Psychological Anthropology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Psychological Anthropology explores the intersection of culture and individual psychology, investigating how cultural contexts shape mental processes, emotions, self-concept, and behavior. The course examines diverse cultural theories of mind, cognitive development, personality, and mental health, drawing on ethnographic case studies and cross-cultural research. Students analyze the ways in which cultural environments influence perception, motivation, identity formation, and psychosocial adaptation, as well as how psychological processes contribute to the maintenance and transformation of cultural systems. Through critical engagement with both anthropological and psychological approaches, the course encourages nuanced understanding of human experience in global and intercultural contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Culture and Psychology 6th Edition by David Matsumoto
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Page 2
Chapter 1: An Introduction to Culture and Psychology
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Q1) In the context of culture and race,which of the following statements is true?
A)Intelligence is determined by a person's race.
B)Race is a social construction.
C)People of different cultures have similar definitions of race.
D)Race and culture are interchangeable terms.
Answer: B
Q2) Hofstede's value dimension of _____ refers to the degree to which people feel threatened by the unknown or ambiguous situations,and have developed beliefs,institutions,or rituals to evade them.
A)power distance
B)masculinity versus femininity
C)individualism
D)uncertainty avoidance
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is NOT part of Hofstede's value dimensions?
A)Individualism versus collectivism
B)Masculinity versus femininity
C)Power distance
D)Personality
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cross-Cultural Research Methods
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Q1) A systematic tendency to respond in a certain way to items or scales is referred to as a:
A)systematic equivalence.
B)contextual response.
C)response bias.
D)structural bias.
Answer: C
Q2) In the context of mistaken interpretations in cross-cultural comparison studies,_____ occur when researchers infer that something cultural produced the differences they observed in their study,despite the fact that they may not be empirically justified in doing so because they did not actually measure those cultural factors.
A)interpretation errors
B)Empirical justifications
C)cultural attribution fallacies
D)cultural barriers
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Enculturation
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Q1) As identified by Baumrind (1971)in his three general patterns of parenting,_____ allow children to regulate their own lives and provide few firm guidelines.
A)authoritarian parents
B)authoritative parents
C)uninvolved parents
D)permissive parents
Answer: D
Q2) In the context of expectation of competencies in children,despite similarities in the overall goals of development,cultures exhibit a tremendous degree of variability in its content.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Parental cultural belief systems are also known as:
A)parental ethnotheories.
B)parental psychoanalysis.
C)developmental parental constructs.
D)dominative parental constructs.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Culture and Developmental Processes
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Q1) In the context of cross-cultural studies on temperament,which of the following is a finding of the study conducted by Freedman (1974)?
A) The European American babies were more placid than the Chinese American babies.
B) The Chinese American babies were calmer than the European American babies.
C) The African American babies were calmer than the Chinese American babies.
D) The Chinese American babies were less placid than the African American babies.
Q2) According to Thomas and Chess (1977),what are the three major categories of temperament?
A)Easy,difficult,and slow-to-warm-up
B)Active,passive,and moderate
C)Complacent,irritable,and clingy
D)Secure,ambivalent,and avoidant
Q3) According to Turiel and his colleagues,which of the following is true of moral rules?
A) They are based on the preferences of a specific person.
B) They are based on agreed-upon norms by a group of people.
C) They are changeable and apply to certain groups.
D) They are based on values,such as the safety of all humans.
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Chapter 5: Culture, Self, and Identity
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Q1) _____ refers to the ways by which we bolster our self-esteem.
A)Self-effacement
B)Self-deprecation
C)Self-enhancement
D)Idealized self-appraisal
Q2) The _____ suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities,we are aware of the fact that we will die eventually and are terrified of that inevitable death.
A)terror management theory
B)interdependent self-construal theory
C)inevitability theory
D)mortality theory
Q3) In the context of the dynamic nature of the concept of self,which of the following statements is true?
A)Self-concepts are not specific to context.
B)Self-concepts are multifaceted.
C)Self-concepts assume that people have and embrace a single aspect of oneself.
D)Differences in self-concepts occur because different cultures have the same rules of living.
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Chapter 6: Culture and Personality
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Q1) Terraciano and colleagues (2005)suggested that one of the functions of stereotypes about other groups is to affirm,or reaffirm,the perceptions,and often the self-worth,of one's own group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the context of the five-factor model,which of the following is a subtrait of openness?
A)Warmth
B)Deliberation
C)Fantasy
D)Altruism
Q3) According to Yamaguchi (2001),in _____,the self acts as an agent,and individuals feel themselves to be more self-efficacious when their agency is made explicit,leading to greater feelings of autonomy and efficacy.
A)direct control
B)indirect control
C)proxy control
D)collective control
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8
Chapter 7: Culture and Gender
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Q1) Which of the following is a model that suggests that biological differences between the sexes interact with the environment to produce culture-specific sex roles that are adaptations to the environment?
A)Biodiversity model
B)Biochemical model
C)Biophysical model
D)Biosocial model
Q2) The term_____ is used to describe the behaviors that men and women may engage in that are directly related to their biological differences and the process of reproduction.
A)gender roles
B)sexual orientation
C)gender identity
D)sex roles
Q3) According to Inglehart (1998),homosexuality is generally more accepted in cultures that are industrialized,capitalistic,and affluent.
A)True
B)False
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9
Chapter 8: Culture and Cognition
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Q1) In the context of human thinking,_____ is a method used to determine if one stimulus affects another.
A)regression testing
B)screening
C)stimulus testing
D)priming
Q2) Which theory suggests that we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance?
A)Dimensional space theory
B)Front extension theory
C)Vertical extension theory
D)Front-horizontal foreshortening theory
Q3) Problem solving refers to the process by which we attempt to discover ways of achieving goals that do not seem readily attainable.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Culture and Emotion
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Q1) Which of the following terms was coined by Levy (1973)to refer to cultures that create many words to differentiate many different emotional states?
A)Precognition
B)Hypercognition
C)Hypocognition
D)Metacognition
Q2) Identify a true statement about cultural display rules in humans.
A)They are biologically based and genetically coded rules that dictate human behavior.
B)They refer to a system of rules governing how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
C)They dictate how the universal emotional expressions should be modified according to the social situation.
D)They refer to front-end cultural influences on the core emotion system.
Q3) One important aspect of basic emotions is that they are universally expressed,but they are not universally recognized.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Culture, Language, and Communication
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Q1) Which of the following is a difference between high-context cultures and low-context cultures?
A)High-context cultures minimize the effects of context,while low-context cultures enhances the effects of context.
B)High-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed indirectly in context,while low-context cultures contain messages that are conveyed primarily and directly in verbal languages.
C)Communication in high-context cultures uses specific forms of honorific speech,while communication in low-context cultures does not use any form of honorific speech.
D)High-context cultures influence lexicons in languages,while low-context cultures influence pragmatics in languages.
Q2) Pragmatics refers to the system of rules governing:
A)how language is used and understood in given social contexts.
B)the arrangement of words.
C)how words should sound in a given language.
D)word forms and how words should be strung together to form meaningful utterances.
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Chapter 11: Culture and Health
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Q1) There seems to be a positive correlation between the wealth of a country and the average life expectancy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In China,the concept of health,based on Chinese religion and philosophy,focuses on the principles of yin and yang,which represent _____,respectively.
A)negative and positive energies
B)positive and negative energies
C)dissenting and consenting synergies
D)consenting and dissenting synergies
Q3) According to the findings of Matsumoto and Fletcher (1996)on the relationship between the four cultural dimensions and incidence of diseases,higher power distance was equated with:
A)higher rates of infections and parasitic diseases.
B)higher rates of malignant neoplasms and heart disease.
C)lower rates of infections and parasitic diseases.
D)lower rates of cerebrovascular disease and respiratory disease.
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Chapter 12: Culture and Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to Pfeiffer (1982),which of the following is a dimension for understanding how culture syndromes of distress emerge?
A)Cultural-specific areas of stress
B)Cultural decoding rules
C)Cultural idioms of distress
D)Cultural display rules
Q2) A view of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)that focuses on the neurobiological component of the disorder cites evidence of _____ in the brain as a primary cause of the ADHD symptoms.
A)physical imbalances
B)chemical imbalances
C)structural imbalances
D)electrical imbalances
Q3) With regard to children,the _____ measure is used to assess both internalizing behaviors and externalizing behaviors.
A)Child and Adolescent Behavior Scale (CABS)
B)Youth Measurement of Behavior (YMB)
C)Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)
D)Children's Behavior Scale (CBS)
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Culture and Treatment for Psychological Disorders
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Q1) In traditional psychotherapy,individuals are discouraged to arrive at insights into their own behavioral and thought patterns underlying the mental illness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An extensive body of literature by researchers and practitioners has evolved to address the traditional exclusion of cultural and minority groups in the fields of counseling and clinical psychology.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Leong and Lau (2001),the _____ population tends to be the least likely to seek treatment.
A)African American
B)Latino
C)Native American
D)Asian American
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Culture and Social Behavior
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Q1) Which of the following best describes a concept?
A)It is a mental category we use to classify events,objects,situations,behaviors,and people with respect to what we perceive as common properties.
B)It is a context dependent perceptual process that focuses on the relationships between objects and their contexts.
C)It is a term denoting all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge.
D)It is an apparent perception of something that is tactile in nature.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true of the findings of the study conducted by Allik and Realo (2004)on the relationship between individualism and social capital in United States and 42 cultures around the world?
A)Individualistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
B)Collectivistic nations were associated with greater social capital.
C)Individualistic nations did not trust people belonging to other nations.
D)Collectivistic nations trusted people belonging to other nations.
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Chapter 15: Culture and Organizations
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Q1) In the study of consumer behavior,the role of emotion in consumer decision making has gained importance in recent years.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Bagozzi,Werbeke,and Gavino (2003)showed that while shame produced _____ in Filipino employees,it produced _____ in Dutch employees.
A) discouragement;competitiveness
B) affliction;delight
C) positive effects;negative effects
D) negative effects;positive effects
Q3) According to Hofstede,cultures with long-term orientations are based on the principle that:
A) unequal status relationships cause imbalance in the society.
B) unequal status relationships lead to a stable society.
C) there should be greater distinction between business and family lives.
D) the focus should be on bottomline profits rather than building relationships.
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