Psychological Assessment
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Psychological Assessment is a comprehensive course that introduces students to the fundamental theories, principles, and practices involved in evaluating individual differences in behavior, personality, intelligence, and mental health. The course explores the development, administration, scoring, and interpretation of a variety of standardized tests and assessment tools, including cognitive, neuropsychological, and personality measures. Students will gain an understanding of the ethical, legal, and cultural considerations relevant to psychological testing, alongside the skills necessary to critique and select appropriate assessment instruments. Emphasis is placed on practical application, case conceptualization, and the integration of assessment data in diverse clinical, educational, and organizational settings.
Recommended Textbook
The Personality Puzzle 6th Edition by David C. Funder
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Chapter 1: The Study of the Person
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Q1) Personality psychologists adhering to the ________ approach focus on psychic energy, the workings of the unconscious mind, and the nature and resolution of internal mental conflict.
A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) cognitive
D) phenomenological
Answer: A
Q2) Jeff suspects that his roommate's sexist jokes may indicate that his roommate has some hidden, unconscious hostility toward women or that he feels very insecure around women. Jeff's analysis suggests a ________ approach to personality.
A) psychoanalytic
B) trait
C) phenomenological
D) behaviorist
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Clues to Personality: the Basic Sources of Data
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Q1) According to the textbook, daily diary reports can be considered ________ data.
A) L
B) I
C) S
D) B
Answer: D
Q2) The main disadvantage of using L data is that ________.
A) they may be affected by too many factors to tell us much about a person
B) they are descriptions based on hundreds of behaviors in many situations
C) informants may be biased about the person they are judging D) longitudinal data are often very expensive to collect
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following is an example of L data?
A) a description of Terry's personality provided by her mother
B) an observer's count of the number of times Terry laughs during a videotaped laboratory interaction
C) the number of times Terry has been hospitalized
D) Terry's response of "True" to the questionnaire item "I enjoy interacting with other people"
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Personality Psychology As Science: Research Methods
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Q1) A researcher computes a correlation coefficient between variables X and Y using a handheld calculator. Which of the following values would automatically tell the researcher that he or she made a mistake?
A) 2.50
B) 0.75
C) 0
D) -0.98
Answer: A
Q2) Dr. Jones uses a wide range of manipulations to frustrate his participants. He then measures aggression by counting the number of times a research participant hits an inflatable "Bobo doll." If this is the only way Dr. Jones measures aggression, the results of his studies may lack ________.
A) generalizability over stimuli
B) generalizability over responses
C) predictive validity
D) stimulus reliability
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Personality Traits, Situations, and Behavior
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Q1) The person-situation debate reflects deep-seated views about human nature.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain the issues that are involved in judging the size of the correlation coefficient of .40.
Q3) The ultimate criterion for judging a measure of personality is whether it ________.
A) is reliable
B) is internally consistent
C) predicts behavior
D) has content validity
Q4) Which of the following psychologists is often credited with starting the person-situation debate?
A) Gordon Allport
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Walter Mischel
D) Henry Murray
Q5) People low in agreeableness tend to have greater risks to their cardiac health.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Personality Assessment I: Personality Testing
and Its Consequences
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Q1) Someone who is unconcerned with item content is most likely using the empirical method.
A)True
B)False
Q2) According to the text, the last step in a factor analysis is to ________.
A) calculate correlation coefficients between all item pairs
B) administer the items to a new sample
C) find new criterion groups
D) name the factors
Q3) The "Big Five" are ________.
A) the five key steps in the process of factor analysis
B) steps in the construction of rational tests
C) factor analytically derived dimensions of personality
D) the primary methods of test construction used by personality psychologists
Q4) Most rationally constructed scales fail at least one or more of the criteria for valid S assessment.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
Q5) What are some objections to personality testing? Which of these concerns are valid and which might be overstated or naïve?
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Chapter 6: Personality Assessment Ii: Personality Judgment in
Daily Life
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Q1) According to the text, ________ describes a context where social norms tend to restrict what people do.
A) a weak situation
B) a socially constrained situation
C) a strong situation
D) situationism
Q2) Julie does not like to attend parties because she is shy and convinced that people will not like her. When Julie does go to a party, she avoids eye contact, gives abrupt responses to other people's questions, and quickly withdraws from interactions. As a result, she spends most of the evening in a corner by herself, convinced that no one at the party likes her. This is an example of ________.
A) the causal force of I data
B) expectancy effects
C) the effects of low self-monitoring
D) an internal locus of control
Q3) What is a moderator variable? Identify the four moderators of accuracy detailed in the text, and provide clear examples for each moderator.
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Chapter 7: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior
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Q1) The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________.
A) general patterns that emerge
B) exact value of the correlations
C) wording of specific items
D) smallest correlation
Q2) Studies using the Q-set suggest that ego overcontrol might be a risk factor for depression in males but not females.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Hospitalized mental patients tend to get low scores on the self-monitoring scale.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the text, tests of conscientiousness seem to predict ________ better than they predict ________.
A) employee thefts; supervisors' ratings of job performance
B) job satisfaction; employee thefts
C) supervisors' ratings of job performance; employee thefts
D) criminal behavior; job behavior
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Chapter 8: The Anatomy and Physiology of Personality
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Q1) Which hormone has been associated with levels of stable extraversion?
A) dopamine
B) testosterone
C) oxytocin
D) serotonin
Q2) Which brain structure seems to play an important role in memory?
A) basal ganglia
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus
Q3) The ancient Romans believed that someone with an excess of blood tended to be cheerful, ruddy, and robust.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with the reward deficiency hypothesis.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe Eysenck's original theory for the biological basis of extraversion. How much empirical support is there for this theory?
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Chapter 9: The Inheritance of Personality: Behavioral
Genetics and Evolutionary Theory
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Q1) What book marked the beginning of evolutionary thinking?
A) Lorenz's On Aggression
B) Wilson's Sociobiology
C) Pinker's How the Mind Works
D) Darwin's Origin of Species
Q2) There is a reasonable evolutionary explanation for the finding that men are quick to conclude that women are sexually interested in them even when they are not.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the correct formula for calculating heritability?
A) 2 (rMZ - rDZ)
B) 2 - (rMZ - rDZ)
C) 2 + (rMZ - rDZ)
D) 2 (rDZ - rMZ)
Q4) According to evolutionary explanations of mate selection, women and men seek essentially the same thing from a mating partner-an increased likelihood that the partner is physically attractive.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Basics of Psychoanalysis
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Q1) According to the textbook, the result of the compromise between the id, the ego, and the superego is what ________.
A) the person unconsciously believes
B) the person wishes to happen
C) causes extreme depression
D) the person consciously thinks and how he or she behaves
Q2) The superego's main function is to mediate between the id's impulses and the ego's sense of morality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Freud, individuals focus on enhancing society during the ________ stage.
A) latancy
B) genital
C) Oedipal
D) phallic
Q4) Criticisms of psychoanalysis often involve personal assaults on Freud's ethics and personal life.
A)True
B)False
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Workings of the Unconscious Mind:
Defenses and Slips
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Q1) Tim is angry with his mother, but instead of directing his aggression toward her, he kicks his small dog Rocky. This is an example of ________.
A) rationalization
B) intellectualization
C) reaction formation
D) displacement
Q2) A mental "slip" caused by fatigue is just an accident, according to Freud.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The primary result of psychic conflict is ________.
A) depression
B) aggression
C) anxiety
D) immorality
Q4) One criticism of psychoanalytic theory is that it ________.
A) it is not very intellectually stimulating or creative
B) relies too heavily on evidence from case studies
C) it cannot be applied to daily life
D) ultimately asks questions that are not worth examining
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Chapter 12: Psychoanalysis After Freud: Neo-Freudians, Object Relations,
and Current Research
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Q1) According to Melanie Klein, the ________ position refers to a child's desire to destroy the bad parts of an object because he or she fears being destroyed by them.
A) depressive
B) destructive
C) psychotic
D) paranoid
Q2) Adler was interested in neurotic needs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the three types of attachment in children?
A) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, dependant
B) anxious-ambivalent, avoidant, secure
C) anxious-ambivalent, dependant, secure
D) avoidant, dependent, secure
Q4) Horney's major deviation from traditional Freudian ideas was her ________.
A) emphasis on anxiety
B) view of penis envy
C) ideas about the development of neurotic needs
D) link between adult functioning and childhood struggles
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Chapter 13: Experience, Existence, and the Meaning of Life:
Humanistic and Positive Psychology
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Q1) The humanist psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow took basic existential assumptions and added the assumption that ________.
A) people are good and have an innate need to make themselves and the world better
B) to know a person, it is essential to understand his or her phenomenology
C) only humans, as opposed to other animals, have an awareness of their own mortality
D) people are essentially childlike and have an innate tendency toward selfishness and impulsivity
Q2) George Kelly's personal construct theory emphasizes that individuals ________.
A) construct reality through neurotic distortions
B) build an authentic existence through the acceptance of personal responsibility
C) construct a hierarchy of needs that motivates behavior
D) build the experience of reality through unique sets of ideas about the world
Q3) Nirvana leads to a pleasant albeit selfless state.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Cultural Variation in Experience, Behavior, and Personality
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Q1) Studies of cross-cultural gender differences in the Big Five tend to find that
A) few Big Five gender differences replicate across societies
B) the size and direction of gender differences on these traits are the same in all societies
C) although the direction of gender differences is similar, the size of the gender differences is larger in more-developed societies than in less-developed societies
D) the direction and size of gender differences on these traits fluctuate widely across societies
Q2) Members of different kinds of cultures may experience emotions differently. People in ________ countries report more self-focused emotions, whereas people in ________ countries are more likely to report other-focused emotions.
A) emic; etic
B) complex; simple
C) tight; loose
D) individualistic; collectivist
Q3) What are the reasons why cultural differences in personality might be exaggerated?
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Chapter 15: Learning to Be a Person: Behaviorism and Social Learning Theories
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Q1) According to Dollard and Miller, in order for a reward to be reinforcing and produce behavior change, the reward must ________.
A) increase the expectancy value of the behavior
B) change the habit hierarchy
C) satisfy a drive
D) produce physiological tension
Q2) Most people use punishment effectively.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Freedom to select situations is an important corollary of behaviorist principles.
A)True
B)False
Q4) When a new mobile is first hung over baby Jessica's crib, she looks at it frequently, but after several weeks pass she hardly notices it. Jessica has become ________ to the mobile.
A) classically conditioned
B) operantly conditioned
C) habituated
D) counterconditioned
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Chapter 16: Personality Processes: Perception, Thought,
Motivation, and Emotion
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Q1) Explain Dweck's motivational theory. According to this model, how do implicit theories of intelligence and ability shape goals and responses to failure in achievement domains? How might teachers or parents use this model to help children succeed in school?
Q2) A need for ________ is NOT one of the primary goals proposed by David McClelland.
A) achievement
B) autonomy
C) affiliation
D) power
Q3) People can talk much more easily about explicit goals than implicit goals.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the two basic dimensions of the emotional circumplex model proposed by Averill?
A) aroused-unaroused and negative-positive
B) agency-communion and negative-positive
C) strong-weak and aroused-unaroused
D) aroused-unaroused and agency-communion
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Chapter
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Q1) What state government set up a task force to enhance the self-esteem of its residents?
A) Texas
B) Massachusetts
C) California
D) Oregon
Q2) Behavioral consistency is positively associated with ________ in American culture, whereas behavior consistency is ________ in Korean culture.
A) personality disorders; associated with mental health
B) mental health; associated with personality disorders
C) mental health; positively associated with cognitive ability
D) mental health; not necessarily associated with mental health
Q3) Different observers of a target individual's personality tend not to agree as well in their descriptions when using samples collected in Korea as compared to samples from the United States.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Disorders of Personality
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Q1) According to the text, which therapy has sometimes been effective for treating borderline personality disorder?
A) object relations-based psychotherapy
B) dialectical behavioral therapy
C) cognitive objective therapy
D) progressive desensitization therapy
Q2) Which of the maladaptive personality traits proposed for the DSM-V bears the closest resemblance to low conscientiousness in the Big Five?
A) psychoticism
B) antagonism
C) disinhibition
D) urgency
Q3) Personality disorders appear on which axis of the DSM?
A) Axis I
B) Axis II
C) Axis III
D) Axis IV
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Chapter 19: Conclusion: Looking Back and Looking Ahead
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Q1) The ________ approach focuses on rewards and punishment and how behavior is a function of the situation.
A) trait
B) biological C) humanistic D) learning
Q2) All of the personality approaches are both right and wrong in some respects. A)True
B)False
Q3) The ________ approach emphasizes perception, motivations, and the self. A) cognitive B) biological
C) trait
D) cross-cultural
Q4) Each personality paradigm effectively addresses its own key concerns ________. A) and has corresponding therapeutic interventions that will change behavior B) as well as the concerns of the other paradigms C) and attempts to explain the functioning of the unconscious D) but tends to ignore pretty much everything else
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