Psychological Research Methods
Review Questions
Course Introduction
This course offers a comprehensive introduction to the principles and techniques of psychological research. Students will explore various research designs, including experimental, correlational, and observational methods, while developing an understanding of ethical considerations in conducting studies with human participants. The course emphasizes the formulation of testable hypotheses, data collection procedures, statistical analysis, and interpretation of results. Through hands-on projects and critical evaluation of published research, students gain practical skills in designing experiments, analyzing data, and communicating scientific findings, preparing them for advanced study and professional practice in the field of psychology.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 6th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) Psychologists following the phenomenological approach ________.
A) focus on the workings of the unconscious mind and the resolution of internal mental conflict
B) study how overt behavior is affected by rewards and punishments
C) build theoretical models of how people process information
D) are concerned with our conscious experience of the world and the consequences of having free will
Answer: D
Q2) What two topics are covered under the phenomenological approach?
A) humanistic and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
B) humanistic and social-learning perspectives on personality
C) cross-cultural and cognitive perspectives on personality
D) trait and cross-cultural perspectives on personality
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of the basic approaches to personality?
A) psychoanalytic
B) learning
C) assessment
D) phenomenological
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data
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Q1) If Dr. O'Connell wants to learn about Laura, why might Dr. O'Connell want to avoid using S data?
A) The person supplying the S data may not want to or be able to provide accurate reports about Laura.
B) The S data often do not have psychological relevance.
C) The S data are influenced by too many factors to reveal much about a person's personality.
D) The S data have definitional truth.
Answer: A
Q2) The judgments that others make of your personality affect your opportunities and expectancies. Thus, these judgments have ________.
A) generalizability
B) validity
C) causal force
D) reliability
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Personality Psychology As Science: Research Methods
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Q1) In simple language, questions about reliability concern ________, whereas questions about validity concern ________.
A) accuracy; consistency
B) consistency; dependability
C) stability; dependability
D) consistency; accuracy
Answer: D
Q2) According to the text, science is the process of cataloging facts already known with certainty.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) A method or instrument that provides the same information repeatedly is ________.
A) valid
B) reliable
C) significant
D) generalizable
Answer: B
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
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Q1) Individuals low on hostility are less likely to evoke laboratory aggression in a competitive game than individuals high on hostility.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Personality trait measurements are typically made on a(n) ________ scale.
A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) ratio
D) quasi-nominal
Q3) Henry Murray wrote the book Personality and Assessment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A situationist would interpret a correlation of around .30 ________.
A) as an example of a very small effect size
B) as an example of a medium effect size
C) as an example of a large effect size
D) by using a Binomial Effect Size Display
Q5) People low in agreeableness tend to have greater risks to their cardiac health.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing
and Its Consequences
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Q1) What does the acronym MMPI stand for?
A) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
B) Minnesota Multiple Personality Inventory
C) Michigan Major Personality Inventory
D) Michigan Multiple Personality Inventory
Q2) What is the first step in the empirical method of scale construction?
A) Gather lots of items.
B) Identify the groups.
C) Administer items to a large sample.
D) Conduct a factor analysis on existing scales.
Q3) According to the underlying theory of projective tests, the stimulus itself (e.g., an inkblot or a TAT card) directly causes responses to each stimulus.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Personality assessment refers to ________.
A) a treatment for personality disorders
B) the analysis and interpretation of genetic markers of personality
C) the measurement of any characteristic pattern of behavior, thought, or emotion
D) the selection of a group of individuals with the most unique temperaments
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Chapter 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment
in Daily Life
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Q1) Research on intellectual and social expectancies demonstrates that ________.
A) other people's perceptions of your personality can influence who you are and what you do
B) other people's perceptions of your personality have little influence on your expectations
C) such judgments are always based on direct observation of behavior
D) such judgments are rarely unbiased
Q2) Doug has known Dan for more than 20 years. Jim has only known Dan since he joined Jim's department at Acme Advertising Agency 2 months ago. According to Colvin and Funder's (1991) study of the boundaries on the acquaintanceship effect, if both Doug and Jim are asked to predict how Dan will behave during a presentation at work next week, whose predictions will be more accurate?
A) Doug's
B) Jim's
C) The two predictions will be about equally accurate.
D) Neither Doug's nor Jim's; such behavior is not predictable.
Q3) Describe the four steps of the Realistic Accuracy Model. Apply those steps to the accurate judgment of the trait of honesty.
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Chapter 7: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) The Big Five are believed to be orthogonal factors of personality. What does orthogonal mean?
A) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on only one of the other factors.
B) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on two of the other factors.
C) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on three or four of the other factors.
D) People's scores on one of the factors do not predict their scores on any of the other factors.
Q2) How were the Big Five discovered? Define and describe each of the Big Five trait domains. What essential questions about strangers do these dimensions address?
Q3) Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?
A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) psychoticism
D) openness
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) Describe Eysenck's original theory for the biological basis of extraversion. How much empirical support is there for this theory?
Q2) Which piece of evidence is least relevant to Anne Campbell's theory concerning the function of oxytocin?
A) Oxytocin increases during childbirth.
B) Oxytocin is related to fight-or-flight behaviors.
C) Oxytocin is related to sexual activity and orgasm.
D) Oxytocin is related to breast feeding.
Q3) The chemicals that are released from the hypothalamus, the gonads, and the adrenal cortex are called ________.
A) synapses
B) hormones
C) neurotransmitters
D) inhibitory communicators
Q4) Norepinephrine is both a neurotransmitter in the brain and a hormone in the body.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) How can the study of gene-environment interactions explain some enduring puzzles in psychology? Provide specific examples of gene-environment interactions described in the book and explain why these findings are potentially important.
Q2) According to estimates based on twin studies, the average heritability coefficient of many traits of personality is about ________ when using self-reports of personality.
A) .20
B) .40
C) .80
D) 1.0
Q3) Humans share about 98 percent of their genetic material with chimpanzees.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The ________ refers to the underlying genetic structure that leads to the observable ________.
A) phenotype; genogram
B) genotype; phenotype
C) phenotype; genotype
D) genetic map; genetic architecture
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) According to Freud, the superego develops during the ________ stage of psychosexual development, and the ego develops during the ________ stage.
A) penile; vaginal
B) vaginal; penile
C) phallic; anal
D) oral; genital
Q2) Stephen's apartment is exceptionally neat and clean, whereas Mary Anne's house is always messy. According to Freud, ________.
A) Stephen is an anal character, and Mary Anne is an oral character
B) Stephen is an oral character, and Mary Anne has regressed to the latency period
C) both Stephen and Mary Anne have developed fixations in the phallic stage
D) both Stephen and Mary Anne are anal character types
Q3) Leaving a disproportionate amount of libido behind at a childhood stage of development is called ________.
A) regression
B) fixation
C) transference
D) the secondary process
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Chapter 11: The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
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Q1) If a woman pursued an acting career because she secretly craved attention and flattery, Freud would probably say that she ________.
A) was displacing her feelings
B) was sublimating her forbidden impulses
C) was using reaction formation
D) had an unresolved Electra complex
Q2) Dennis is very attracted to his boss, but instead of asking her out, he invites his neighbor Karen to go out with him. Dennis is ________ his feelings for his boss.
A) displacing
B) projecting
C) sublimating
D) rationalizing
Q3) In a heated argument with his current girlfriend, Tyler accidentally calls her by the name of his ex-girlfriend. This is an example of a ________.
A) parapraxis
B) fixation
C) Freudian reversal
D) sublimation
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Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object
Relations, and Current Research
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Q1) Horney felt that when women experience penis envy, it symbolizes their ________.
A) desire to actually possess a penis
B) lack of power and control in society
C) rejection of motherhood
D) dissatisfaction with their own bodies
Q2) The internalized image of your own mother is a key archetype for Jung.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some psychologists maintain that your relationships with other people are based on the images of them that you hold in your mind. Psychologists who emphasize this idea are known as ________ theorists.
A) object relations
B) Eriksonian
C) Adlerian
D) ego
Q4) Identify and discuss the four principles of object relations theory. How is attachment theory similar to object relations theory?
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Chapter 13: Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) Existentialists believed that science, technology, and philosophy had lost touch with human experience.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What Buddhist term refers to the idea that an independent singular self is simply an illusion?
A) anatta
B) anicca
C) nirvana
D) Eigenwelt
Q3) What does it mean to take a phenomenological perspective on personality? Explain the basic idea of phenomenology and describe the philosophical roots of this approach.
Q4) Research indicates that financial status is more strongly linked with life satisfaction in richer nations as opposed to poorer nations.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) The ecological approach attempts to find geographical reasons for cross-cultural differences.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The outgroup homogeneity bias refers to the tendency to view one's own group as having members that differ widely from each other while believing individuals from other groups are "all the same."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Concepts like amae and yuan might be ________, whereas concepts like duty and obligations to the group might be _______.
A) etic; emic
B) emic; etic
C) experience near; experience far
D) experience far; experience near
Q4) Buddhist countries might be higher in self-compassion than Confucianist countries.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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Q1) As a child, Robin was frequently surrounded by many people and came to see herself as a very sociable person. As an adult, she has chosen a career that requires her to interact with other people on a daily basis. As a result, Robin is becoming even more sociable than before. This process is called ________.
A) the approach-avoidance goal system
B) reciprocal determinism
C) vicarious learning
D) the expectancy value theory
Q2) What term refers to Bandura's idea that the self-system, environmental factors, and behavior are all dynamically interlinked?
A) efficacy expectations
B) reciprocal determinism
C) the transactional triad
D) the cognitive person system
Q3) Opponent processes in the body can counteract some of the effects of depressants.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) An individual who experiences powerful feelings of both joy and sadness would score high on what personality dimension?
A) neuroticism
B) affect variability
C) affect intensity
D) affect instability
Q2) Steven believes that intelligence and ability can change with experience. Steven has a(n) ________ theory of ability.
A) entity
B) incremental
C) schematic
D) flexible
Q3) According to the set point model of happiness, levels of happiness are genetically determined.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define the concept of priming and describe how this idea can explain certain aspects of personality.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: What You Know About You: the Self
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Q1) According to the sociometer theory, the function of self-esteem is to protect the individual from painful thoughts about death and annihilation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A person who habitually avoids social interaction but is unaware of his shyness is said to have ________ knowledge about the self.
A) procedural
B) episodic
C) semantic
D) declarative
Q3) What emotions are thought to occur when a stranger harms aspects of your me self?
A) anger and distress
B) shame and guilt
C) sadness and anxiety
D) fear and terror
Q4) Define the distinction between declarative self-knowledge and procedural self-knowledge. Identify and describe the important aspects of declarative self-knowledge.
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Chapter 18: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT accurate regarding ego-dystonic afflictions?
A) Most Axis I disorders are ego-dystonic.
B) People with such problems are not interested in treatment.
C) Depression is usually ego-dystonic.
D) Anxiety is usually ego-dystonic.
Q2) An individual who truly believes that he or she should be the first person rescued from a burning building exhibits a symptom of which personality disorder?
A) narcissistic
B) antisocial
C) borderline
D) schizoid
Q3) According to the text, which therapy has sometimes been effective for treating borderline personality disorder?
A) object relations-based psychotherapy
B) dialectical behavioral therapy
C) cognitive objective therapy
D) progressive desensitization therapy
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Chapter 19: Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) There are actually multiple ways to structure an introduction to personality psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What are the three most important core themes you learned from the textbook and your personality class? You must clearly justify why these themes are important and why they offer critical insights into human nature. How can these themes be applied to everyday life in terms of understanding your own behavior or the behavior of those around you?
Q3) Funder identifies most strongly with the psychoanalytic approach to personality.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which approach does Funder most closely identify with?
A) cognitive
B) biological
C) trait
D) cross-cultural
Q5) All of the personality approaches are both right and wrong in some respects. A)True
B)False
21
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