Psychobiology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Psychobiology explores the intricate relationship between biological processes and psychological phenomena, examining how the brain, nervous system, hormones, genetics, and other physiological systems influence behavior, cognition, and emotions. This course covers foundational concepts in neuroscience, the neural basis of perception and motivation, effects of drugs on the mind, and the physiological mechanisms underlying learning, memory, and mental disorders. By integrating principles from psychology and biology, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how mental functions arise from and interact with the bodys biological substrates.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Biological Psychology 2nd Edition by Laura Freberg
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16 Chapters
2931 Verified Questions
2931 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introducing Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a licensed clinical counselor.A 35-year-old woman comes to you who has always been very optimistic and cheerful,but suddenly is extremely depressed.There has been no change in her life circumstances,and she is aware of nothing that could be causing this depression.Given what you have learned so far,what is the first thing you might suggest to her?
A) She should see her doctor for a complete physical,and perhaps even see a neurologist to rule out any underlying physical problem.
B) She probably has some deep underlying resentment of her parents that she needs to admit to before she will be able to get better.
C) The whole family should come in for therapy,as there is obviously something going on somewhere that is not obvious.
D) She should see a psychiatrist and get medication for the depression first and foremost,then talk therapy will probably be able to help her.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a consequence of sympathetic nervous system activity?
A) increased heart rate
B) increased digestion
C) increased salivation
D) decreased blood pressure
Answer: A
Q2) Researchers who wished to view a structure from the top of the head would use a _________ section.
A) sagittal
B) coronal
C) horizontal
D) midsagittal
Answer: C
Q3) A condition that results when the circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)is blocked is known as
A) hydrocephalus.
B) meningioma.
C) meningitis.
D) septicemia.
Answer: A
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Cells of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In some (although not all)cases of multiple sclerosis,one of the first symptoms noticed is a reduction in sensation from distal parts of the body,such as feet and hands.Which of the following statements best explains why this might happen?
A) The fibers of the axons are reduced in diameter,so the information can't travel fast enough.
B) Without the myelin sheath covering the axon,the neural transmission from the periphery is slowed.
C) The fibers of the axons are enlarged,slowing the neural transmission.
D) The neurons have degenerated and are no longer producing neural transmission.
Answer: B
Q2) The organelles responsible for providing energy for the cell are the A) endoplasmic reticulum.
B) nucleolus.
C) mitochondria.
D) Golgi apparatus.
Answer: C
Q3) What is an interneuron?
Answer: An interneuron is a neuron that has neither a specific motor nor sensory function.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Curare causes muscle paralysis by
A) interfering with the synthesis of ACh.
B) preventing the release of ACh.
C) blocking ACh receptors.
D) blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase.
Q2) Which of the following substances is not a neuropeptide?
A) oxytocin
B) adenosine
C) vasopressin
D) insulin
Q3) Monoamine oxidase would break down all of the following neurotransmitters except A) serotonin.
B) epinephrine.
C) norepinephrine.
D) acetylcholine (ACh).
Q4) Methylphenidate (Ritalin)produces its stimulant effects by A) promoting dopamine synthesis.
B) promoting dopamine release.
C) inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine.
D) activating dopamine receptors.
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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Sample Questions
Q1) Forensic scientists prefer which of the following methods for identifying human remains?
A) an analysis of chromosomal DNA inherited from both parents
B) an analysis of chromosomal DNA inherited from the mother
C) an analysis of mitochondrial DNA inherited from the mother
D) an analysis of mitochondrial DNA inherited from the father
Q2) Researchers believe that the conclusion of myelin growth spurts in areas associated with language learning probably indicates
A) the beginning of a period of enhanced language learning,as the brain is now mature enough to manage this new type of input.
B) that a child will be mentally retarded,as learning will be adversely impacted. C) the onset of adulthood.
D) the end of a critical period for language learning.
Q3) How many chromosomes do human beings receive from each parent?
A) 23
B) 46
C) 21
D) 42
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Chapter 6: Vision
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Sample Questions
Q1) Photoreceptors release which of the following neurotransmitters?
A) substance P
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) glutamate
Q2) Colorblind people actually do see color,but they will match colors differently than people who have typical trichromatic vision.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Courtney suffered a corneal abrasion on one eye after she fell asleep with her hard contacts in place.When she asked her physician what to expect from her injury,the physician told her that
A) she would no longer be able to see from that eye.
B) she would need strong pain medications,as the cornea has a high density of pain receptors.
C) she wouldn't need any pain medication,because the cornea lacks pain reception.
D) her binocular depth perception would no longer function normally.
Q4) Describe the organization of the lateral geniculate nucleus.
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8
Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Through which of the following media can sound waves travel?
A) air only
B) water only
C) air and water
D) air,water,and solids
Q2) Danielle began taking violin lessons when she was only four years old,and she spends many hours practicing each week.When she volunteered to participate in an imaging study at her university,the researchers noticed that
A) Danielle had a smaller area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants.
B) Danielle had a larger area of her somatosensory cortex devoted to her fingers compared to other participants.
C) Danielle's frontal lobes were more active than other participants when music was played during the experiment.
D) Danielle appeared to experience phantom pain when she was asked to imagine having lost her fingers in an accident.
Q3) What is otosclerosis and how is it treated?
Q4) What are the causes and symptoms of neglect syndrome?
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Chapter 8: Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What causes muscles to twitch?
A) depolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of sodium ions
B) depolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of potassium ions
C) hyperpolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an influx of calcium ions
D) hyperpolarization of the muscle fiber produced by an outflow of potassium ions
Q2) Age-related changes in muscle function
A) are related to genetics and cannot be changed.
B) can be completely reversed through exercise.
C) cannot be reversed,but people can compensate somewhat for these changes by exercising.
D) cannot be reversed,but people can compensate somewhat for these changes by eating carefully.
Q3) The lungs are moved by _________ muscle.
A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) striated
D) both smooth and striated
Q4) Describe the sequence of events involved in the patellar reflex.
Q5) Describe the locations of primary motor cortex,SMA,and pre-SMA.
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Chapter 9: Temperature Regulation,thirst,and Hunger
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Sample Questions
Q1) Comparisons between _________ are most likely responsible for determining temperature set points.
A) temperature-sensitive and temperature-insensitive neurons in the preoptic area
B) cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive neurons in the preoptic area
C) temperature-sensitive neurons in the hypothalamus,brainstem,and spinal cord
D) cold-sensitive and warm-sensitive neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord.
Q2) In comparison with white fat cells,brown fat cells appear
A) larger.
B) different due to their higher levels of mitochondria.
C) the same and can be identified only by their location.
D) different due to their lower levels of mitochondria.
Q3) Describe the role of ghrelin in appetite.
Q4) Approximately how many people diagnosed with anorexia nervosa eventually die from the disorder?
A) None
B) 5 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 15 percent
Q5) How does near starvation change the nutrients used by the brain?
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with genetic disorders associated with chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes,disorders involving sex chromosomes have relatively mild effects on cognition.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the Norplant method of birth control,_________ is released over a period of six months.
A) LH
B) estradiol
C) progestin
D) FSH
Q3) Andre was found to have an extra Y chromosome.Because of this,you can expect that Andre is likely to be
A) convicted of a violent crime.
B) mentally retarded.
C) indistinguishable from a man with an XY genotype.
D) infertile.
Q4) What are the relationships between testosterone and cognitive behavior?
Q5) Why do some scientists believe that we are attracted to people with symmetrical faces and bodies?
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jennifer's grandmother has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.Recently,her grandmother has been using a nicotine patch in an effort to boost her abilities to concentrate.Is this strategy likely to work?
A) No,because nicotine is a histamine agonist,and histamine produces drowsiness.
B) No,because nicotine has no effects on any neurotransmitters involved with wakefulness.
C) Yes,because nicotine is a histamine agonist,and histamine produces alertness.
D) Yes,because nicotine is a cholinergic agonist,and acetylcholine (ACh)function is associated with alertness.
Q2) Lucid dreaming
A) occurs when you can consciously control your dream.
B) occurs when you cannot control a nightmare.
C) occurs only during NREM sleep.
D) is characteristic of people with clinical depression.
Q3) The majority of time during a typical night's sleep is spent in _________ sleep.
A) Stage 1 NREM.
B) Stage 2 NREM.
C) Stages 3 and 4 NREM.
D) REM
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term potentiation (LTP)is similar to long-term memory in which of the following ways?
A) It requires input to be presented at rates of 2 per second or less.
B) It occurs only in the hippocampus.
C) It takes only seconds to develop and lasts indefinitely.
D) It requires the activity of neurons that release acetylcholine (ACh).
Q2) While naming animals or tools,participants showed activation in
A) overlapping areas in the temporal lobes.
B) overlapping areas in the frontal lobes.
C) separate,but adjacent areas in the frontal lobes.
D) separate areas including the occipital,frontal,and temporal lobes.
Q3) Changes in the magnitude of a response to environmental stimuli is typical in A) instinctive behaviors.
B) reflexes.
C) associative learning.
D) nonassociative learning.
Q4) The retrieval of personal episodic memories coincided with increased activity in the prefrontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Lateralization, language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the lateralization of musical skills
A) demonstrates conclusively that musical skills are lateralized to the right hemisphere in most people.
B) demonstrates conclusively that musical skills are lateralized to the left hemisphere in most people.
C) has produced mixed results,leading to an ongoing debate about the extent to which musical skills are lateralized.
D) supports the idea that musical skills are equally divided between the two hemispheres.
Q2) Language disorders characterized by fluent speech and poor comprehension include
A) conduction aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia.
B) Wernicke's aphasia and conduction aphasia.
C) global aphasia and conduction aphasia.
D) Wernicke's aphasia and transcortical sensory aphasia.
Q3) Among early hominids,language might have developed about the same time as A) cooperation and tool use.
B) agriculture.
C) cave art.
D) burial of the dead.
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Chapter 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of an emotional valence?
A) having a rapid heartbeat
B) identifying your own mood as being happy
C) experiencing a negative feeling
D) perceiving another person's facial expression as fearful
Q2) Gambling and the use of addictive drugs may be rewarding due to activation of the A) hypothalamus.
B) nucleus accumbens.
C) amygdala.
D) periaqueductal gray.
Q3) The facial nuclei are located in the A) midbrain.
B) medulla.
C) reticular formation.
D) pons.
Q4) Describe the sources of individual differences in emotional expression.
Q5) Describe somatic marker theory.
Q6) Describe the roles of the amygdala and prefrontal cortices in impulsive aggression.
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Chapter 15: Neurological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Among the primary risk factors for stroke are
A) low blood pressure and sodium insufficiency.
B) sleep deprivation.
C) obesity and the use of alcohol,tobacco,and other drugs.
D) remaining childless.
Q2) Seizures that involve a focal area and the experience of an aura are known as A) partial seizures.
B) general seizures.
C) photosensitive seizures.
D) paroxysmal seizures.
Q3) The ability of a patient with suspected neurological damage to sense deep pressure might be assessed by
A) applying a tuning fork to a joint.
B) stroking an area with cotton.
C) squeezing a bicep muscle.
D) pressing a sterile needle against the skin in a random pattern.
Q4) Migraine headaches can result from information carried by the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V)from the brainstem to the meninges.
A)True
B)False
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Relative to healthy controls,people with major depressive disorder
A) show no differences in brain structure or activity.
B) show increased volume in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.
C) show decreased volume in the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.
D) show decreased volume in the hippocampus,but increased volume in the orbitofrontal cortex.
Q2) In the treatment of schizophrenia,an advantage of the atypical antipsychotics over typical antipsychotics is their
A) lack of side effects.
B) superiority in treating positive symptoms.
C) superiority in treating negative symptoms.
D) ability to enhance dopamine activity.
Q3) Most cases of schizophrenia result from disturbed relationships,typically between a child and his or her parents.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which brain structures are suspected of contributing to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Q5) What relationship exists between diet and bipolar disorder?
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