A) makes them look old and useless
B) asks the student adjacent to her desk to look after her books
C) puts a note on the desk saying that the universe is watching D) hides them under her cardigan, out of sight
Q2) Mikulincer and Shaver (2005)found that individuals with _______ attachment style were more likely to be compassionate and altruistic.
A) secure
B) avoidant
C) ambivalent
D) disorganised
Q3) Among the demographic variables that impact helping behaviour is
A) age
B) gender
C) size of hometown
D) level of income
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Attraction and Close Relationships
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63 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People use various cognitive tactics to maintain a close relationship.They may
A) play up their partner's virtues and play down their faults
B) work to match their view that their partner is actually close to ideal
C) expect less from their partner
D) all of the above
Q2) Passionate love is
A) also known as romantic love
B) only in the mind
C) the opposite of companionate love
D) sometimes called mania
Q3) Meta-analyses have indicated that being in a relationship
A) increases stress for men
B) benefits women more than men
C) increases depression in women
D) decreases risks of heart attacks and strokes
Q4) Passionate love is to logical love as ________ is to ________.
A) storge; agape
B) mania; ludus
C) eros; pragma
D) none of the above
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Language and Communication
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66 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on speech differences between men and women indicates that sex-stereotypical differences are
A) minimal
B) found only in children
C) highly context dependent
D) consistent across situations
Q2) In investigating the origins of human language from an evolutionary perspective Corballis (1999,2004)argued that
A) superfluous hand signals are a sign of restricted intelligence
B) hand gestures are the likely precursor to spoken language
C) sign language among the deaf is not really language at all
D) chimpanzees talk better with their hands than their mouths
Q3) Ekman's work suggests that
A) an innate link exists between emotions and facial muscle activity
B) there is a limited set of universal emotions
C) blended emotions involve both innate and learned components
D) all of the above
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Chapter 16: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cultural psychologists
A) have more in common with anthropometrics than psychology
B) find traditional psychological methods useless
C) exclusively use qualitative methods
D) focus on how people extract meaning from their sociocultural environment
Q2) In a social distance study,Vaughan (1962)found that intercultural contact
A) leads to improved relations between cultures
B) creates tension due to relative deprivation
C) can be enhanced by prior education
D) is mediated by perceived cultural difference
Q3) Which of the following is not a grouping of nations in terms of their value orientations as defined by Fiske,Kitayama,Markus and Nisbett (1998)?
A) Western European nations as individualistic and egalitarian
B) Eastern European nations as individualistic and hierarchical
C) Oceanic nations as collectivist and egalitarian
D) Asian nations as collectivist and hierarchical
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