Psychological Perspectives on Personality
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the major theoretical approaches to understanding human personality, including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological perspectives. Students will examine key concepts, influential research, and real-world applications associated with each framework, analyzing how personality develops and influences behavior across the lifespan. By integrating classic theories with contemporary findings, the course encourages critical evaluation of the strengths and limitations of each perspective, fostering a comprehensive understanding of the complexities of personality in both individual and cultural contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Theories of Personality Understanding Persons 6th Edition by Susan C. Cloninger
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17 Chapters
2036 Verified Questions
2036 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Personality Theory
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The criterion of verifiability requires that theoretical propositions be A) true.
B) reliable.
C) testable by empirical research.
D) applicable to a variety of populations.
Answer: C
Q2) A personality test which yields consistent scores on two occasions is said to be reliable.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) A personality test which measures what it claims to measure is said to be valid.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Other things being equal, a long test is usually more reliable than a short test.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Freud: Classical Psychoanalysis
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ego functions according to the reality principle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The ego operates according to the pleasure principle.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The two kinds of psychic energy are
A) conscious and unconscious.
B) neurotic and normal.
C) Eros and Thanatos.
D) primary process and secondary process.
Answer: C
Q4) Freud praised __________ as "the royal road to the unconscious."
A) hallucinations
B) dreams
C) hypnosis
D) free association
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Jung: Analytical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jung criticized people as "ego inflated" if they identify too closely with their conscious experience.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) How did Jung describe the relationship between the collective unconscious and consciousness?
A) The collective unconscious is made known to consciousness through symbols.
B) The collective unconscious and consciousness are identical.
C) The collective unconscious never influences consciousness.
D) Consciousness and the collective unconscious are in unending conflict.
Answer: A
Q3) In the process of __________, a dreamer associates to the people in the dream and the dream symbols.
A) amplification
B) recall
C) active imagination
D) interpretation
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Adler: Individual Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adler emphasized the uniqueness of individuals, more than their shared qualities.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Adler directed his writing primarily to academic researchers, and largely ignored the public.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Social interaction is an important task of life, according to Adler.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People who suffer from agoraphobia are __________ type people, in Adler's typology.
A) avoiding B) getting C) ruling
D) socially useful
Q5) List and explain Adler's three mistaken styles of life.
Q6) Describe Adler's contributions to school psychology.
Q7) Describe a person's fundamental motivation, according to Adler.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Erikson: Psychosocial Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two-year-old toddler is developing a sense of A) trust.
B) identity.
C) initiative.
D) autonomy.
Q2) According to Erikson, the crisis of infancy is A) life or death.
B) autonomy or shame.
C) trust or mistrust.
D) eat or throw up.
Q3) What is a psychosocial moratorium? Explain by describing how college can provide a moratorium.
Under what circumstances does college not provide a moratorium for an individual?
Q4) The development of identity can be resolved wholly on an individual level and does not involve any influence by society.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain Erikson's "epigenetic principle."
Q6) List and discuss the four identity statuses of identity development.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Horney and Relational Theory: Interpersonal
Psychoanalytic
Theory
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140 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Eagly's social role theory, differences between men and women can be explained in terms of
A) sex hormones.
B) cultural expectations.
C) physical strength.
D) intelligence.
Q2) Leon rejects the idea of paying income tax, believing that paying taxes is for fools. What defense mechanism is he using?
A) elusiveness
B) arbitrary rightness
C) rationalization
D) cynicism
Q3) Turning away from the real self, with all its imperfections, is (according to Horney)
A) a sign of loss of contact with reality.
B) likely to prevent growth.
C) characteristic of "moving away" type people, but not the other types.
D) all of the above
Q4) Discuss the impact of narcissism on individuals and relationships.
Page 8
Q5) Discuss Horney's ideas about cultural determinants of personality and neurosis.
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Chapter 7: Allport: Personological Trait Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) For some people, according to Allport, religion provides a healthy, unifying philosophy of life.
A)True
B)False
Q2) "I go to church because it helps me to make friends" is an example of which type of religious orientation?
A) Extrinsic - socially oriented
B) Extrinsic - personally oriented
C) Intrinsic - socially oriented
D) Intrinsic - personally oriented
Q3) Which statement best describes Allport's attitude toward biological influences on personality?
A) Will power is so important that biology plays no part in personality.
B) Biological influences determine most of personality.
C) Biological influences, along with psychological influences, are important determinants of personality.
D) Biological influences explain mental illness, but not variations in normal personality.
Q4) What did Allport believe about the consistency of personality?
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9
Chapter 8: Two Factor Analytic Trait Theories: Cattells 16
Factors and the Big Five
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fluid intelligence
A) is easily lost.
B) is a predisposition to do well in artistic endeavors.
C) is a special kind of intelligence that predisposes people to do well in fluid mechanics.
D) is the innate ability to learn.
Q2) The Big Five have been found in a variety of personality tests besides those devised specifically to measure them.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A statistical technique for determining a smaller number of dimensions in a data set with a large number of variables is called
A) analysis of variance.
B) correlation.
C) factor analysis.
D) path analysis.
Q4) Heredity influences the development of neurosis.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Biological Theories: Evolution, Genetics, and Biological Factor Theories
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Sample Questions
Q1) The fundamental assumption of evolutionary approaches is that
A) genetic variations that enhance reproductive success will become more frequent over generations as a result of natural selection.
B) males are superior to females.
C) biology influences physical but not behavioral characteristics.
D) experience does not influence personality.
Q2) How does evolutionary theory explain people that choose to be celibate? People that choose celibacy
A) make no contribution to the species and therefore it is inadvisable as an evolutionary strategy.
B) often still take care of their kin, who in turn have children and thus the celibate person is still contributing to the well-being of the species.
C) have weak genes and in not having children they are serving to strengthen the species.
D) are confused about what they really want and therefore they cannot be good parents.
Q3) How do evolutionary approaches explain altruism?
Q4) List and describe Eysenck's three factors of personality.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: The Challenge of Behaviorism: Dollard and Miller,
Skinner, and Staats
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Q1) According to Staats, stimuli that elicit emotional responses
A) function as reinforcers for new learning.
B) are not suitable to use as reinforcers for children.
C) can be effective for punishment, but not for positive reinforcement.
D) all of the above
Q2) Besides exploring psychoanalysis and learning theory, Miller included conducted research in
A) physiological mechanisms of motivation
B) sociology
C) chemistry
D) medicine
Q3) In the first stage of development, Dollard and Miller described conflicts over A) talking back.
B) feeding.
C) toilet training.
D) masturbation.
Q4) Dollard and Miller recommended strictly punishing children for masturbation. A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain Skinner's objection to mentalism.
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Chapter 11: Kelly: Personal Construct Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Kelly's fundamental postulate, psychological processes are channelized by
A) experience in childhood.
B) patterns of drive satisfaction.
C) unfulfilled needs.
D) how a person anticipates events.
Q2) Joanna has been put in charge of organizing a rally, and she hasn't got any idea (or any constructs) about how to do it. What emotion would Kelly expect her to experience?
A) anxiety
B) fear
C) hostility
D) threat
Q3) Using Kelly's theory, explain why people from very different backgrounds may have difficulty relating to one another. What can be done to improve their relationship?
Q4) From the perspective of Kelly's theory, explain a person who makes a radical change in personality, for example, a criminal who repents and becomes a born-again Christian.
Q5) Describe one research result using the REP test. Explain why it is important.
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Chapter 12: Mischel: Traits in Cognitive Social Learning Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Mischel's research on the delay of gratification. List some of his important findings.
Q2) Mischel conducted research on the delay of gratification in A) rats.
B) employees of large companies.
C) children.
D) twins.
Q3) "If I ask Jane to go to the movies, will she go, or reject me?" This is a question of A) reciprocal determinism.
B) stimulus-outcome expectancies.
C) behavior-outcome expectancies.
D) self-efficacy expectancies.
Q4) The term consistency paradox refers to the finding from research that people are more consistent than would be expected from personality trait theory.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Explain the term "consistency paradox."
Q6) Summarize the trait controversy and Mischel's role in it.
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Chapter 13: Bandura: Performance in Cognitive Social Learning Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bandura recommends that self-efficacy should be measured A) globally.
B) separately for each area of behavior.
C) by projective tests.
D) by an interview.
Q2) The concept of self-efficacy has few implications outside of psychotherapy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) People with high self-efficacy try harder.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A coach may offer a prize for the most-improved player of the season. This would affect learning because of A) attentional processes.
B) motor reproduction processes.
C) retention processes.
D) motivational processes.
Q5) Bandura asserted that learning can occur by observing models. A)True B)False
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Chapter 14: Rogers: Person-Centered Theory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rogerian therapy causes clients to focus more on the future, and less on the present.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Carl Rogers grew up in a family that can be described as __________.
A) neglecting
B) strict
C) alcoholic
D) nonreligious
Q3) Rogers's concept of congruence means that
A) the therapist is psychologically similar to the client.
B) the therapist acts as he or she genuinely feels toward the client.
C) the therapist believes that the client has been properly diagnosed.
D) the client and the therapist are well matched for one another.
Q4) As a client makes progress in therapy, what happens?
A) The client expresses more subjective experience.
B) The client focuses increasingly on the present.
C) The client more freely experiences and expresses emotions.
D) all of the above
Q5) Describe encounter groups. List some of the uses of such groups.
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Chapter 15: Maslow and His Legacy: Need Hierarchy Theory and Positive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about self-actualization tendencies is most accurate?
A) Self-actualization does not motivate people, in any form, until the lower order needs are met.
B)Maslow estimated less that 1 percent of individuals are self-actualized.
C) Curiosity and creative tendencies occur at the highest level of the need hierarchy only.
D) Self-actualization is the dominant motivation throughout life, according to Maslow.
Q2) Maslow believed that traditional religions were important for self-actualized people. A)True
B)False
Q3) Maslow recommended that psychology should study people who
A) represent a broad diversity of personality types.
B) are self-actualized.
C) agree to provide answers to questionnaires, as well as being rated by trained observers.
D) represent a variety of psychiatric diagnoses.
Q4) Explain what Maslow meant by desacralization and what he suggested should be done about it.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Buddhist Psychology: Lessons From Eastern Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Buddhism, what is the higher stage of consciousness called?
A) enlightenment
B) actualization
C) self-actualization
D) ego-integrity
Q2) Brain research on various types of meditation shows changes in which part of the brain?
A) thalamus
B) basal ganglia
C) frontal lobe
D) all of these
Q3) Your text describes emotional reaction as one of the moments of perception of Buddhism and likens it to _____ in Western psychology.
A) psychoanalytic defense mechanisms.
B) self-actualization.
C) irrational thought patterns.
D) basic levels of needs.
Q4) What is the importance of community in one's quest for enlightenment?
Page 18
Q5) Discuss some of the research findings on brain measurement during meditation.
Q6) What is the connection among mind and body in Buddhist thought?
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Page 19
Chapter 17: Conclusion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rogers's "actualizing tendency" is based upon a(n) __________ metaphor.
A) information processing
B) organic
C) mechanistic
D) political
Q2) Telling the story of one's life is an example of the narrative metaphor of personality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Eclecticism values selected contributions from various theories.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A pluralistic perspective attempts to combine diverse theories into one unified, systematic whole.
A)True
B)False
Q5) It is always desirable to have comprehensive, rather than limited-range, theories.
A)True
B)False
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