Psychological Assessment
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychological Assessment is a course that explores the principles, methods, and applications of psychological testing and evaluation. Students are introduced to the theoretical foundations of psychometrics, including reliability, validity, and test construction. The course covers various types of assessments such as intelligence, personality, neuropsychological, and achievement tests. Emphasis is placed on ethical and cultural considerations in assessment practices, as well as interpreting and communicating test results. By the end of the course, students will have a foundational understanding of how psychological assessments are developed, implemented, and utilized in clinical, educational, and organizational settings.
Recommended Textbook
Behavior Modification Principles and Procedures 6th Edition by Raymond G. Miltenberger
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who is credited with laying the foundation of behavior modification?
A)Freud
B)Skinner
C)Watson
D)Pavlov
Answer: B
Q2) Mary is recovering from a hand injury and trying to increase the strength of her grip.The strength of her grip is an example of:
A)latency
B)frequency
C)intensity
D)duration
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is a characteristic of behavior?
A)behavior is dimensionless
B)behavior is random
C)behavior can be observed,described,and recorded
D)behavior is always overt
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 1: A: Introduction to Behavior Modification
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavior modification,measurement of behavior before and after treatment is important.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Behavior modification is also referred to as applied behavior analysis.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ____________________________ and _____________________________ of human behavior.
Answer: analysis,modification;modification,analysis
Q4) Alex likes to drive faster than the speed limit.Alex's behavior of driving too fast is an example of a:
A) behavioral risk
B) behavioral deficit
C) behavioral excess
D) behavioral intention
Answer: C
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When observing and recording behavior,the observer:
A)can be the person engaging in the behavior
B)can be a person other than the person engaging in the behavior
C)must be present when the behavior occurs
D)all of these
Answer: D
Q2) When the process of recording a behavior causes the behavior to change,even before any treatment is implemented,it is called:
A)observer bias
B)observational influence
C)reactivity
D)recording error
Answer: C
Q3) A good behavioral definition of a behavior involves:
A)a label for the behavior
B)a description of what the person says and does
C)reference to the person's motivation
D)a statement of the intention of the person engaging in the behavior
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 2: A: Observing and Recording Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) A teacher records each instance of a student swearing in class.The teacher is recording which dimension of behavior?
A) latency
B) intensity
C) frequency
D) duration
Q2) Bernie recorded how long he studied each day.What dimension of behavior was he recording?
Q3) Which observation setting will provide the most representative sample of the target behavior?
A) analogue setting
B) manipulated setting
C) natural setting
D) controlled setting
Q4) Interobserver agreement involves an observer recording the person's behavior in another observation period to see if the behavior is the same.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 3: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a ______________ design,baseline and treatment conditions (or two treatment conditions)are conducted in rapid succession and compared with each other.
A)multiple baseline
B)alternating treatments
C)changing criterion
D)all of these
Q2) The _________ is a visual representation of the occurrence of behavior over time.
A)statistical analysis
B)graph
C)chart
D)table
Q3) In a __________________ design,the same behavior of the same subject is being recorded in baseline and treatment phases in two or more different settings,and treatment is staggered across the settings.
A)multiple baseline across settings
B)multiple baseline across behaviors
C)multiple settings
D)A-B-A-B
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Chapter 3: A: Graphing Behavior and Measuring Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a type of multiple-baseline design?
A) across-subjects
B) across- staff
C) across-time
D) all of these
Q2) Phase labels on a graph are typically put below the X axis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which research design does NOT control for the effect of confounding variables?
A) A-B
B) A-B-A-B
C) changing-criterion
D) multiple-baseline
Q4) In a multiple baseline across behaviors design,there is a baseline and treatment phase for __________ behavior(s)of __________ subject(s).
Q5) A-B designs are frequently used in behavior modification research.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Does the A-B design demonstrate a functional relationship? Why or why not?
Q7) In an A-B design,A= _________ and B= __________.
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Chapter 4: Reinforcement
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Q1) _______________ demonstrated the 'law of effect," one of the earliest demonstration of reinforcement.
A)Thorndike
B)Skinner
C)Pavlov
D)Watson
Q2) A student in a special education classroom receives a reinforcer (a token)after every five correct responses on her math worksheet.This is an example of what schedule of reinforcement?
A)CRF
B)FR
C)VR
D)FI
Q3) A behavior that is strengthened through the process of reinforcement is called (n)_______________.
A)conditioned response
B)unconditioned response
C)operant behavior
D)conditioned stimulus
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Page 9
Chapter 4: A: Reinforcement
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Sample Questions
Q1) An establishing operation is an event that makes a reinforcer more potent at a particular time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A schedule of reinforcement in which the reinforcer is delivered after X number of responses on the average is __________________.
Q3) Whenever Matt makes a 3 point shot,his basketball coach makes him run one less lap in practice.As a result Matt is more likely to hit 3 point shots.This is an example of:
A) the Premack Principle
B) respondent behavior
C) negative reinforcement
D) positive reinforcement
Q4) In behavior modification,reinforcement is defined by its effect on behavior.This is referred to as:
A) the Premack Principle
B) an operational definition
C) a functional definition
D) a unique relationship
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Chapter 5: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In extinction,what occurs following the behavior?
A)the reinforcer is withheld
B)the reinforcer is delivered
C)negative reinforcement occurs
D)the person is told to stop the behavior
Q2) When a behavior is decreased with extinction but later occurs again,the phenomenon is called:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)reinstatement
C)spontaneous renewal
D)reinforcement
Q3) When extinction occurs for a behavior that was continuously reinforced
A)the behavior decreases rapidly
B)the behavior decreases more gradually
C)the behavior does not decrease
D)the behavior increases
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11
Chapter 5: A: Extinction
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Sample Questions
Q1) In comparison with a behavior that has been intermittently reinforced,a behavior that has been continuously reinforced will ____________ when reinforcement is stopped.
A) decrease more rapidly
B) decrease at the same rate
C) decrease more slowly
D) remain at about the same level
Q2) ___________________________ is the name of the phenomenon that happens when the behavior occurs again in the future after it had been eliminated with extinction.
Q3) What are the two factors that influence extinction?
Q4) During an extinction burst,novel behaviors or emotional behaviors may occur. A)True B)False
Q5) In extinction,the __________________ is eliminated following the occurrence of the behavior.
Q6) Define spontaneous recovery following extinction.
Q7) Extinction and negative reinforcement both decrease a behavior.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 6: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an aversive stimulus is delivered after a behavior it _________ the behavior,and when an aversive stimulus is removed after a behavior it ______________ the behavior.
A)strengthens;weakens
B)increases;decreases
C)weakens;strengthens
D)none of these
Q2) While changing a light bulb,Martha stuck her finger in the light socket and got a shock.As a result,she never again put her finger in a light socket.This is an example of:
A)positive reinforcement
B)positive punishment
C)negative punishment
D)extinction
Q3) An abolishing operation:
A)makes a reinforcer less potent
B)makes a punisher less potent
C)is a type of motivating operation
D)all of these
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13
Chapter 6: A: Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In behavior modification,if a stimulus is presented following the behavior and it influences the future probability of the behavior,the process is either ____________ or
A) negative reinforcement ;negative punishment
B) positive reinforcement ;positive punishment
C) positive reinforcement ;negative reinforcement
D) positive punishment ;negative punishment
Q2) The difference between positive and negative punishment is whether the consequence of the behavior involves the or of a stimulus.
Q3) Punishment by withdrawal is another name for _______________ punishment.
Q4) If a behavior occurs and it is immediately followed by a consequence that makes the behavior less likely to occur in the future it is called:
A) negative reinforcement
B) extinction
C) punishment
D) none of these
Q5) Define punishment.
Q6) A is a consequence that follows a behavior,making the behavior less likely to occur in the future.
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Chapter 7: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) A behavior is more likely to occur when a specific antecedent stimulus is present.What principle does this describe?
A)stimulus control
B)situation control
C)situation awareness
D)all of these
Q2) You develop stimulus control through the process of ___________________________;
A)reinforcement
B)stimulus discrimination training
C)extinction
D)punishment
Q3) An antecedent stimulus that is present when the behavior is reinforced is a(n):
A)S-delta
B)reinforcer
C)discriminative stimulus
D)conditioned stimulus
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Page 15
Chapter 7: A: Stimulus Control: Discrimination and Generalization
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Q1) ___________ takes place when a behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are similar to the discriminative stimulus.
A) reinforcement
B) generalization
C) discrimination training
D) discrimination
Q2) A behavior is more likely to occur in the presence of stimuli that are more similar to the discriminative stimulus than it is in the presence of stimuli that are less similar to the discriminative stimulus.This is called a:
A) stimulus class
B) generalization gradient
C) cause-effect relationship
D) discrimination gradient
Q3) A stimulus that precedes a behavior is referred to as a(n)________________.
Q4) How is stimulus control developed?
Q5) The presence of a discriminative stimulus causes a behavior to occur.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the 2 steps involved in stimulus discrimination training?
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Chapter 8: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In higher order conditioning,the neutral stimulus is paired with a(n)______________.
A)US
B)CS
C)another neutral stimulus
D)2 USs at the same time
Q2) In which type of conditioning does the neutral stimulus precede the US and overlap with the US?
A)trace conditioning
B)delay conditioning
C)simultaneous conditioning
D)backward conditioning
Q3) Pavlov paired the sound of a metronome with meat powder in a dog's mouth.As a result,the dog started salivating to the sound of the metronome.Later,Pavlov presented the metronome without the meat powder.Eventually,the dog quit salivating when it heard the metronome.This is an example of:
A)spontaneous recovery
B)operant extinction
C)extinction of a conditioned response (respondent extinction)
D)resurgence
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Chapter 8: A: Respondent Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) CERs are always negative.
A)True
B)False
Q2) During spontaneous recovery,the magnitude of the CR is usually smaller than the magnitude of the CR that occurred prior to extinction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following can develop through the process of respondent conditioning?
A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) A and B
D) none of these
Q4) In which temporal relationship between the unconditioned stimulus and the neutral stimulus is the unconditioned stimulus presented after the neutral stimulus ends?
A) delay conditioning
B) simultaneous conditioning
C) trace conditioning
D) backward conditioning
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Page 18
Chapter 9: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does it mean to use differential reinforcement with a successive approximation?
A)reinforce the previous approximation and use extinction for the current approximation
B)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the previous approximation
C)reinforce the current approximation and use extinction for the next approximation
D)all of these
Q2) When you use extinction for the previous approximation during shaping,_______________ occurs and novel behaviors emerge.You then reinforce one of the novel behaviors that is a closer approximation to the target behavior.
A)a discriminative stimulus
B)spontaneous recovery
C)intermittent reinforcement
D)an extinction burst
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19
Chapter 9: A: Shaping
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Sample Questions
Q1) Shaping can be used to develop a behavior,reinstate a(n)______________ behavior or change some dimension of a(n)______________ behavior.
Q2) Jerry is a professional football player who injured his knee while running during a game.Jerry has had surgery and his knee is fully healed,but he is afraid to put pressure on it because he doesn't want to re-injure it.The trainer implements a plan in which he first differentially reinforces standing,then walking,then jogging,and finally running at full speed.This is an example of using shaping to:
A) reinstate a previous behavior
B) change a dimension of an existing behavior
C) generate a novel behavior
D) increase an existing behavior
Q3) Shaping involves reinforcement of a closer approximation and extinction of a previous approximation of a target behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People are often well aware of how shaping can develop problem behaviors.
A)True
B)False
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Page 20
Chapter 10: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Q1) An instructor puts her hands over the student's hands to help the student mold the clay as the clay is spinning on the wheel during a pottery class.What type of prompt is the instructor using?
A)verbal
B)gestural
C)modeling
D)physical
Q2) What is the gradual elimination of a prompt as the behavior continues to occur in the presence of the S<sup>D</sup>?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
Q3) In which procedure do you present the S<sup>D</sup>,wait a certain number of seconds,and then present the prompt if the correct response is not made?
A)prompting
B)fading
C)prompt delay
D)all of these
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Chapter 10: A: Prompting and Transfer of Stimulus Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once prompts have been faded,the behavior should be under the ___________ of the natural ___________.
Q2) Describe how you would use flash cards to learn psychology terms using prompting and fading.
Q3) In which of the following situations would it be appropriate to use prompting and transfer of stimulus control?
A) the person has not learned the behavior
B) the person has learned the behavior but refuses to do it
C) the person does not do the behavior in the correct situation
D) A and C
Q4) When using prompt delay,the period of time between the presentation of the discriminative stimulus and the prompt can be:
A) constant
B) progressive
C) increased
D) A and B
Q5) What is least-to-most prompting and fading?
Q6) ___________ prompts are least intrusive and ___________ prompts are most intrusive.
22
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Chapter 11: Chaining
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Q1) Which procedure is used to teach a person to engage in the sequence of behaviors involved in a stimulus-response chain?
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
Q2) You can conduct a task analysis by:
A)observing a competent person engaging in the task
B)asking an expert who performs the task well
C)performing the task yourself and recording each of the S<sup>D</sup>s and responses.
D)all of these
Q3) ________________ is a chaining procedure in which you use prompting and fading to teach the last behavior in the chain first.
A)forward chaining
B)backward chaining
C)total task presentation
D)all of these
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23
Chapter 11: A: Chaining
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Q1) In task analysis,the 1st step is to identify the discriminative stimulus associated with each behavior in the chain.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What needs to be considered before using total task presentation?
A) complexity of the task
B) ability of the teacher
C) ability of the learner
D) all of these
Q3) The difference between forward chaining and backward chaining is where you begin training.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ___________involves illustrations or photos of the outcome of each behavior in the task.
Q5) Backward chaining procedures are mostly used with individuals who have severe intellectual disabilities.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is a task analysis?
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Chapter 12: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Behavioral skills training consists of:
A)instructions,modeling,rehearsal,and feedback
B)instructions,prompting and fading
C)instructions,modeling,prompting,and feedback
D)instructions,modeling,prompting,and fading
Q2) When an assessment takes place in the natural environment and the learner is not aware that an assessment is taking place,it is called:
A)in situ assessment
B)undercover assessment
C)in place assessment
D)surreptitious assessment
Q3) When does in situ training take place?
A)before instructions and modeling
B)after instructions and modeling
C)immediately after a behavioral skills training session
D)when the learner fails to use the skills during and in situ assessment
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Chapter 12: A: Behavioral Skills Training Procedures
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Q1) Behavioral skills training procedures are used:
A) to teach new behaviors
B) when learners cannot imitate models
C) to eliminate problem behaviors
D) all of these
Q2) Which component of the behavioral skills training procedure is an antecedent strategy?
A) instructions
B) modeling
C) rehearsal
D) A and B
Q3) Which of the following is a component of the behavioral skills training procedure?
A) instructions and modeling
B) feedback
C) rehearsal
D) all of these
Q4) To be most effective,instructions should be general.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through
Functioning Assessments
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Q1) Missy engages in head banging when she has an earache and the pain of the earache is lessened.As a result,she is more likely to bang her head when she has an earache.This is an example of:
A)social positive reinforcement
B)social negative reinforcement
C)automatic positive reinforcement
D)automatic negative reinforcement
Q2) Directly observing the problem behavior and recording the antecedents and consequences as they occur is which functional assessment method?
A)indirect
B)direct observation
C)in situ assessment
D)experimental (functional analysis)
Q3) The process of identifying the antecedents and consequences of a problem behavior is called:
A)functional assessment
B)behavior recording
C)functional relationship
D)experimental control
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Chapter 13: A: Understanding Problem Behaviors Through Functioning Assessments
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Q1) A teacher is working with a child who frequently engages in fighting with other children on the playground.The teacher observes and records the events that immediately precede and follow the child's behavior of fighting.Which method of conducting a functional assessment is the teacher using?
A) functional analysis
B) direct observation
C) indirect methods
D) experimental manipulation
Q2) A psychologist is working with a child who is disruptive in the classroom.The psychologist interviews the child's teacher to learn more about the disruptive behavior and the events that immediately precede and follow the behavior.Which method of conducting a functional assessment is the psychologist using?
A) experimental manipulations
B) indirect methods
C) direct observation
D) ABC observation
Q3) Behavior is lawful.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Applying Extinction
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Q1) Describe the use of extinction for Willy's problem behavior:
A)When Willy engages in his problem behavior,staff should provide physical guidance to make him complete the task
B)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,staff should no longer provide physical guidance
C)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,staff should no longer argue with him.
D)When Willy engages in the problem behavior,continue to explain why he should engage in the requested behavior
Q2) When the behavior is positively reinforced,what happens after the behavior when you use extinction?
A)the person no longer gets the positive reinforcer following the behavior
B)the person no longer escapes from the aversive stimulus following the behavior
C)the person gets attention
D)the person gets escape
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29
Chapter 14: A: Applying Extinction
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Q1) When the problem behavior is maintained by a(n) schedule,extinction will be more rapid.
Q2) __________________________ is a procedure that involves removing the sensory reinforcer maintaining the target behavior in an attempt to decrease the target behavior.
Q3) If a target behavior is maintained by negative reinforcement,extinction involves __________________________ escape from the aversive stimulus when the problem behavior occurs.
Q4) A problem behavior will be more resistant to extinction when the behavior has been maintained on a(an)____________ reinforcement schedule.
A) intermittent
B) continuous C) concurrent D) negative
Q5) Define extinction and provide an example.
Q6) You conduct a(n)___________________________ to identify the reinforcer maintaining the problem behavior before using extinction.
Q7) To use extinction,you must eliminate the ___________ that is maintaining the problem behavior.
30
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Chapter 15: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) In ______________ the reinforcer is contingent on the absence of the problem behavior.
A)DRA
B)DNRA
C)DRL
D)DRO
Q2) In the example of Mrs.Williams in the book,staff used differential reinforcement to get her to make more positive comments.Describe the reinforcement and extinction components of DRA in this case.
A)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with attention.When she complained,they did not provide attention.
B)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted gave her a back rub.When she complained,they did not provide a back rub.
C)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff let her escape from a task she did not enjoy.When she complained,they required her to complete the task.
D)When Mrs.Williams made positive comments staff reacted with positive attention.When she complained,they reacted with negative attention.
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Chapter 15: A: Differential Reinforcement
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Q1) Provide an example of full session DRL.
Q2) The two principles involved in DRA are ___________ and ___________.
Q3) Jeff is a boy with autism who grabs and squeezes his face when the teacher asks him to complete a task.The teacher allows Jeff to leave the room when this occurs because he will stop hurting himself.After 5 minutes,Jeff usually returns to the classroom and completes at least some of the requested task.Describe how you would implement a DRA procedure to increase Jeff's completing schoolwork and decrease his self injurious behavior.
Q4) In order for differential reinforcement to be most effective,the desirable behavior should be reinforced:
A) immediately
B) intermittently
C) randomly
D) A and B
Q5) When identifying a reinforcer to use in a DRO procedure,one consequence event that will function as a reinforcer for the person is ___________.
Q6) In a DRO procedure,the reinforcer is contingent on ___________.
Q7) What is the difference between a whole interval DRO procedure and a momentary DRO procedure?
Page 32
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Chapter 16: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it more likely that she would go to bed at 11:00 (and not stay up too late),Melissa got up early and no longer took a nap after work.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
Q2) Which antecedent control procedure is illustrated in this example? To make it less likely he would eat holiday treats at the party,Nathan ate a big meal before the party.
A)present an AO
B)present an EO
C)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
D)present an S<sup>D</sup>
Q3) Which antecedent control procedure is used to evoke a desired behavior?
A)remove the S<sup>D</sup>
B)present an AO
C)present the S<sup>D</sup>
D)increase response effort
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Chapter 16: A: Antecedent Control Procedures
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT manipulated in antecedent control procedures?
A) reinforcers
B) response effort
C) discriminative stimuli
D) establishing operations
Q2) How are extinction,differential reinforcement and antecedent manipulations functional?
Q3) Antecedent control procedures involve a change in the ___________ that evoke the occurrence of a problem behavior or the occurrence of competing behaviors to replace the problem behavior.
Q4) Antecedent control procedures are used when:
A) the goal is to increase a desirable behavior
B) the goal is to decrease competing behaviors
C) a behavior is already in the person's repertoire
D) all of these
Q5) Antecedent control procedures are rarely used in combination with other procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Increasing response effort will make a behavior ____________ likely to occur.
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Chapter 17: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
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Q1) Time-out is short for:
A)time-out from positive reinforcement
B)time-out for problem reduction
C)time-out punishment
D)time-out is not short for anything
Q2) Johnny hit his sister while they were playing and as a result,his mother made him sit in a chair in the guest bedroom by himself for 5 minutes.What procedure is illustrated in this example?
A)exclusionary time-out
B)nonexclusionary time-out
C)response cost
D)extinction
Q3) In which type of time-out does the child remain in the room while being removed from access to positive reinforcers?
A)removal time-out
B)exclusionary time-out
C)nonexclusionary time-out
D)sit-in-place time-out
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Chapter 17: A: Using Punishment: Time-Out and Response
Cost
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Sample Questions
Q1) In response cost,the reinforcer that is lost is sometimes returned to the child after a period of time.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define response cost.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a consideration in the use of time-out?
A) is time-out practical in the circumstances?
B) can interactions be maintained throughout the time-out period?
C) can escape be prevented?
D) is it safe to use time-out?
Q4) Sitting down and talking with a child to prevent escape from time-out is acceptable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Taking away a child's dessert is an appropriate loss of a reinforcer in a response cost procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe exclusionary time-out.
36
Q7) When should punishment procedures be considered?
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Chapter 18: Positive Punishment Procedures and the Ethics of
Punishment
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Q1) What is the SIBIS procedure?
A)an automated behavior recording procedure
B)an apparatus that uses shock to treat self-injurious behavior
C)a procedure that uses noise to decrease habit behaviors
D)a type of self-injurious behavior
Q2) In a ______________ procedure,when the person engages in a problem behavior in response to a demand,the person is guided physically through the requested activity (such as an educational task).
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)guided compliance
Q3) In the _________________ procedure,the client is made to engage in some form of physical exercise contingent on an instance of the problem behavior
A)contingent exercise
B)positive practice
C)restitution
D)response cost
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Chapter 18: A: Positive Punishment Procedures and the
Ethics of Punishment
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is compliance negatively reinforced in a guided compliance procedure?
Q2) Positive punishment procedures are being used more and more often.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Erica tends to rush through her arithmetic problems on her homework assignments and ends up making numerous errors.How could Erica's teacher implement a positive practice procedure to decrease math errors?
Q4) Greg shows up late for football practice,and has to run five laps around the field.As a result,Greg no longer shows up late for practice.Which punishment procedure requires the individual to engage in physical exercise following the occurrence of the problem behavior?
A) guided exercise
B) contingent practice
C) restitution
D) contingent exercise
Q5) Punishment by ___________ involves the delivery of an aversive stimulus following the problem behavior.
38
Q6) In the positive practice procedure,the client has to engage in ___________.
Q7) Application of aversive activities is based on what principle? ___________
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Chapter 19: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) In behavior modification,????????????????????_______________ is defined as the occurrence of the behavior in the presence of all relevant stimuli outside the training situation.
A)discrimination
B)reinforcement
C)generalization
D)discrimination training
Q2) After teaching parenting classes to parents with disabilities,Joel then asks each parent to praise the other parent when the parent uses a parenting skill successfully.What strategy to promote generalization is illustrated in this example?
A)Reinforcing occurrences of generalization
B)Training skills that contact natural contingencies of reinforcement
C)Modifying contingencies of reinforcement and punishment in the natural environment
D)Incorporating a wide range of relevant stimulus situations in training
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Chapter 19: A: Promoting Generalization
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Q1) Which of the following is true concerning generalization?
A) behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the discriminative stimulus
B) a class of stimuli develops stimulus control over the behavior
C) behavior occurs in the presence of relevant stimuli outside the training situation
D) all of these
Q2) Different responses that achieve the same outcome are called ___________.
Q3) Improvement in functioning following treatment for a problem behavior is defined in what 3 ways?
Q4) When an intervention consists only of an extinction or punishment procedure,a generalized reduction in the problem is unlikely to occur.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a functionally equivalent response for the behavior of screaming to get a teacher's attention? ___________
Q6) You are training an adolescent with an intellectual disability how to use soft drink machines.What are some relevant stimulus situations you can incorporate into the training sessions?
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Chapter 20: Self-Management
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Q1) When a person uses behavior modification procedures to change his or her own behavior,the process is called _____________________.
A)applied behavior analysis
B)self-behavior modification
C)self-management
D)self-directed behavior modification
Q2) The following is a type of self-management strategy.
A)goal-setting and self-monitoring
B)antecedent manipulations
C)behavioral contracting
D)all of these
Q3) What does it mean to short circuit the contingencies in a self-management plan?
A)providing a reinforcer even when a target behavior does not occur
B)failing to provide a punisher for a behavior when it should have been delivered
C)failing to implement contingencies as written in a self-management plan.
D)all of these
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Chapter 20: A: Self-Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) The use of consequence manipulations to increase a target behavior involves all of the following except:
A) providing reinforcers for alternative behavior
B) eliminating reinforcers for alternative behavior
C) providing reinforcers for the target behavior
D) eliminating punishers for the target behavior
Q2) Self-management problems often involve a conflict between:
A) positive and negative reinforcement
B) operant and respondent conditioning
C) positive and negative punishment
D) short-term and long-term contingencies
Q3) The goal of self-management strategies is to decrease __________ and to increase __________.
A) controlling behavior;controlled behavior
B) excess behavior;deficit behavior
C) negative reinforcement;positive reinforcement
D) respondent behavior;operant behavior
Q4) What are 2 reasons why a behavioral deficit would fail to occur even though the future outcome of the behavior is positive?
Q5) What are the short term and long term contingencies for overeating?
Page 42
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Chapter 21: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a type of habit behavior?
A)nervous habit
B)motor tic
C)stuttering
D)all of these
Q2) Nail biting,hair twirling or pulling,knuckle cracking,and thumb sucking are all examples of _____________.
A)nervous habits
B)motor tics
C)nervous tics
D)habit reversal
Q3) After learning to identify each occurrence of the habit,the client learns an incompatible behavior and practices this behavior in session after each occurrence of the habit.Which habit reversal component is this?
A)motivation strategy
B)awareness training
C)competing response training
D)social support
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Chapter 21: A: Habit Reversal Procedures
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Sample Questions
Q1) Awareness training and the use of a competing response are most responsible for the habit reversal procedure's effectiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A habit behavior becomes a habit disorder when:
A) the individual has no control over the behavior
B) the behavior is distressing to the individual
C) the frequency of the behavior is extreme
D) B and C
Q3) Which type of habit behavior is NOT related to heightened muscle tension?
A) stuttering
B) motor tics
C) nervous habits
D) none of these
Q4) Habit behaviors do not usually interfere with the social functioning of the individual.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Tourette's disorder is diagnosed when ________________ and ________________ tics occur.
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Chapter 22: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a token economy,a _______________ must be something tangible that can be delivered after each instance of the desirable behavior.
A)reinforcer
B)back-up reinforcer
C)token
D)contract
Q2) What is true regarding the use of response cost in a token economy?
A)response cost is always used
B)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy starts with response cost
C)response cost is not always used but when it is,the token economy gets established and then response cost is added
D)response cost is not used in a token economy
Q3) Which of the following would not be a good item to use as a token in a token economy with elementary students?
A)pennies
B)hole punches in a card made with a uniquely shaped hole punch
C)smiley face stickers
D)all of these
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Chapter 22: A: The Token Economy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why wouldn't the use of pencils in a school setting be an acceptable item for a token?
Q2) In a response cost component of a token economy,a token is ____________________ after the occurrence of an undesirable target behavior.
Q3) What is the purpose of a token economy?
Q4) Which of the following is true concerning backup reinforcers?
A) they may include activity reinforcers and privileges
B) they cannot involve things that an individual has a basic right to access
C) they should only include one or two powerfully reinforcing items
D) A and B
Q5) Which of the following components is NOT always used in a token economy?
A) implementing response cost
B) determining the reinforcement schedule
C) establishing the token exchange rate
D) identifying backup reinforcers
Q6) In a token economy,a(n)__________________ is delivered immediately after the occurrence of a desirable target behavior.
Q7) Tokens are _______________ reinforcers.
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Q8) Provide 3 examples of items that can be used as tokens.________________
Chapter 23: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do behavioral contracts work?
A)behavioral consequences
B)public commitment
C)rule-governed behavior
D)all of these
Q2) In a __________________ contract,one person seeks to change a target behavior and arranges reinforcement or punishment contingencies with a contract manager,who implements the contingencies.
A)two party
B)quid pro quo
C)one party
D)parallel
Q3) An acceptable method for measuring the target behavior in a behavioral contract is:
A)permanent product
B)automated recording
C)direct observation by the contract manager or an agreed-upon third party.
D)all of these
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Chapter 23: A: Behavioral Contracts
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bob's doctor wants him to increase the amount of exercise that he gets.They write an agreement stating the level of exercise Bob will get each week,and the consequences for meeting and not meeting the goal.Which behavior modification procedure is being used?
A) token economy
B) shaping
C) behavioral skills training
D) behavioral contract
Q2) A quid pro quo contract is an example of a two party contract.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define a one party contract.
Q4) What is another name for a behavioral contract?
A) participant contract
B) modification contract
C) contingency contract
D) agreement contract
Q5) Quid pro quo and parallel contracts are two types of
contracts.
Q6) Define a two party contract.
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Chapter 24: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) ________________ produces relaxation by directing attention to a neutral or pleasant stimulus to remove the person's attention from the anxiety-producing stimulus.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q2) In __________________,the person breathes deeply in a slow,rhythmic fashion to produce relaxation.
A)progressive muscle relaxation
B)diaphragmatic breathing
C)attention-focusing exercises
D)behavioral relaxation training
Q3) In _______________,the person with a phobia practices relaxation while imagining scenes of the fear-producing stimulus.
A)in vivo desensitization
B)systematic desensitization
C)flooding
D)all of these
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Chapter 24: A: Fear and Anxiety Reduction Procedures
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Q1) PMR must be done with a trained therapist.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which relaxation procedure involves teaching an individual to systematically tense and relax each major muscle group in the body until a relaxed state has been achieved?
A) diaphragmatic breathing
B) in vivo desensitization
C) attention-focusing exercises
D) progressive muscle relaxation
Q3) Relaxation training procedures are used to:
A) produce bodily responses similar to autonomic arousal
B) decrease autonomic arousal
C) enhance autonomic arousal
D) A and C
Q4) Which of the following is NOT true concerning fear?
A) respondent behavior is a component of fear
B) operant behavior is a component of fear
C) it is not always known how the fear developed
D) it must be known how the fear was conditioned to overcome the fear
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Chapter 25: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) _______________ procedures are designed to replace specific maladaptive cognitive behaviors with more adaptive ones.
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q2) ___________________ procedures are designed to teach new cognitive behaviors that are then used to promote other desirable behaviors
A)cognitive behavior
B)cognitive coping skills training
C)cognitive restructuring
D)all of these
Q3) The occurrence of cognitive behavior can influence other behaviors.Which of the following is a function that cognitive behavior can serve?
A)CS
B)MO
C)reinforcer
D)all of these
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Chapter 25: A: Cognitive Behavior Modifications
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Q1) Provide 2 examples of cognitive behavior.________________
Q2) What is involved in cognitive behavior modification procedures used to treat depression?
A) getting the individual to engage in fewer activities
B) teaching the person to use cognitive distortions
C) helping the individual change distorted thinking
D) A and B
Q3) Cognitive behavior modification for depression involves first getting the person to engage in more ________________.
Q4) Amy is seeing a psychologist because she has distressing thoughts that lead to anxiety.The psychologist helps Amy to identify the distressing thoughts and the emotional response that follows,and to get rid of the distressing thoughts.Which cognitive behavior modification procedure is being used?
A) cognitive restructuring
B) problem-solving therapy
C) cognitive coping skills training
D) self-monitoring
Q5) What is involved in cognitive coping skills training?
Q6) Provide 3 examples of "cognitive distortions."
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