Psychological Data Analysis Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Psychological Data Analysis equips students with fundamental skills in collecting, managing, and interpreting quantitative data within psychological research. The course covers essential statistical concepts, data visualization techniques, and the use of software tools commonly employed in psychological studies, such as SPSS or R. Students learn to analyze experimental and survey data, conduct hypothesis testing, and critically evaluate statistical results. Emphasis is placed on understanding the ethical application of data analysis and accurately communicating findings to both scientific and general audiences.
Recommended Textbook
Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences 3rd Edition by Gregory J. Privitera
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18 Chapters
1400 Verified Questions
1400 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Statistics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A score on a multiple-choice exam (0-100 points)is a ratio scale measurement.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) ______ data describe numeric aspects of phenomena,whereas ______ data describe nonnumeric aspects of data.
A) Quantitative; qualitative
B) Qualitative; quantitative
C) Continuous; discrete
D) Discrete; continuous
Answer: A
Q3) Inferential statistics is used to determine if observations made in a sample are likely to also be observed in the population from which the sample was selected.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: Summarizing Data: Frequency Distributions in
Tables and Graphs
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher wants to determine how many participants will take less than 24 s to complete a cognitive performance task.If he constructs a frequency distribution for these data,what type of distribution would be most appropriate to answer his question?
A) a simple frequency distribution
B) a relative frequency distribution
C) a cumulative frequency distribution from the bottom up
D) a cumulative frequency distribution from the top down
Answer: C
Q2) A ______ is plotted at the midpoint of each interval,whereas a(n)______ is plotted at the upper boundary of each interval.
A) histogram; bar chart
B) frequency polygon; histogram
C) frequency polygon; ogive
D) histogram; frequency polygon
Answer: C
Q3) Ungrouped data are always distributed in intervals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Summarizing Data: Central Tendency
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is appropriate to use the mode with the mean to describe data that are skewed.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A researcher records the following data for the number of dreams recalled during a night of sleep for 10 college students: 3,2,4,4,3,1,1,0,2,and 0.Is the mean equal to the median in this example?
A) Yes.
B) No; the median is larger than the mean.
C) No; the mean is larger than the median.
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Answer: A
Q3) The sum of the differences of scores from their mean is zero. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Summarizing Data: Variability
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n)________ is a sample statistic that equals a population parameter on average.
A) biased estimator
B) degrees of freedom
C) unbiased estimator
D) sum of squares
Q2) The computational formula for the variance requires that you know the value of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Regardless of the number of scores in a distribution,the range only includes ______ score(s)in its calculation.
A) one
B) two
C) at most two
D) the average
Q4) The empirical rule states that all scores will fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean.
A)True
B)False
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Probability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a mathematical formula that relates the conditional and marginal (unconditional)probabilities of two conditional outcomes that occur at random?
A) Bayes's theorem
B) simple probability
C) random event sampling
D) descriptive statistics
Q2) A distribution of probabilities for random outcomes of a bivariate or dichotomous random variable is called a
A) binomial probability distribution.
B) distribution of expected values.
C) random variable distribution.
D) mathematical expectation.
Q3) Probability ranges between 0 and 1 and is never negative.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Mathematical expectation can be used to estimate the expected value of variance and standard deviation.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Probability, normal Distributions, and Z Scores
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the z score for scores in the bottom 5%?
A) 1.645
B) -1.645
C) .4801
D) The score is not listed in the table.
Q2) All z scores above the mean are positive,whereas all z scores below the mean are negative.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Data were normally distributed as 3.6 ± 0.6 (M ± SD).Hence,69.15% of data occurred below a score of 3.9 in this distribution.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In a normal distribution,the mean can only take on positive values.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Most behavior is believed to ______ a normal distribution. A) be exactly equal to B) not resemble at all C) approximate
8
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Chapter 7: Probability and Sampling Distributions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sample mean is not always equal to a population mean.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The following samples were selected by two researchers.Which is associated with a smaller standard error of the mean?
Researcher A: n = 18,\(\mu\) = 8, \(\sigma\)= 2.4
Researcher B: n = 12,\(\mu\) = 8, \(\sigma\) = 2.4
A) Researcher A.
B) Researcher B.
C) They both have the same standard error.
Q3) The sample mean is an unbiased estimator of the population mean only when we divide SS by df.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How is the standard error of the mean typically reported in a graph?
A) using error bars
B) by plotting sample means
C) by listing group names along the x-axis
D) it is never reported in a graph
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Chapter 8: Hypothesis Testing: Significance,effect Size,and
Power
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher obtains z = 3.98 for a one-sample z test.If her decision is to retain the null hypothesis,then what do you know about her decision?
A) Her decision was inconclusive.
B) Her decision was based on a two-tailed test.
C) Her decision resulted in a Type III error.
D) Her decision was inconclusive and her decision was based on a two-tailed test.
Q2) A researcher conducts two studies.Each study was a one-sample z test.Both studies placed the rejection region in both tails and measured the same sample mean.The beta level in Study 1 was larger than the beta level used in Study 2.Which study is associated with greater power to detect an effect?
A) Study 1
B) Study 2
C) They are associated with the same level of power.
Q3) Based on the effect size conventions,d = 0.18 is a
A) small effect size.
B) medium effect size.
C) large effect size.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Testing Means: One-Sample and
Two-Independent-Sample T Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an assumption for computing any type of independent-sample t test?
A) Data in the population being sampled are normally distributed.
B) Data were obtained from a sample that was selected using a random sampling procedure.
C) The probabilities of each measured outcome in a study are independent.
D) All of these.
Q2) When the proportion of variance explained by some treatment is larger than 0.25,we conclude that there is a large effect in the population.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A t test is associated with N degrees of freedom.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If d = 0.28,then we conclude that mean scores in some population have shifted 0.28 standard deviations below the mean.
A)True
B)False
11
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Chapter 10: Testing Means: Truehe Related-Samples T Test
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher placed male rodents in the presence and absence of a conspecific male.Cortisol (a stress hormone)levels were compared at both times.What type of t test is most appropriate for this study?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) related-samples t test
D) There is not enough information to answer this question.
Q2) Each of the following is needed to compute the estimated Cohen's d,except A) the mean difference.
B) the standard error.
C) the standard deviation of difference scores.
Q3) A professor computes the mean difference in exam scores before and after a lecture as 9.0 ± 14.5 (M<sub>D </sub>± S<sub>D</sub>),and this difference was significant.What is the effect size for this result using estimated Cohen's d?
A) d = 0.62 (medium effect)
B) d = 1.61 (medium effect)
C) d = 0.62 (large effect)
D) d = 1.61 (large effect)
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Chapter 11: Estimation and Confidence Intervals
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Sample Questions
Q1) The larger the level of confidence,the ______ precise the interval estimate.
A) more
B) less
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of confidence intervals?
A) The less certain an estimate, the more precise the estimate.
B) The more certain an estimate, the less precise the estimate.
C) The less certain an estimate, the more precise the estimate, and the more certain an estimate, the less precise the estimate.
Q3) A researcher compares the height of male executives in the United States to the average height of males (\(\mu\) = 67 in.).He determines that the average height of male executives is 70 in.(95% confidence interval [CI] 68-72).Based on this result,what would the decision have been for a hypothesis test?
A) reject the null hypothesis
B) retain the null hypothesis
C) there is not enough information to answer this question
Q4) The estimation formula for the one-sample t is M ± t(s<sub>M</sub>).
A)True
B)False
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Analysis of Variance: One-Way
Between-Subjects Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) To compute a mean square,we divide the sum of squares by the degrees of freedom for a given source of variation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A lowercase k is used to denote ______ using a one-way ANOVA.
A) the number of groups in a study
B) the number of participants in a study
C) the number of levels of the factor in a study
D) the number of groups in a study and the number of levels of the factor in a study
Q3) The test statistic for a one-way between-subjects ANOVA is the sum of squares between groups divided by the sum of squares error.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All post hoc tests control for the effect size of a significant result.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Analysis of Variance: One-Way Within-Subjects
Repeated-Measuresdesign
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mean square error is the denominator for all one-way ANOVA tests.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher computes a one-way within-subjects ANOVA for a study in which participants are observed across five groups.If the degrees of freedom error is 56,then how many participants were observed in this study?
A) 4
B) 14
C) 15
D) 55
Q3) For a within-subjects design,the degrees of freedom between groups are always equal to the degrees of freedom between persons.
A)True
B)False
Q4) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup> is a more conservative measure of proportion of variance than partial \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Analysis of Variance: Two-Way
Between-Subjects Factorial Design
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the two-way mixed ANOVA,different participants are observed at each level of the between-subjects factor,and the same participants are observed across the levels of the within-subjects factor.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A researcher groups college students in a study based on their year in college (freshman,sophomore,junior,senior)and the type of college they attend (junior,technical,university).He concludes that perceptions of academic cheating are more positive among freshman attending junior college.To reach this conclusion,which statistical test would need to be computed?
A) a two-way between-subjects ANOVA
B) a simple main effect test
C) a post hoc test
D) all of these
Q3) Simple main effect tests are used to analyze a significant interaction by comparing the mean differences of one factor at each level of a second factor.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Correlation
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Sample Questions
Q1) The denominator of the Pearson correlation coefficient measures the extent to which two factors vary together.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following indicates the strongest correlation?
A) r = -0.57
B) r = +0.78
C) r = -0.90
D) r = +0.88
Q3) The coefficient of determination is mathematically equivalent to ______.
A) the correlation coefficient
B) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup>
C) \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>
D) \(\omega\)<sup>2</sup> and \(\eta\)<sup>2</sup>
Q4) The correlation coefficient ranges between ______ and ______.
A) 0, +1
B) -1, 0
C) -1, +1
D) -\(\infty\), +\(\infty\)
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Chapter 16: Linear Regression and Multiple Regression
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Sample Questions
Q1) Linear regression is used to measure the extent to which a criterion variable causes changes in a predictor variable.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If the mean square residual equals 0.93,then the standard error of estimate equals 0.39.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To summarize any type of regression analysis using APA format,we report each of the following except the ______.
A) test statistic
B) degrees of freedom
C) p value
D) critical values
Q4) Multiple regression can be used to measure predictive variability for any number of predictor variables.
A)True
B)False
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Nonparametric Tests: Chi-Square Tests
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Sample Questions
Q1) The observed frequencies can be summarized,______.
A) in a table
B) in a figure
C) in the main text
D) all of these
Q2) Many nonparametric tests are called ______ because they make no assumptions regarding the shape of the distribution in the population.
A) parametric tests
B) skewed-distribution tests
C) significance-free tests
D) distribution-free tests
Q3) A researcher conducts two chi-square tests.The 2 * 2 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 3.82.The 2 * 3 chi-square was \(\chi\)<sup>2</sup> = 5.02.Which chi-square test resulted in a decision to reject the null hypothesis at a .05 level of significance?
A) the 2* 2 chi-square
B) the 2 * 3 chi-square
C) both chi-square tests results in a decision to reject the null hypothesis
D) none; both chi-square tests result in a decision to retain the null hypothesis
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Page 19
Chapter 18: Nonparametric Tests: Tests for Ordinal Data
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Sample Questions
Q1) Each of the following is an appropriate test for ordinal data,except ______.
A) the Mann-Whitney U test
B) the chi-square goodness-of-fit test
C) the one-sample sign test
D) the Friedman test
Q2) Tests for ordinal data can ______ the power to detect an effect when data are skewed.
A) decrease
B) increase
C) have no effect on
D) categorize
Q3) The Mann-Whitney U test is used as a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?
A) one-sample t test
B) two-independent-sample t test
C) related-samples t test
D) one-sample t test and related-samples t test
Q4) Ordinal data indicate that one score is larger or smaller than another.
A)True
B)False
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