Psychobiology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Psychobiology is an interdisciplinary course that explores the complex interactions between biological processes and behavior. Focusing on the structure and function of the nervous system, the course examines how genetics, neurobiology, hormones, and brain development influence perception, cognition, emotion, and mental disorders. Through a blend of theoretical frameworks and empirical research, students gain insight into the biological underpinnings of human and animal behavior, as well as the methods used to study the brain-behavior relationship. The course provides a foundation for understanding psychological phenomena from a biological perspective, preparing students for advanced study in neuroscience, psychology, and related fields.
Recommended Textbook
Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience 3rd Edition by Laura Freberg
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16 Chapters
2682 Verified Questions
2682 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Behavioral Neuroscience
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A researcher is interested in discovering if one part of the brain,the orbitofrontal cortex,connects directly to another part of the brain,the amygdala.Which of the following experimental methods would be the most appropriate for this purpose?
A)Inject horseradish peroxidase into a rat's amygdala and then see if cells in the orbitofrontal cortex are stained.
B) Inject a human volunteer with a radioactive glucose and see what part of his brain is active while viewing an emotionally charged set of pictures using a PET scan.
C) Look at a human brain with fMRI to see if the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala are active at the same times.
D) Stimulate the orbitofrontal cortex of a human volunteer during neurosurgery.
Answer: A
Q2) Animals will gain up to two to three times their normal weight when the
A)lateral hypothalamus is lesioned.
B) lateral hypothalamus is stimulated.
C) ventromedial hypothalamus is lesioned.
D) ventromedial hypothalamus is stimulated.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Functional Neuroanatomy and the Evolution of the Nervous System
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187 Verified Questions
187 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The region consisting of the head,neck,and arms is served by nerves exiting the _________ division of the spinal cord.
A)sacral
B)lumbar
C)thoracic
D)cervical
Answer: D
Q2) Salivation and digestion are inhibited during activation of
A)the somatic nervous system.
B) the parasympathetic nervous system.
C) the sympathetic nervous system.
D) both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems.
Answer: C
Q3) Structures located relatively toward the belly of a four-legged animal are referred to as
A)rostral.
B)caudal.
C)dorsal.
D)ventral.
Answer: D
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Neurophysiology: the Structure and Functions of the
Cells of the Nervous
System
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177 Verified Questions
177 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What role do neurons and astrocytes possibly share?
Answer: There is growing evidence that astrocytes may play a significant role in neural signaling in addition to their other duties.
Q2) Neurons that are specialized to transmit commands from the central nervous system to glands and muscles are known as
A)sensory neurons.
B) motor neurons.
C)unipolar neurons.
D)interneurons.
Answer: B
Q3) Following injury,which of the glia may actually inhibit neural regrowth by forming scar tissue?
A)astrocytes
B)oligodendrocytes
C)Schwann cells
D)microglia
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the process illustrated in this figure,which drugs act as antagonists?
A)Additional l-dopa, amphetamine, cocaine, and methylphenidate
B)Reserpine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia
C)Cocaine, amphetamine, and methylphenidate
D)Apomorphine and most traditional medications used to treat schizophrenia
Q2) During the synthesis of the neurotransmitter _________,a precursor is released from synaptic vesicles back into the intracellular fluid for conversion by the enzyme PNMT.
A)dopamine
B)norepinephrine
C)epinephrine
D)serotonin
Q3) Dopaminergic receptor subtypes are
A)always fast ionotropic.
B)always slow metabotropic.
C)fast metabotropic in systems involved with reward, but slow ionotropic in systems involved with movement.
D)slow and fast metabotropic in systems involved with movement, but fast ionotropic in systems involved with reward.
Q4) Describe the functions of one of the major neuropeptides.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Genetics and the Development of the Human Brain
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) About two-thirds of the cells traveling to the developing cortex follow radial glia,and the remaining one-third move in a horizontal direction instead,without using radial glia to guide them.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Extreme skewing in x-inactivation has been linked with which of the following characteristics in offspring?
A)hemophilia
B)colorblindness
C)Alzheimer's disease
D)autoimmune diseases
Q3) Cells that develop into neurons and glia originate in the
A)ventricular zone.
B)radial glia.
C)forebrain.
D)spinal cord.
Q4) What is spina bifida?
Q5) Describe the process of differentiation of ectodermal cells into skin and neural tissue.
Q6) Summarize the major events that occur in synaptogenesis. Page 7
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Page 8
Chapter 6: Vision
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The double pupils in each eye of Anableps anableps allows the fish to overcome distortions of light in both water and air caused by
A)refraction.
B)reflection.
C)absorption.
D)both reflection and absorption.
Q2) While recording from a bipolar cell with a off-center surround-on receptive field,you observe a hyperpolarization in your cell.The stimulus that most likely triggered this response is light that covered
A)the surround, but not the center.
B)the center, but not the surround.
C)half of the center and half of the surround.
D)the entire receptive field.
Q3) The periphery of the retina is superior to the center for viewing
A)colorful objects in bright light.
B)black and white objects in bright light.
C)objects in fine detail in dim light.
D)objects with less detail in dim light.
Q4) Describe some of the weaknesses of the hierarchical model of visual perception.
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Chapter 7: Nonvisual Sensation and Perception
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163 Verified Questions
163 Flashcards
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Sample
Questions
Q1) Christopher's grandfather was diagnosed recently with shingles.Based on what he had learned about dermatomes in his biological psychology class,Christopher knew that his grandfather would experience unpleasant skin eruptions in A)random patterns all over his body.
B)areas that are not covered with hair, such as the soles of the feet.
C)a single stripe around the entire circumference of his body.
D)a single stripe on one half of his body.
Q2) Jessica was experimenting with her electronic keyboard by playing the same song with different instrument settings,such as violin,piano,and flute.The differences Jessica heard in the resulting music are probably due to the _________ of the resulting sounds.
A)timbre
B)frequency
C)amplitude
D)pitch
Q3) Perilymph is found in the ____________________ canal and the ____________________ canal,while endolymph is found in the
Q4) Describe the connections formed by the vestibular nuclei.
Q5) What is a dermatome?
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Movement
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170 Verified Questions
170 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Using the terms referred to in the figure as numbers 4,5,6,and 7,describe the process of muscle contraction.
Q2) The structure indicated by the number 3 in this image is
A)myofibril.
B)z-line.
C)sarcomere.
D)motor end plate.
Q3) Droopy eyelids,slurred speech,and difficulty swallowing and breathing are characteristic of
A)myasthenia gravis.
B) muscular dystrophy.
C)Parkinson's disease.
D)Huntington's disease.
Q4) Motor neurons with small cell bodies usually innervate _________ muscle fibers.
A)Type I
B)Type IIa
C)Type IIb
D)combinations of Type IIa and Type IIb
Q5) Describe current hypotheses regarding the causes of Parkinson's disease.
Q6) Describe the physical symptoms of myasthenia gravis.
Page 11
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Chapter 9: Homeostasis and Motivation
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171 Verified Questions
171 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The abnormalities associated with hyponatremia occur when
A)sodium levels are high, but extracellular fluid levels are low.
B)sodium levels are low, but extracellular fluid levels are high.
C)both sodium and extracellular fluid levels are low.
D)both sodium and extracellular fluid levels are high.
Q2) Renin is released by the
A)pituitary glands in response to ADH.
B)kidneys in response to ADH.
C)pituitary glands in response to angiotensin II.
D)kidneys in response to angiotensin II.
Q3) The function of renin is to
A)trigger the release of ADH.
B)trigger the release of aldosterone.
C)convert angiotensinogen into angiotensin II.
D)convert aldosterone into angiotensin II.
Q4) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH or vasopressin)controls the retention of fluid while aldosterone controls the retention of sodium.
A)True
B)False
Q5) How might lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)disrupt appetite?
Page 12
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Chapter 10: Sexual Behavior
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The gonadotropins are released by the
A)hypothalamus.
B)pineal gland.
C)anterior pituitary gland.
D)posterior pituitary gland.
Q2) Women's performance on tests of verbal and manual dexterity appear to be
A)constant across the menstrual cycle.
B)best when estrogen levels are high.
C)best when progesterone levels are high.
D)best when testosterone levels are high.
Q3) Women prefer high testosterone men for
A)both short-term and long-term relationships.
B)short-term, but not long-term relationships.
C)long-term, but not short-term relationships.
D)neither short-term nor long-term relationships.
Q4) Exposure of female fetuses to androgens will
A)have no effect.
B)masculinize the internal organs.
C)masculinize the external genitalia.
D)masculinize both the internal organs and external genitalia.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Sleep and Waking
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168 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) During an attack of cataplexy,the person
A)falls into a full NREM sleep episode.
B)falls into a full REM sleep episode.
C)experiences REM dreaming without paralysis.
D)is awake, but experiences REM paralysis.
Q2) The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)is active during the daytime in diurnal animals,like humans,but is active during the night in nocturnal animals,like rodents.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Michael was prescribed a traditional antihistamine in order to treat his allergies after he had a bad reaction to more modern antihistamines.The traditional antihistamine was helpful in reducing his allergy symptoms,but he
A)suffered from serious insomnia.
B)had trouble staying awake in his classes.
C)became very depressed, and woke frequently throughout the night after restless dreams.
D)did not experience normal REM paralysis, and he hurt himself walking around his apartment in his sleep.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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169 Verified Questions
169 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term depression (LTD)results from
A)influxes of calcium and sodium into the Purkinje cell.
B)influx of calcium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.
C)influx of sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.
D)influxes of calcium and sodium and activation of protein kinase C in the Purkinje cell.
Q2) Short-term memory appears to require maturity in the
A)dorsomedial thalamus.
B)hippocampus.
C)anterior thalamus.
D)prefrontal cortex.
Q3) Habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica is largely due to reduced responsiveness of the sensory neurons serving the siphon.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Changes in the magnitude of a response to environmental stimuli is typical in
A)instinctive behaviors.
B) reflexes.
C)associative learning.
D)nonassociative learning.
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Chapter 13: Hemispheric Asymmetry, language, and Intelligence
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ashley suddenly experienced problems with processing spatial and emotional information.Her physicians suspected that she may have an abnormality in her
A)corpus callosum.
B)massa intermedia.
C)right hemisphere.
D)left hemisphere.
Q2) Which of the following tasks requires phonological awareness?
A)understanding that "plame" and "flame" should rhyme
B)being able to read the words "rough" and "plough"
C)quickly recognizing high frequency written words like "and" or "the"
D)being able to discriminate between the appearance of "b" and "d"
Q3) The brains of musicians with perfect pitch
A)differed from nonmusicians, but not from musicians lacking perfect pitch.
B)differed from musicians lacking perfect pitch, but not nonmusicians.
C)were the same as nonmusicians and musicians lacking perfect pitch.
D)differed from both nonmusicians and musicians lacking perfect pitch.
Q4) Discuss the implications of lateralization on musical abilities and learning.
Q5) Identify the structures that are linked by each of the commissures numbered 1 through 4 in this illustration.
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Chapter 14: Emotion, reward, aggression, and Stress
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173 Verified Questions
173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hans Selye called the final stage of the general adaptation syndrome (GAS)
A)"fight or flight."
B)the alarm reaction.
C)resistance.
D)exhaustion.
Q2) The medial forebrain bundle makes connections between the
A)mammillary bodies and the hippocampus.
B)two cerebral hemispheres.
C)midbrain and the limbic system.
D)thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
Q3) The impact of culture on facial expressions is especially seen in
A)the facial displays of anger
B)the rules for how expressive you are in public.
C)the display of emotions by infants.
D)human facial expressions during sleep.
Q4) For most people,the left hemisphere plays a major role in assessing emotions in facial expressions and tone of voice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the lateralization of emotion in the cerebral cortex.
Page 17
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Chapter 15: Neuropsychology
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155 Verified Questions
155 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In cultures of rat hippocampal cells,cell death due to oxygen deprivation can be reduced by applications of
A)magnesium.
B)calcium.
C)glutamate.
D)GABA.
Q2) Your friend is traveling to a part of the world that has experienced a recent outbreak of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE).What advice should you give your friend?
A)You have nothing to worry about. BSE involves prions that cannot be transmitted to humans.
B)If you must eat beef, it is best to stick to steak and avoid hamburgers and sausages.
C)You shouldn't eat any meat whatsoever, as the same prions that affect cattle are likely to spread to other animals, like sheep and pigs.
D)If you must eat beef, stick to hamburgers and sausages and avoid steak.
Q3) Describe the two major types of generalized seizures.
Q4) Distinguish between viral and bacterial meningitis.
Q5) What is a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Psychopathology
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173 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The abnormal saccades seen in relatives of people with schizophrenia are
A)eye movements during the visual tracking of a stimulus.
B)eye movements during REM sleep.
C)EEG waveforms recorded over the occipital lobe.
D)chemicals found in the cerebrospinal fluid.
Q2) Compared with healthy controls,people with autism spectrum disorder show
A)increased numbers of minicolumns.
B)reduced numbers of minicolumns.
C)minicolumns that are farther apart.
D)larger minicolumns.
Q3) Tardive dyskinesia may result from
A)medication with traditional antipsychotics.
B)medication with clozapine.
C)overactivity in GABA neurons.
D)increases in dopamine activity associated with schizophrenia.
Q4) Which brain structures are suspected of contributing to attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Q5) Describe the significance of these tracings to our understanding of the genetic basis of schizophrenia.
Page 19
Q6) Summarize the biochemical correlates of schizophrenia.
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