Psychobiology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Psychobiology is an interdisciplinary course that explores the intricate relationship between biological processes and behavior. Students will examine how the brain and nervous system influence cognition, emotion, perception, motivation, and mental health. Key topics include neural communication, sensory systems, behavioral genetics, hormonal regulation, and neurodevelopment, as well as the biological basis of psychological disorders. Through lectures, readings, and laboratory activities, the course provides a comprehensive understanding of how physiological mechanisms give rise to complex behavioral patterns, integrating knowledge from psychology, biology, and neuroscience.
Recommended Textbook
An Introduction to Brain and Behavior 5th Edition by Bryan Kolb
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40 Chapters
1844 Verified Questions
1844 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define common ancestor and how this applies to Darwin's theory of evolution.
Answer: A common ancestor refers to a hypothetical organism from which two or more different species are believed to have evolved. In the context of Darwin's theory of evolution, the concept of a common ancestor is central to the idea that all living organisms are related and share a common ancestry. Darwin proposed that over long periods of time, species have evolved from common ancestors through a process of descent with modification, driven by natural selection. This means that different species share common traits and characteristics because they inherited them from a common ancestor, and as they adapted to different environments, they evolved into distinct species. The concept of a common ancestor provides a framework for understanding the interconnectedness of all life on Earth and the diversity of species that have emerged through the process of evolution.
Q2) What are memes and how do they influence our evolution?
Answer: no answer
Q3) What is epigenetics and why is it an important topic to study?
Answer: no answer
Q4) What is materialism and how has it influenced the study of neuroscience?
Answer: no answer
Page 3
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Chapter 1:What Are the Origins of Brain and Behavior? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) Other than humans,which chordate has the largest forebrain?
A) reptiles
B) amphibians
C) birds
D) bony fish
Answer: C
Q2) _____ allowed humans to maximize caloric gain and spend less time foraging.
A) Living in larger social groups
B) Cooking food
C) Eating vegetation
D) All of the answers are correct.
Answer: B
Q3) The branch of biology that is concerned with naming and classifying species is:
A) genetics.
B) embryology.
C) taxonomy.
D) evolutionary biology.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
Answer: The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems are two branches of the autonomic nervous system, which controls involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate.
The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "fight or flight" response. When activated, it increases heart rate, dilates the airways, and redirects blood flow to the muscles, preparing the body for physical activity. This response is triggered in times of stress or danger.
On the other hand, the parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for the body's "rest and digest" response. When activated, it slows down heart rate, constricts the airways, and stimulates digestion. This response helps the body to relax and recover after a stressful situation.
In summary, the sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for action and stress, while the parasympathetic nervous system promotes relaxation and recovery. These two systems work in balance to maintain homeostasis in the body.
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Page 5
Chapter 2:What Is the Nervous System's Functional
Anatomy? Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gyri are:
A) bumps on the surface of the cortex.
B) cracks on the surface of the cortex.
C) deformities on the surface of the cortex.
D) only found in the spinal cord.
Q2) Orienting responses (e.g. ,turning your head to locate the source of a sound)are controlled by:
A) the pons.
B) the superior and inferior colliculi.
C) the cerebellum.
D) the diencephalon.
Q3) Trouble recognizing sounds is most commonly associated with damage to the:
A) parietal lobe.
B) frontal lobe.
C) occipital lobe.
D) temporal lobe.
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6
Chapter 3:What Are the Nervous System's Functional Units?
Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the three types of brain tumors? How do they differ from one another?
Q2) What are the major functions of Schwann cells? How do they assist in the recovery from nerve damage?
Q3) What role do Golgi bodies play inside of neurons?
Q4) What is selective breeding,and how can it be used to select for specific traits? Give an example.
Q5) Differentiate between dominant and recessive genes.
Q6) What is Down syndrome,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q7) How does genetic engineering help us understand the human condition?
Q8) List the functions of the cell nucleus.
Q9) List the types of genetic engineering.
Q10) What are the five types of glial cells,and what are their primary functions?
Q11) What is Huntington disease,and what are its genetic determinants?
Q13) What are the major functions of astroglia? Page 7
Q12) Differentiate between Santiago Ramón y Cajal's and Camillo Golgi's views on brain cell functioning.
Q14) What is phenotypic plasticity?
Q15) What are the differences between knock-in and knockout mice?
Q16) What is epigenetics? Why is studying it important?
Q17) What functions do proteins contribute to cell function?
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Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ are branches extending out of a neuron's cell membrane that allow it to collect information from other cells.
A) Somas
B) Axons
C) Terminal buttons
D) Dendrites
Q2) In Huntington disease,as the number of CAG repeats on the HTT (huntingtin)gene exceeds 40:
A) the earlier in life symptoms will begin.
B) the less likely a person is to develop Huntington disease.
C) the less severe the symptoms will be.
D) the more likely the chances of contracting rabies.
Q3) Glial cells are primarily responsible for:
A) the reception of sensory information.
B) the support of neurons.
C) the processing of information.
D) the production of actions or motor outputs.
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Page 9
Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between absolute and relative refractory periods.
Q2) What is an electroencephalogram (EEG)and how is it recorded?
Q3) Differentiate between a diffusion and a concentration gradient.
Q4) Describe the pioneering work of Alan Hodgkin and Andrew Huxley,which earned them a Nobel Prize.
Q5) What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? What are some of the identified risk factors for MS?
Q6) What is a voltmeter?
Q7) What are temporal and spatial summation?
Q8) What are the symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease)? What neural structures are damaged?
Q9) What processes participate in maintaining the resting potential?
Q10) What is back propagation,and how is it linked with neuroplasticity?
Q11) What is significant about the giant axon of the squid?
Q13) How does the sodium-potassium pump work? Page 10
Q12) How does the nerve impulse travel from the axon hillock to the end of the axon without degrading in magnitude?
Q14) What are nodes of Ranvier,and what role do they play in the conduction of nerve impulses?
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Page 11
Chapter 4:How Do Neurons Use Electrical Signals to
Transmit Information? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) The action potential normally consists of the summed current changes caused by the _____ and the _____.
A) inflow of sodium;outflow of potassium
B) outflow of sodium;inflow of potassium
C) inflow of calcium;outflow of potassium
D) inflow of sodium;outflow of chloride
Q2) Alex is 53 years old and has had weakness in his throat and chest for a few months.Now,he is also starting to have general weakness in his arms and legs.The weakness in his legs has gotten so bad that yesterday he fell down when walking across his living room.Alex appears to be showing early signs of:
A) Parkinson disease.
B) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig's disease).
C) Huntington disease.
D) Alzheimer disease.
Q3) The resting potential:
A) is -70 mV in all species.
B) can vary from -40 mV to -90 mV within a species.
C) can vary from -40 mV to -90 mV between species.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Page 12
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Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) The contents of a synaptic vesicle include:
A) neurotransmitters.
B) structural proteins.
C) DNA.
D) neurotransmitters,structural proteins,and DNA.
Q2) _____ is an amino acid that is important for the synthesis of _____.
A) Tyrosine hydroxylase;acetylcholine
B) Choline;dopamine
C) Tryptophan;L-dopa
D) Tyrosine hydroxylase;dopamine
Q3) The neural basis of habituation:
A) involves calcium ion influx decrease.
B) involves calcium ion influx increase.
C) occurs postsynaptically.
D) involves calcium ion influx increase and occurs postsynaptically.
Q4) Which of the following terms is NOT associated with metabotropic receptors?
A) second messengers
B) G proteins
C) alpha subunits
D) All of these terms are associated with metabotropic receptors.
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Chapter 5:How Do Neurons Communicate and Adapt? Part
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the four main amino acid transmitters and what are their functions?
Q2) What are second messengers? What role do they play in neural transmission?
Q3) List four peptide transmitters.
Q4) What are the neurochemical neurons in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?
Q5) Define sensitization.What is the synaptic basis of sensitization?
Q6) What neurotransmitter system is used in the somatic nervous system (SNS)? How does it activate lead to depolarization?
Q7) What are transmitter-activated receptors?
Q8) What are the differences between excitatory and inhibitory synapses?
Q9) What is the function of storage granules?
Q10) What are the four major classes of neurotransmitters?
Q11) What are the differences between chemical synapses and electrical synapses? What functions do they serve?
Q12) What behaviors are associated with the serotonergic system?
Q13) What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors? Page 14
Q14) What are the four criteria used to determine whether a substance is a neurotransmitter?
Q15) What are the three ways a synapse can change in order to accommodate learning?
Q16) Define habituation.What is the synaptic basis of the habituation response?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?
Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly describe the blood-brain barrier.
Q2) List the most efficient routes of drug administration.
Q3) What are the five major categories of psychoactive drugs? Give examples for each category.
Q4) Describe the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction.
Q5) What are MAO inhibitors used for?
Q6) What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia? What evidence supports the dopamine hypothesis?
Q7) What is the difference between substance abuse and substance dependence?
Q8) Give examples of drugs that are used to treat depression.What types of receptors do they operate on?
Q9) Give examples of three different types of amphetamines.What neurotransmitter systems do these drugs operate on?
Q10) Describe the disinhibition theory of alcohol use.
Q12) What are endorphins? Page 16
Q11) What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD),and what are its major symptoms?
Q13) Define homeostasis and give examples of homeostatic hormones.
Q14) Describe the processes that are involved in starting and stopping the stress response.?
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Chapter 6:How Do Drugs and Hormones Influence the Brain and Behavior?
Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) MAO inhibitors and tricyclics are examples of:
A) antianxiety drugs.
B) antipsychotic drugs.
C) mood stabilizers.
D) antidepressant drugs.
Q2) Sensitization usually occurs:
A) as a result of cellular tolerance.
B) as a result of metabolic tolerance.
C) in a new environment.
D) in a familiar environment.
Q3) Which of the following substances can pass through the endothelial membrane in the blood-brain barrier unassisted (i.e. ,without active transport)?
A) glucose
B) carbon dioxide
C) amino acids
D) All of the answers are correct.
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and
Functions? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does transcranial magnetic stimulation work? What does it study?
Q2) How does a CT scan work?
Q3) What is optogenetics? How is it used to excite and inhibit neurons?
Q4) Differentiate extracellular from intracellular recording.
Q5) How does an MRI work?
Q6) What is an EEG? What are the features of the brain revealed by an EEG?
Q7) What is a PET scan? What are its advantages over other imaging methods?
Q8) What is near-infrared spectroscopy? Why is it useful?
Q9) How are ERPs different from an EEG? How can ERPs be used to examine the link between the brain and behavior?
Q10) What three tests make use of a hidden platform in a swimming pool to examine memory in rats?
Q11) How does cerebral voltammetry work?
Page 19
Q12) What is a stereotaxic apparatus? What is it used for?
Q13) Describe epigenetics.
Q14) What are spatial and temporal resolutions? Why are these concepts important for brain imaging?
Q15) List three examples of neuropsychological tests.What are they used to examine?
Q16) What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)? What is it used to study?
Q17) How does brain stimulation work? How is it used to treat Parkinson's disease?
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Chapter 7:How Do We Study the Brain's Structures and Functions?
Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Event-related potentials are:
A) quite different from the EEG.
B) recorded from single neurons.
C) brief changes in the EEG associated with a specific sensory event.
D) None of the answers is correct.
Q2) Research has linked maternal attention in early childhood with: A) hippocampal volume.
B) temporal cortex volume.
C) basal ganglia volume.
D) both temporal cortex and basal ganglia volume.
Q3) To receive ethics approval to use animals in an experiment,the researcher must demonstrate:
A) that the knowledge gained from the experiment is important enough to warrant the use of animals.
B) that no other methods are available to investigate the same question.
C) that the animals will be treated humanely,
D) All of the answers are correct.
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Page 21
Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between a zygote,an embryo,and a fetus.
Q2) Describe the process of myelination and its relationship to neural development.
Q3) At what age do planning abilities become fully developed?
Q4) Define the term critical period and its relation to development.
Q5) Compare and contrast the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and Asperger syndrome.
Q6) What is SIDS? What role does serotonin play in SIDS?
Q7) What effects might caffeine and nicotine have on the developing brain?
Q8) List the seven stages of brain development.
Q9) Describe the development of the frontal lobes.What factors have been shown to slow frontal lobe development?
Q10) What function do radial glial cells play in development?
Q11) What is synaptic pruning? Describe the process of synaptic pruning over time.
Q13) What are neurotrophic factors (give examples)? What role do they play in the Page 22
Q12) List the changes to the brain that occur as a result of complex environment exposure.
Q14) What is the chemoaffinity hypothesis?
Q15) From what does the nervous system develop? What is the subventricular zone?
Q16) Describe Piaget's four stages of development.
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Chapter 8:How Does the Nervous System Develop and
Adapt? Part C
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Q1) One reason why cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain die during synaptic pruning is that they must compete for limited amounts of:
A) radial glial cells.
B) cell adhesion molecules.
C) nerve growth factor.
D) tropic molecules.
Q2) Cells in layer _____ of the cortex develop first.
A) I
B) III
C) IV
D) VI
Q3) The majority of glial cells migrate to their correct locations via:
A) neurotrophic factors.
B) radial glial cells.
C) chemical signals.
D) EGF.
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Page 24
Part A
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Q1) Differentiate between the functions of blob and interblob regions of visual cortex?
Q2) What is the opponent theory of color vision? At what point in the visual system is opponent-process color coding initiated?
Q3) Compare and contrast the symptoms of visual-form agnosia and optic ataxia.What do these two disorders tell us about how the visual system is organized?
Q4) Describe how on-center and off-center cells enable us to see edges and shapes in our visual world.
Q5) What is color constancy and why is it important? What brain region is responsible for coding color constancy?
Q6) What are the symptoms of visual-form agnosia?
Q7) What is the difference between the dorsal and ventral visual streams?
Q8) Why is there a blind spot in each eye?
Q9) What is the difference between magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells? Specifically,what types of visual signals do they carry,and where do their inputs come from?
Page 25
Q10) What is an on-center off-surround cell?
Q11) What is optic ataxia?
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Part C
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parvocellular cells:
A) primarily receive their input from rods.
B) are sensitive to light but not color.
C) primarily receive their input from cones.
D) form the first retinal layer.
Q2) Cutting the optic nerve of the right eye prior to reaching the optic chiasm will result in loss of vision in:
A) the right visual field.
B) the left visual field.
C) half of each visual field.
D) the two nasal fields.
Q3) A condition in which a person hears in color or experiences different tastes when touching different textures would likely be diagnosed as:
A) schizophrenia.
B) synesthesia.
C) sensory crossing disorder.
D) a damaged thalamus.
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Page 27
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is a complex tone? How are complex tones analyzed?
Q2) Define perfect pitch.What is its probable origin?
Q3) List the structures in the auditory pathway in the correct order from cochlea to cortex.
Q4) Frequency and amplitude are equivalent to what properties in sound perception?
Q5) Differentiate between the roles of the outer and inner hair cells in the ear.
Q6) How are blind humans able to use echolocation to identify objects? Which brain regions are involved?
Q7) What is the difference between the tectorial membrane and the basilar membrane?
Q8) What are the three main physical properties of sound waves and how do they influence auditory perception?
Q9) How do bats use echolocation to navigate?
Q10) Differentiate between receptive aphasia and expressive aphasia.
Q11) Differentiate between the dorsal and ventral streams of auditory processing.
Page 28
Q12) What is a cochlear implant and how does it work?
Q13) What speech area did Penfield map in the human brain? How are these regions
Q14) Where on the cortex is Wernicke's area?
Q15) Which brain regions are involved in music perception?
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Sample Questions
Q1) Overtones are:
A) high-frequency tones.
B) half increments of the fundamental frequency.
C) multiples of the fundamental frequency.
D) restricted only to speech sounds.
Q2) The development of new languages is sometimes described as:
A) pidginization.
B) creolization.
C) lingualization.
D) None of the answers are correct.
Q3) Rock musicians frequently show loss of sensitivity to sound in the:
A) 4000 Hz range.
B) 5000 Hz range.
C) 6000 Hz range.
D) 7000 Hz range.
Q4) The purpose of the pinna is to:
A) transduce sound waves into neural firing.
B) protect the inner ear.
C) funnel sound waves into the ear canal.
D) vibrate in response to sound waves.
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part A
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Q1) What are the roles of the direct and indirect pathways in the basal ganglia?
Q2) What are the three major classes of somatosensory receptors? What role does each of these classes of receptors play in somatosensation?
Q3) Compare and contrast the roles of the posterior and anterior spinothalamic tracts.
Q4) Differentiate between paraplegia and quadriplegia,including the regions of the spinal cord that are involved.
Q5) How does the cerebellum improvement movement control?
Q6) What are the symptoms of Tourette syndrome?
Q7) Describe the gate theory of pain.What is a pain gate?
Q8) What is a homunculus as it relates to the brain?
Q9) Discuss the hierarchical organization of movement control.
Q10) Describe the effects of caudate-putamen damage.
Q11) Describe the role of the cerebellum in motor learning based on sensory feedback.
Q13) What kinds of movement problems arise following damage to premotor cortex? Page 31
Q12) Compare and contrast the roles of the anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts in motor control.
Q14) List the components of the posterior spinothalamic tract.
Q15) What are the causes and symptoms of cerebral palsy?
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Chapter 11:How Does the Nervous System Respond to
Stimulation and Produce Movement? Part C
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Q1) Pain in blood vessels and internal organs that is felt as pain at the body surface is known as:
A) transferred pain.
B) relocated pain.
C) referred pain.
D) transposed pain.
Q2) In a person performing a sequence of finger movements,cerebral blood flow increases in the:
A) primary motor cortex.
B) temporal cortex.
C) premotor cortex.
D) cingulate cortex.
Q3) Walter Hess's experiments reveal that one of the functions of the brainstem is to:
A) regulate blood osmolarity.
B) regulate breathing and heart rates.
C) produce species-typical behavior.
D) produce behavior common across all species.
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Page 33
Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part A
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Q1) Eating behavior in the fly is controlled by:
A) blood-sugar levels.
B) signals from the intestine.
C) signals from the esophagus.
D) signals from the stomach.
Q2) The predisposition to make certain associations easier than others is called:
A) selective learning.
B) preparedness.
C) innate preference.
D) evolutionary memory.
Q3) You get sick with the flu and vomit a few hours after you eat a roast beef sandwich.Now every time you see a roast beef sandwich you begin to feel ill.This is an example of:
A) food poisoning.
B) operant conditioning.
C) learned taste aversion.
D) innate taste aversion.
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Chapter 12:What Causes Emotional and Motivated
Behavior? Part B
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Q1) What is evolutionary psychology? How does evolutionary psychology explain the existence of behaviors that seem maladaptive,such as homicide?
Q2) List the symptoms of Klüver-Bucy syndrome.
Q3) What is the function of the amygdala in the experience of emotion?
Q4) Differentiate between osmotic and hypovolemic thirst.
Q5) List the three types of compounds produced by the digestive system.
Q6) Compare and contrast the role of the orbital prefrontal cortex and the pyriform cortex in smell perception.
Q7) Describe learned taste aversion.How is learned taste aversion related to preparedness?
Q8) Describe the role of the hypothalamus in initiating and stopping eating.
Q9) What is the somatic marker hypothesis? What evidence supports this hypothesis?
Q10) Describe the gustatory pathway from the taste receptors to the primary gustatory cortex.
Page 35
Q11) What is the function of the medial forebrain bundle in motivated behaviors?
Q12) Differentiate between aphagia and hyperphagia.Which regions of the brain need to be lesioned to cause aphagia and hyperphagia?
Q13) Differentiate between generalized anxiety disorder,panic disorder,and phobias.
Q14) Differentiate between the activating versus organizing effects of sex hormones.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part A
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Q1) Cataplexy is a sleep disorder in which:
A) one cannot go into REM sleep.
B) atonia does not occur during REM and people act out their dreams.
C) atonia suddenly occurs in an awake,alert individual.
D) one is overcome by a sudden urge to sleep.
Q2) Melatonin is released primarily during the _____ of the circadian cycle.
A) dark
B) light
C) midday portion
D) early morning portion
Q3) A biological clock that is entrained:
A) is a free-running rhythm.
B) has been reset by a Zeitgeber.
C) has been temporarily terminated by a hormonal change.
D) is the same as a sequence of rhythms.
Q4) The coping hypothesis of dreams was expounded by:
A) Sigmund Freud.
B) Carl Jung.
C) J.Allen Hobson.
D) Anttio Revonsuo.
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Chapter 13:Why Do We Sleep and Dream? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) What cortical changes occur to the electroencephalogram when you awaken? What neurotransmitters are involved?
Q2) What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in biological rhythms? What role do core and shell neurons play in biological rhythms?
Q3) What role does melatonin play in circadian rhythms?
Q4) What is a circadian rhythm? Give an example.
Q5) What health risks are associated with shift work?
Q6) What is the genetic contribution to rhythmicity?
Q7) Describe the coping hypothesis of dreams.
Q8) What are the symptoms of sleep apnea? What are its main causes?
Q9) Differentiate between alpha,beta,and delta brain rhythms.
Q10) What is restless legs syndrome?
Q11) List the most common Zeitgebers.Which is the most powerful for humans?
Q12) What are Zeitgebers,and how do they affect biological rhythms? Give an example.
Q13) What is the reticular activating system,and what are its functions in relation to sleep and wakefulness?
Q14) What is a free-running rhythm? Give an example. Page 38
Q15) What is metabolic syndrome,and what are its causes?
Q16) What evidence supports the notion that memories are consolidated during sleep?
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Page 39
Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is a change in the ability to recall or recognize previous experience.
A) Learning
B) Memory
C) Reasoning
D) All of the answers are correct
Q2) If you want to increase children's ability to learn later in life,a good option would be to:
A) get them involved in sports.
B) teach them to play a musical instrument.
C) encourage them to read often.
D) All of the answers are correct.
Q3) Long-term depression (LTD)involves repeated _____ electrical stimulation resulting in a _____ in synaptic effectiveness.
A) high-frequency;long-lasting increase
B) low-frequency;long-lasting decrease
C) high-frequency;short-term decrease
D) high-frequency;long-lasting decrease
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Chapter 14:How Do We Learn and Remember? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Differentiate between Pavlovian and instrumental conditioning.
Q2) Differentiate between explicit and implicit memory.Give an example of each.
Q3) How do fluctuating estrogen levels affect cognition?
Q4) What are autobiographical memories? What brain regions are thought to underlie autobiographical memories?
Q5) What memory systems and brain regions are affected in Alzheimer disease?
Q6) Does the adult brain form new neurons? If so,where are they added?
Q7) List H.M.'s memory deficits and his maintained memory systems following his neurosurgery.
Q8) Define drug-induced behavioral sensitization.Give an example.
Q9) Richard's left arm was amputated 3 years ago after a workplace injury.Even though the limb is gone,Richard sometimes feels like he still has a left arm.In addition,when Richard shaves the left side of his face,it feels as though someone is touching his missing left arm.What mechanisms explain this strange phenomenon?
Q10) What are long-term potentiation (LTP)and long-term depression (LTD)? What procedures can be used to induce LTP or LTD?
Q11) What happens to a motor map after the amputation of a limb?
Q12) List the three primary methods to enhance recovery of function after brain damage. Page 41
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part A
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following brain regions is not considered to be part of the prefrontal association cortex?
A) dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
B) ventromedial prefrontal cortex
C) anterior cingulate cortex
D) All of the regions are part of the prefrontal association cortex.
Q2) Throwing a rock or a spear is a(n):
A) guided movement.
B) ballistic movement.
C) feedback movement.
D) oscillatory movement.
Q3) Visual agnosia results from damage to the:
A) ventral stream.
B) dorsal stream
C) parietal cortex.
D) occipital cortex.
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Chapter 15:How Does the Brain Think? Part B
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the tasks that the right side of the brain does better than the left.
Q2) Describe the anatomical asymmetries in the human brain.
Q3) What have studies in split-brain patients taught us about language?
Q4) What is theory of mind? What brain structures are thought to support theory of mind?
Q5) What is functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)? What does it allow researchers to study?
Q6) What is contralateral neglect? What are its primary symptoms?
Q7) What is important about syntax in regard to thought processes? What happens if a person never learns to develop syntax?
Q8) What techniques can be used to demonstrate functional asymmetry in the healthy brain?
Q9) Why is language presumed to give humans a cognitive advantage over other species?
Q10) What are cell assemblies? Why did Hebb think that they were so important?
Q11) Describe the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test.What does it measure? What types of brain lesions impair performance on this test?
Page 44
Q12) What is dichotic listening? What discoveries regarding cerebral asymmetry were made using this technique?
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Chapter 16:What Happens When the Brain Misbehaves?
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Q1) Explain the Freudian terms id,ego,and superego.What brain structures might these concepts be related to?
Q2) What are the symptoms and causes of phenylketonuria?
Q3) What two kinds of behavioral effects result from traumatic brain injuries?
Q4) Describe and explain at least four of the major challenges faced by researchers who want to study the disordered brain.
Q5) What is electroconvulsive therapy? Why is it used? How does it affect the brain?
Q6) What neurotransmitters appear to be involved in depression?
Q7) What treatments are available to reduce epileptic seizures?
Q8) Differentiate between coup and contrecoup effects during a traumatic brain injury.Give an example.
Q9) What are the anatomical correlates of Alzheimer disease?
Q10) What is magnetic resonance spectroscopy? How is it used to diagnose traumatic brain injury?
Q11) What neural changes do Parkinson and Alzheimer disease have in common?
Q12) What are prions? What neurological diseases may be caused by prions?
Q13) What is tardive dyskinesia? Why is it sometimes observed in psychiatric patients? Page 46
Q14) What kinds of neurosurgeries have been used in treating Parkinson disease?
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