Psychological Disorders
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course provides a comprehensive overview of psychological disorders, exploring their symptoms, causes, classification, and treatments. Students will examine major categories of disorders such as anxiety, mood, psychotic, personality, and neurodevelopmental disorders, as well as the factors that contribute to their onset, including biological, psychological, and sociocultural influences. The course also introduces foundational concepts in diagnosis, assessment, and intervention, while discussing the impact of stigma and current issues in mental health care. By the end, students will gain a deeper understanding of both the scientific and human aspects of abnormal psychology.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy J. Trull
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2
Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Q1) Given the description provided in the text,each of the following would constitute a clinical practicum experience EXCEPT
A) providing therapy to mildly depressed outpatients through a clinic operated by the psychology department.
B) performing cognitive assessments on individuals coming through an Alzheimer's clinic at the local hospital.
C) teaching an undergraduate research methods laboratory for the department.
D) running a weekly group at the library to teach relaxation techniques to people in the community.
Answer: C
Q2) Research on the employment of clinical psychologists demonstrates
A) a significant diversity of both work activities and work settings.
B) that very few clinical psychologists work in private practice settings anymore.
C) that research is the most common work activity among clinical psychologists.
D) that at least a quarter of clinical psychologists feel dissatisfied with their careers.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) The first edition of DSM appeared in
A) 1912.
B) 1932.
C) 1952.
D) 1972.
Answer: C
Q2) If you had met with James McKeen Catell and asked him to assess your intelligence,he most likely would have
A) examined your body type.
B) measured your reaction time to various tasks.
C) asked you to define a list of words as best you could.
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) Systematic desensitization was introduced
A) by Perls as one of the primary interventions of Gestalt therapy.
B) by Wolpe as a behavioral treatment based on conditioning principles.
C) by Ellis as a "common sense" form of psychoanalysis.
D) by Dollard and Miller as a brief treatment based on learning theory.
Answer: B
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) The influence of managed care is likely to impact psychological treatment in the future in ALL BUT THE FOLLOWING ways:
A) There will be increased use of master's level providers and decreased use of doctoral level providers.
B) There will be decreased use of self-help interventions.
C) There will be greater use of computer- or Internet-assisted therapy.
D) More psychological services will be delivered via primary care settings.
Answer: B
Q2) In the Tarasoff case,the victim's parents
A) sued the parents of the client.
B) sued the therapist.
C) defended the therapist in court.
D) none of the above
Answer: B
Q3) In the Tarasoff case,the California Supreme Court ruled that
A) the therapist should not have broken confidentiality at all.
B) the therapist's actions were sufficient in the eyes of the law.
C) the therapist should have warned additional people.
D) the therapy conducted with the client caused the crime to be committed.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT true of single-case designs?
A) They allow the researcher to draw conclusions about cause and effect.
B) They do not require that a potentially helpful treatment be withheld from any study participant.
C) Ultimately, they require about as many participants as experimental studies comparing groups.
D) All of the above statements are false.
Q2) The lifetime prevalence rate of schizophrenia is 1%,suggesting that
A) a member of the general population has a 1 in 100 chance of developing this disorder in his/her lifetime.
B) a member of the general population has a 1 in 100 chance of developing this disorder in the next 12 months.
C) if a member of the population is diagnosed with schizophrenia, he/she has a 1 in 100 chance of retaining the diagnosis for the remainder of his/her lifetime.
D) currently, 1 of every 100 members of the general population has this disorder.
Q3) Explain what is meant by both internal and external validity in the context of psychological research.
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Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) Portia is a 33-year-old married woman working as an accountant at a large firm.Eight months ago,her father,with whom she was close,died unexpectedly,and a month ago,her firm announced that they would be laying off 40% of its accountancy staff within the next three months.At present,Portia is experiencing moderate depressive and anxious symptoms,and these symptoms appear to be taking a toll on both the quality of her work and the quality of her relationship with her husband.In the present case,which factor would be considered an etiological factor for her depression and anxiety?
A) the downturn in the quality of her marital relationship.
B) the downturn in her work quality.
C) her father's death.
D) more than one of the above
Q2) In DSM-IV-TR,Axis I is used to
A) indicate the presence of personality disorders or mental retardation.
B) indicate the presence of clinical disorders other than personality disorders and mental retardation.
C) list relevant medical conditions.
D) quantitatively estimate an individual's overall level of functioning.
Q3) Identify at least three ways that culture may impact diagnosis and/or treatment.
Q4) Identify three major purposes of psychiatric diagnosis.
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Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) The SCID-I
A) is a structured interview designed to provide immediate assistance to clients.
B) is a structured interview designed to yield a DSM-IV diagnosis.
C) is a structured interview for child clients.
D) more than one of the above
Q2) A clinical psychologist develops a clinical interview to assess for the presence of alcohol abuse and dependence.In evaluating the interview,the psychologist conducts a study that compares people's current scores on this interview with their current scores on a well-established paper-and-pencil measure of alcohol abuse and dependence.What kind of validity does this study appear to be assessing?
A) content validity
B) predictive validity
C) concurrent validity
D) discriminant validity
Q3) Discuss the different types of reliability that apply to interviews.How is each measured?
Q4) Briefly describe the ideal physical environment for a clinical interview.
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8
Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is an accurate statement regarding the influence of genes and environment on intelligence?
A) When the environment is similar for everyone, observed differences in intelligence are more accountable to genetic factors.
B) Even strongly genetically determined traits, like intelligence, can be influenced by environmental factors.
C) To date, psychosocial interventions have been very effective in improving IQ scores.
D) The heritability of intelligence does not appear to be stable across the life span.
Q2) Most studies comparing the overall intelligence of males and females conclude that
A) males are significantly more intelligent, overall.
B) females are significantly more intelligent, overall.
C) no significant differences exist in overall intelligence.
D) no significant differences exist in either overall or specific intellectual abilities.
Q3) Briefly compare and contrast the theories of intelligence posited by Spearman and Cattell.
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following personality assessments is used by more clinical psychologists than any other personality assessment?
A) MMPI-2
B) TAT
C) Rorschach
D) sentence completion methods
Q2) The original MMPI included items that
A) were deemed by experts in the field to be relevant to a particular scale. B) were answered differently by individuals who had particular diagnoses than by individuals with no diagnoses.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) What must be true in order for a test to be considered "biased"? Is it possible for a test to be biased if it produces similar scores in different groups of people? Explain.
Q4) Outline three reasons why the MMPI was revised.Also,outline two common criticisms of the MMPI-2.
Q5) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
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Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) How have the opinions of behavioral assessors toward psychiatric diagnosis changed over the years? Identify at least three factors that may account for this change.
Q2) What is functional analysis,and why is it essential to behavioral assessment?
Q3) Assessors who perform behavioral interviews
A) are increasingly using structured diagnostic interviews.
B) typically ask about past attempts to cope with the problem.
C) usually inquire about people's expectations for therapy.
D) all of the above
Q4) In the context of behavioral observation,ratings are usually made along ALL BUT WHICH of the following dimensions?
A) duration
B) intensity
C) pleasantness
D) frequency
Q5) Controlled observation is sometimes referred to as
A) systematic observation.
B) analogue behavioral observation.
C) functional analysis.
D) behavioral assessment.
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) According to a review of the empirical evidence for bias in clinical judgment (Garb,1997),
A) lower socioeconomic status patients are judged to be more seriously disturbed than those of higher socioeconomic status.
B) middle class patients are more likely to be referred for psychotherapy than lower-class patients.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q2) Dr.Doyle is meeting a client for an assessment.While testing the client and gathering data about her history,a number of contradictions arise-contradictions that Dr.Doyle is unable to resolve.When it comes time to write his report,what should Dr.Doyle do?
A) He shouldn't bother noting the presence of contradictions at all, so as not to confuse the reader.
B) He should mention the contradictions briefly, but play down their importance.
C) He should describe the contradictions in adequate detail for the reader.
D) How he handles this situation will depend upon the specific referral source.
Q3) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
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Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) Research that addresses the specific events that occur during therapy in the course of interaction between therapist and patient is best labeled __________ research.
A) meta-analytic
B) analogue
C) outcome
D) process
Q2) Which of the following is NOT among the common factors of psychotherapy effectiveness?
A) the expert role of the therapist
B) contingency management
C) the therapeutic alliance
D) none of the above
Q3) Which of the following terms is currently used to describe interventions or techniques that have produced significant change in clients and patients in controlled trials?
A) empirically validated treatment (EVT)
B) empirically supported treatment (EST)
C) evidence-based practice (EBP)
D) evidence-based treatment (EBT)
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) __________ influenced Freud by demonstrating the curative power of hypnosis.
A) Janet
B) Charcot
C) Breuer
D) Pierre
Q2) ALL BUT WHICH of the following situations may indicate resistance on the part of the client?
A) Art has spent much of the last couple sessions venting to the therapist about various political issues.
B) Renée reports a sudden, marked improvement in her symptoms, and asks what her therapist things about the idea of terminating treatment.
C) Victoria has been unable to make three of the last four scheduled sessions due to car problems, a tight deadline at work, and a bad sinus infection.
D) Any of the above may indicate resistance on the part of the client.
Q3) Compare and contrast the three structures of personality proposed by Freud.
Q4) How do problems at each of Freud's psychosexual stages contribute to adult personality?
Q5) What is transference,and how might a psychoanalyst facilitate it?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) Identify and describe at least five shortcomings of humanistic-existential psychotherapies,in general.
Q2) According to Rogers,therapists should provide unconditional positive regard
A) to all clients, unless they describe behaviors that are blatantly illegal.
B) to all clients, unless they describe behaviors that are clearly inconsistent with the norms or morals of society.
C) to all adult clients, but only to child clients whose behaviors are not disruptive or problematic.
D) none of the above
Q3) According to existentialism,the fundamental human characteristic is A) the search for meaning.
B) the desire for rational thought patterns.
C) the struggle between biological drives and societal norms.
D) the tendency toward self-actualization.
Q4) Identify at least two major activities of therapists providing client-centered therapy.Also,identify at least three therapist behaviors that are explicitly discouraged.
Q5) Compare and contrast client-centered psychotherapy and psychodynamic psychotherapy.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) Which of the following is true regarding behavioral and cognitive-behavioral therapy?
A) They require a few more sessions, on average, than most psychodynamic treatments.
B) Several meta-analytic studies have found that they are slightly more effective than other forms of therapy.
C) They seem to be consistent with the values and activities of scientist-practitioners and clinical scientists.
D) more than one of the above
Q2) According to Aaron Beck,depressed individuals are characterized by negative beliefs about
A) others' views of them.
B) their work and their relationships.
C) their safety and security.
D) themselves, their world, and their future.
Q3) Many people have criticized aversion therapy over the years.Defend the use of this type of treatment with at least three distinct arguments.
Q4) Explain the ABC model of RET,including the fundamental goal of this approach to therapy.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Identify briefly at least five decisions that must be made by the therapist regarding the structure and conduct/rules of group therapy.
Q2) In his family therapy work,Dr.Sugarman emphasizes rewards that maintain undesirable actions or may enhance desired actions.Dr.Sugarman probably is conducting
A) behavioral family therapy.
B) network family therapy.
C) strategic family therapy.
D) structural family therapy.
Q3) Compare and contrast conjoint,concurrent,and collaborative family therapy.
Q4) Multisystemic therapy (MST)was developed for use with A) teens with eating disorders and their families.
B) juvenile offenders and their families.
C) families coping with bipolar disorder in one member.
D) families coping with the sudden loss of one member.
Q5) Group psychotherapy in which members act out roles with each other is labeled
A) transactional analysis.
B) psychoanalytic group therapy.
C) Gestalt group therapy.
D) psychodrama.
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) Programs such as Head Start and Meals on Wheels are __________ programs.
A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) tertiary prevention
D) none of the above
Q2) Community psychologists tend to see psychological problems as primarily due to A) poor fit between people and environments.
B) people's inadequate coping styles.
C) cognitive distortions in people at large.
D) inadequate environments.
Q3) In the context of community psychology,the principle of prevention asserts that
A) the identification of biological predispositions toward psychological disorders is the key to overcoming such disorders.
B) prompt individual treatment of psychological disorders is crucial for preventing the development of additional, related disorders.
C) timely treatment of the individual will help prevent larger problems within that person's social group.
D) none of the above
Q4) Compare and contrast universal,selective,and indicated preventive interventions.
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) In explaining the relationship between hostility and health,Dr.Billings asserts that more hostile individuals have poorer health habits,and it's these habits that increase their susceptibility to coronary heart disease.Evidently,Dr.Billings is an adherent of the
A) transactional model of stress.
B) psychophysiological reactivity model.
C) psychosocial vulnerability model.
D) health behavior model.
Q2) Research on smoking,alcohol abuse and dependence,and obesity all suggests that A) the best approach to these problems is early prevention. B) aversion techniques appear to be most effective for dealing with these issues. C) because these problems have strong genetic components, medical treatment ultimately will be more helpful than psychological treatment.
D) none of the above
Q3) Define biofeedback,and describe generally how it might proceed for the problem of hypertension.What are two common criticisms of biofeedback?
Q4) Define self-efficacy,and explain the importance of this concept for health psychology.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) The primary roles of a neuropsychologist include ALL BUT WHICH of the following?
A) testing to determine whether symptoms are emotionally or neurologically based
B) predicting prognosis for recovery from a brain injury
C) designing interventions and rehabilitation programs for individual patients
D) estimating the incidence and prevalence of various neurological disorders
Q2) Dr.Jasper believes that a behavioral deficit depends on both which functional system (e.g.,perception,planning)of the brain has been affected,as well as the localization of damage within that system.We would say that Dr.Jasper adheres to
A) the idea of equipotentiality.
B) the functional model.
C) the idea of localization of function.
D) the componential model.
Q3) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is an accurate statement about strokes?
A) Strokes occur most commonly among the elderly.
B) Strokes are also called cerebrovascular accidents.
C) Strokes result from one of three basic types of intracranial events.
D) Prompt medical attention can greatly reduce the amount of damage from certain strokes.
Q4) Define neuropsychology,and identify three primary roles of neuropsychologists.
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Relative to individuals without a mental disorder diagnosis,a history of violence is especially common among individuals with _____ disorders.
A) anxiety
B) learning
C) mood
D) substance use
Q2) The ultimate goal of a forensic psychologist's report in a child custody case is to
A) serve the best interests of the child.
B) serve the best interests of the party who hired the forensic psychologist.
C) balance the interests of all involved parties.
D) promote the timely movement of the case through the legal system.
Q3) A psychologist working as an expert witness is required by the court to have A) a Psy.D. or Ph.D.
B) board certification in his/her respective specialty.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q4) Identify at least four questions a forensic psychologist should address when performing a child custody evaluation.
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