Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing Exam Review
Course Introduction
Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing is a course designed to equip students with the knowledge and skills necessary to care for individuals experiencing mental health disorders across the lifespan. The course emphasizes the biological, psychological, and social factors influencing mental health and illness, exploring major psychiatric disorders, therapeutic communication techniques, and evidence-based treatment modalities, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic interventions. Through case studies and clinical practicum experiences, students learn to conduct comprehensive mental health assessments, implement individualized care plans, and collaborate with interdisciplinary teams to promote mental wellness, recovery, and advocacy. The course also addresses ethical, legal, and cultural considerations in psychiatric nursing, preparing students to provide compassionate, patient-centered care in a variety of healthcare settings.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Mental Health Care 6th Edition by Michelle Morrison Valfre
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33 Chapters
803 Verified Questions
803 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2530
Page 2
Chapter 1: The History of Mental Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mental health is said to be influenced by which of the following factors? (Select all that apply. )
A)Diet and nutritional intake
B)Inherited characteristics
C)Activities of daily living
D)Childhood nurturing
E)Life circumstances
Answer: B,D,E
Q2) The Omnibus Budget Reform Act (OBRA)of 1987 prevented the housing of people with chronic mental illness in:
A)Nursing homes
B)State mental health facilities
C)Residential treatment centers
D)Homeless shelters
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Current Mental Health Care Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 35-year-old client with a long history of schizophrenia who often forgets to take his medication is admitted to an inpatient unit after police find him threatening passengers on a bus.This is his fourth admission in 3 months.This frequent re-hospitalization is an example of:
A)Recidivism
B)Symptom exacerbation
C)Noncompliance
D)Rejection
Answer: A
Q2) A client with a severe,treatment-resistant mental illness has been assigned to an assertive community treatment (ACT)team.An ACT treatment strategy that helps to prevent recurrent hospitalizations for mental health reasons is to meet with the client in the community setting:
A)Once per week
B)Two to four times per week
C)Five to six times per week
D)Seven to eight times per week
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Ethical and Legal Issues
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25 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Standards of nursing practice for mental health can best be described as helping to ensure:
A)That certain clients receive care
B)Quality and effectiveness of care
C)Proper documentation
D)Proper medication administration
Answer: B
Q2) The charge nurse on a busy inpatient psychiatric unit is concerned because a nurse and nursing assistant have called out for the shift.Upon calling the nursing office,the charge nurse is informed that there is no one to replace them.In addition,the emergency call button at the nurse's station is malfunctioning.This charge nurse sees this as a violation of
A)Legal rights
B)The patient's bill of rights
C)Care provider rights
D)Ethical principles
Answer: C
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sociocultural Issues
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a person believes that there is a power greater or higher than any human being,he is referring to his __________.
Q2) A client seen in the mental health clinic feels her depression is the result of being "punished" due to becoming pregnant as an adolescent and giving the infant up for adoption against her family's wishes.This view of her depression is considered:
A)Exaggerated
B)Naturalistic
C)Personalistic
D)Stress
Q3) The nurse is caring for a 20-year-old woman from Puerto Rico.The client speaks English,but she is accompanied by her mother,who does not.The client has a history of mental illness,and through the interpreter,the nurse learns that the mother,who has traditional Puerto Rican cultural beliefs,believes that the client's mental illness is caused by:
A)Witchcraft
B)Stress
C)Chemical imbalances
D)A trance
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6
Chapter 5: Theories and Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 4-year-old client in a pediatric unit is imitating the actions of the nurse.The nurse knows,according to Erik Erikson's theory,that this child is displaying a characteristic seen during which developmental stage?
A)Genital-locomotor
B)Latency
C)Oral-sensory
D)Anal-muscular
Q2) A client is granted permission to watch a favorite television show in the evening because she participated in an occupational therapy activity.Her therapist bases this on ______ theory.
A)Psychoanalytic
B)Humanistic
C)Behavioral
D)Developmental
Q3) Freud believed that an individual's personality developed through stages of sexual instinct from birth to adulthood.This is known as the __________ theory of personality development.
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Chapter 6: Complementary and Alternative Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of therapy has yielded positive results for psychological functioning and is considered one of the safest treatment modalities?
A)Mind-body medicine
B)Chiropractic treatment
C)Dietary supplements
D)Herbal therapy
Q2) Massage therapy manipulates muscles and connective tissue and has been found to be very successful as a CAM method in the treatment of which disorder(s)?
A)Schizophrenia
B)Bipolar disorder
C)PTSD and OCD
D)Depression and anxiety
Q3) CAM is an acronym for __________.
Q4) New approaches to mental health care that include telemedicine,telephone counseling,and radio psychiatry are known as _______________ approaches.
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8
Chapter 7: Psychotherapeutic Drug Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) A male client with the diagnosis of depression is taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI).Which is the most important teaching point the nurse must include in his care plan?
A)Avoid foods high in sodium content
B)Avoid alcoholic beverages
C)Ensure that protein intake is 60 grams per day
D)Take a potassium supplement
Q2) In preparing discharge planning for a client who has been prescribed lithium for the treatment of bipolar disorder,the nurse must be sure that the client demonstrates an understanding of the need to monitor his or her diet for intake of:
A)Potassium
B)Carbohydrates
C)Protein
D)Sodium
Q3) The four classes of psychotherapeutic medications include antianxiety agents,antidepressants,antimanics,and __________.
Q4) __________ side effects can occur when antipsychotic medications are taken that manifest as abnormal movements such as akathisia and pseudo-Parkinson symptoms.
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Chapter 8: Principles and Skills of Mental Health Care
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Sample Questions
Q1) A nurse is trying to develop trust with a client on an inpatient mental health unit.Which action by the nurse is going to best promote development of a mutually trusting relationship?
A)At the beginning of the shift,the nurse promises to play a game of cards with the client at some point during that day and does so before the end of the shift.
B)The nurse promises to play a game of cards with the client on the following day.
C)The nurse leads a group discussion with clients about ways to develop trust in a relationship.
D)The nurse gives the client written information about the medications he is taking.
Q2) The night before her final exam,the nursing student cannot sleep and is convinced she will fail.Which of the following actions will help to promote a more positive outlook?
A)Continue to study rather than attempting to sleep
B)Accept the possibility of failure and plan to repeat the course
C)Use the negative thoughts as motivation
D)Visualize staying relaxed during the exam and successfully passing
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Chapter 9: Mental Health Assessment Skills
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the mental status assessment,the nurse hands the client a piece of paper that reads "Please raise your left hand." If the client follows the command,the nurse has just assessed which ability of the client?
A)Abstract thinking
B)Reading
C)General knowledge
D)Memory
Q2) Components of the sociocultural assessment include a history interview for the purpose of obtaining information about a client's background and:
A)Observing the client's appearance,behaviors,and attitudes
B)Eliciting answers related to general health,past illnesses,and hospitalizations
C)Encouraging description of lifestyle and activities of daily living
D)Reviewing physical assessment data and various diagnostic examinations
Q3) __________ is how the client displays his or her emotions through facial,vocal,or gestural behavior.
Q4) List the five steps of the nursing process in proper order.
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Chapter 10: Therapeutic Communication
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse's ability to interpret communication effectively in the mental health setting depends mostly on:
A)How well the client communicates
B)The nurse's relationship with the client
C)The nurse's understanding of mental health disorders
D)The nurse's ability to listen to and observe the client's verbal and nonverbal messages
Q2) The theorist Eric Berne theorized that an individual's three ego states of parent,child,and adult make up one's:
A)Conscience
B)Personality
C)Thought processes
D)Ability to communicate
Q3) Which nurse responses could block effective communication with a client? (Select all that apply. )
A)"This is what I think you should say "
B)"Don't stress over it.Everything will turn out fine."
C)"Why did you do that?"
D)"Most people in your circumstance "
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Chapter 11: The Therapeutic Relationship
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Sample Questions
Q1) The nurse who is caring for a client begins to have very protective feelings toward the client that are interfering with the therapeutic relationship between the nurse,the client,and the client's family.This is an example of a problem that is encountered in some therapeutic relationships and is known as:
A)An environmental problem
B)Resistance
C)Transference
D)Countertransference
Q2) A nurse is working with a male client in a mental health outpatient clinic.The client voices a desire to become more autonomous.Which goal will assist the client in becoming more autonomous?
A)The client will check his calendar each night to plan for commitments scheduled on the following day.
B)The nurse will remind the client weekly of his appointment at the clinic for the following week.
C)The client will ask the nurse to call him to remind him of his appointment.
D)The nurse will complete the client's calendar of daily commitments scheduled for the week.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: The Therapeutic Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ describes the setting or environment in which mental health care is provided.
Q2) The use of therapeutic touch as a relaxation technique in the mental health setting is beneficial for clients displaying which symptoms?
A)Aggression
B)Paranoia
C)Depression
D)Anxiety
Q3) The nurse is aware that during the admission process to a mental health facility,the anxious client:
A)Is acutely aware of his or her surroundings
B)Often forgets some of what is said in the unfamiliar surroundings
C)Has a keen memory in his or her heightened state of awareness
D)Frequently has no recollection of what is said by the staff during admission
Q4) Bright colors in the environment of the client are often:
A)Depressing
B)Stimulating
C)Calming
D)Frightening
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Chapter 13: Problems of Childhood
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Sample Questions
Q1) For children older than 4 years,separation anxiety should last for no longer than:
A)A few days
B)A few weeks
C)A few months
D)1 year
Q2) Adult disorders such as chronic anxiety and depression often are associated with childhood:
A)Illnesses
B)Fears
C)Education
D)Abuse
Q3) Poverty influences the growth and development of children and is often a precursor to mental health disorders in children.Nearly __________ of children in the United States come from families that live at the poverty level.
A)10%
B)20%
C)30%
D)40%
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Chapter 14: Problems of Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 15-year-old girl is being admitted to an inpatient mental health clinic with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.The nurse knows that the most common personality characteristic of teens affected with this disorder is:
A)Excessive cooperation
B)Underachievement
C)Normal body weight
D)Positive self-esteem
Q2) The rate of attempted suicide in adolescents is __________times higher with females than with males.
A)3
B)6
C)9
D)12
Q3) Personality disorders in the adolescent are characterized by:
A)Onset usually in middle childhood
B)Impulsivity
C)Flexibility
D)High self-esteem
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Chapter 15: Problems of Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statements describe the adult who has achieved the successful emotional development of adulthood? (Select all that apply. )
A)The adult is able to function effectively in a stressful environment.
B)The adult possesses effective intellectual and abstract problem-solving skills.
C)The adult is able to adapt to growing older.
D)The adult sets realistic personal and professional goals.
Q2) An adult male client is admitted to a mental health facility with the diagnosis of depression following the breakup of a long-term engagement.He states that he couldn't "commit to marriage." In conducting his admission assessment,the nurse learns that during his childhood he did not feel guided,nurtured,or accepted by his parents.One of the goals for this client is to help him develop a positive personal identity.Which intervention should the nurse implement to meet this goal?
A)Improve his strength in the ability to adapt to new situations
B)Develop the ability to establish and maintain an intimate relationship
C)Discern his feelings about relationship choices and level of commitment
D)Outline his life's dream
Q3) Adulthood is defined as beginning at age __________ years and ending at age ____________ years.
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17
Chapter 16: Problems of Late Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) To respectfully and effectively provide health teaching to the older adult,which of the following actions should be employed? (Select all that apply. )
A)Speak very loudly and in high-pitched tones.
B)Ask clients to repeat your message.
C)Break complex tasks into small,pertinent steps.
D)Refer to medications by color.
Q2) It is important for the nurse to be aware that __________% of individuals over 45 years old take prescription medications,over-the-counter medications,or a combination of these medications.
A)35
B)55
C)75
D)95
Q3) Although __________ is often a desire of older adults,it can bring loss of income and loss of opportunities for socialization.
Q4) __________ refers to a state of wholeness or quality of one's character.
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Chapter 17: Cognitive Impairment, Alzheimers Disease, and Dementia
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which symptom of Alzheimer's disease is associated with disorientation to time and place?
A)Forgetting in what order to put clothes on
B)Forgetting simple words
C)Forgetting where one lives
D)Becoming suspicious of others
Q2) Which interventions will help to lessen the effects of sundown syndrome? (Select all that apply. )
A)Provide activity which stimulates the client's interest
B)Assist in toileting to prevent incontinence
C)Turn on lights before the room gets dark
D)Provide companionship
E)Prepare client for sleep by turning off lights
F)Reduce environmental stimulation at dinner
G)Maintain client's familiar routine
Q3) __________ is a progressive,degenerative disease that affects the brain and causes impaired memory,cognition,and behavior.
Q4) The causes of confusion are grouped into five categories known as the five D's.These categories consist of damage,delirium,dementia,depression,and __________.
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Managing Anxiety
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Sample Questions
Q1) The treatment team and a male client in whom obsessive-compulsive disorder associated with hand washing has been diagnosed decide on a treatment plan for the disorder.The nurse begins to implement the plan by having the client gradually extend the time between hand washes.This intervention is an example of which type of therapy?
A)Behavior modification
B)Desensitization
C)Flooding
D)Pharmacological therapy
Q2) A client has constant thoughts about locking his front door every time he leaves his house.This client is experiencing a/an:
A)Compulsion
B)Phobia
C)Obsession
D)Anxiety reaction
Q3) When a client has a mild level of anxiety,his or her emotional response is:
A)Relaxed and calm
B)Energized
C)Feeling overloaded
D)Helplessness with loss of control
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Illness and Hospitalization
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Sample Questions
Q1) A business owner is hospitalized after suffering a heart attack.The staff finds him very demanding and angry toward all personnel and noncompliant in his therapy and treatment plan.What is the best strategy for the nurse to employ with this patient?
A)Give him an ultimatum to cooperate or face a longer recovery period.
B)Allow him to continue this behavior due to his role outside the hospital.
C)Provide him with necessary information to actively participate in goal setting.
D)Request that a health care provider with a stronger personality take care of him.
Q2) The client has been admitted to the medical unit for unexplained weight loss and fatigue.He does not speak except to answer questions,and he refuses to interact with other people except when necessary.Which coping mechanism is he using to deal with his hospitalization?
A)Anger
B)Shock
C)Anxiety
D)Withdrawal
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Chapter 20: Loss and Grief
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Sample Questions
Q1) Place the steps of grieving in proper order.
A)Acceptance and recovery
B)Depression and identification
C)Denial
D)Yearning
Q2) Following the funeral of her husband,the widow is seen crying and holding his picture.She is demonstrating __________.
Q3) The last stage of growth and development is called:
A)Dying
B)Old age
C)Wisdom
D)Maturity
Q4) A family experiences the loss of their wife and mother to a car accident.Which family member is most likely to react by asking "When is mommy coming back?"
A)The 17-year-old son
B)The 11-year-old daughter
C)The 4-year-old son
D)The 7-year-old daughter
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Chapter 21: Depression and Other Mood Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A male client with bipolar disorder who takes lithium tells the nurse that he has been "nauseous a lot lately","feels tired",and has had "some blurry vision." The client most likely is suffering from what level of lithium toxicity?
A)Insignificant
B)Mild
C)Moderate
D)Severe
Q2) A disorder defined as daily moderate depression that lasts longer than 2 years is called a(n)____ disorder.
A)Anxiety
B)Bipolar
C)Dysthymic
D)Major depressive
Q3) Severe,prolonged depression affects a person's risk for physical illness by ____ the risk.
A)Decreasing
B)Increasing
C)Not affecting
D)Having little effect on
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Page 23
Chapter 22: Physical Problems, Psychological Sources
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Sample Questions
Q1) A woman arrives at the hospital complaining of chest pains and shortness of breath.She has come in several times over the past two weeks,and the staff is doubtful that her symptoms are real.What is the first action for the health care team to implement?
A)Complete a history,physical,and diagnostics
B)Arrange for a psychiatric consult
C)Provide discharge instructions and arrange for a follow-up visit
D)Obtain a prescription for an antianxiety agent
Q2) People who are able to recognize and defuse their stressors early ____ suffer from the physical effects of stress.
A)Never
B)Often
C)Always
D)Seldom
Q3) Which of the following are indicative of hypochondriasis? (Select all that apply. )
A)Symptoms most commonly appear in early childhood
B)First diagnosed following a severe stressor
C)More frequent in person exposed to a serious illness in childhood
D)Sufferers usually have strained interpersonal relationships
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Page 24
Chapter 23: Eating and Sleeping Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The average age for onset of anorexia nervosa is:
A)13 years old
B)17 years old
C)33 years old
D)40 years old
Q2) Which of the following persons is most likely a candidate for primary hypersomnia?
A)A 50-year-old who has wakeful periods during the night and naps during the day following the death of her husband
B)A 6-year-old who wakes up in the middle of the night after having a nightmare and is tired the next day
C)An obese 40-year-old who has snoring and periods of apnea at night and is tired the next day
D)An 18-year-old college student whose mother complains he sleeps all night and still naps during the day
Q3) The medical term for a sleep test is __________.
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Chapter 24: Dissociative Disorders
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Q1) A client with the diagnosis of depersonalization disorder notices that he experiences periods of depersonalization when confronted with certain stressors.When developing the care plan,the nurse is aware that one of the most helpful activities in self-control for this client is for the client to:
A)Contact a treatment team member to discuss his thoughts and feelings every time he is confronted with a stressor
B)Keep a daily journal of his thoughts and feelings,paying special attention to thoughts and feelings during stressful times
C)Recall periods of stressful times in his life during his clinic visit
D)Join an exercise program that will help to decrease his stress level
Q2) The 15-year-old son of a single,full-time working mother frequently is left at home alone to care for himself.According to Erikson's theory,the nurse is aware that this adolescent most likely would have difficulty in developing a comfortable:
A)Body image
B)Self-ideal
C)Self-concept
D)Role performance
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Chapter 25: Anger and Aggression
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Q1) Emotional or behavioral problems that develop in response to an identifiable source and last no longer than 6 months are called ____ disorders.
A)Conduct
B)Adjustment
C)Impulse-control
D)Oppositional defiant
Q2) The use of inappropriate,harmful,or destructive behaviors to express current or past emotions is defined as:
A)Anger
B)Assault
C)Acting out
D)Aggression
Q3) Interventions for assaultive clients that focus on protecting the client and others from potential harm are level ____ interventions.
A)One
B)Two
C)Three
D)Four
Q4) __________ typically express anger and/or aggression with temper tantrums.
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Chapter 26: Outward-Focused Emotions: Violence
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Q1) Mr.Right employs 22 children in his clothing factory.Each child is no older than 10 years of age and works 11 hours a day,6 days a week.Mr.Right is practicing:
A)Abuse
B)Neglect
C)Violence
D)Exploitation
Q2) During the first phase of the domestic abuse cycle,the female victim of domestic violence inflicted by a male usually displays which characteristics or behaviors? (Select all that apply. )
A)Denial of the seriousness of the problem
B)Feeling that she cannot control the man's behavior
C)Blaming alcohol and work for the man's behavior
D)Feeling that she deserves minor abuse
Q3) __________ refers to a sudden occurrence of physical force that causes harm or injury to another person.
Q4) The theory that implies that aggressive and violent behaviors are learned through role modeling of other people is known as the:
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28
Chapter 27: Inward-Focused Emotions: Suicide
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Q1) Suicide in the United States is:
A)Not a problem
B)The tenth leading cause of death
C)Most prevalent among the middle-aged
D)Controlled by the use of antidepressants
Q2) In the __________ dimension,an individual who is considering suicide experiences distorted thinking and self-defeating thoughts.
A)Emotional
B)Social
C)Intellectual
D)Spiritual
Q3) Which social factors impact the incidence of suicide? (Select all that apply. )
A)Social isolation
B)Legal status of gun ownership
C)Poverty and homelessness
D)Veterans of combat
E)Availability of Internet resources
Q4) __________ is when a client thinks or fantasizes about death with no definite intent to commit suicide.
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Chapter 28: Substance-Related Disorders
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Q1) Significant complications such as sudden death due to cardiac dysrhythmia or respiratory depression are associated with the use of:
A)Alcohol
B)Cocaine
C)Inhalants
D)Hallucinogens
Q2) For a substance-related disorder to be diagnosed,the pattern of substance use must lead to:
A)Significant costs involved with the habit
B)Significant disturbances in social functioning
C)Significantly impaired functioning and distress
D)Significant physical changes related to the abused substance
Q3) With children younger than 12 years of age,drug abuse:
A)Does not exist
B)Is never a problem
C)Occurs infrequently
D)Occurs more often than is suspected
Q4) __________ is the drug of choice in the treatment of heroin addiction to ease the effects of withdrawal from the drug.
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Chapter 29: Sexual Disorders
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Q1) An individual's orientation,whether heterosexual,homosexual,or bisexual,is established by:
A)Adolescence
B)Early adulthood
C)Late childhood
D)Early childhood
Q2) The client confides in the nurse that intercourse has been painful since she became menopausal.What is the nurse's most therapeutic response?
A)"Don't worry;it will pass."
B)"Are you still sexually active?"
C)"Perhaps we can discuss this with your doctor."
D)"I understand how difficult it is to discuss sex."
Q3) Which of the following are indicative of sexual dysfunction? (Select all that apply. )
A)Sexual aversion disorder
B)Sadism
C)Erectile disorder
D)Dyspareunia
E)Exhibitionism
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Chapter 30: Personality Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 40-year-old who works at the same entry level job for many years without seeking advancement and politely declines when friends ask her to try new vacation spots or hobbies may be suffering from which personality disorder?
A)Histrionic
B)Paranoid
C)Schizoid
D)Avoidant
Q2) A characteristic trait of individuals with __________ disorder is that they may be extremely orderly and so overly preoccupied with details that they accomplish very little.
Q3) Characteristics of borderline personality disorder include which of the following? (Select all that apply. )
A)Fear of being abandoned
B)Splitting
C)Gambling
D)Engaging in unsafe sex
E)Isolation of self from others
Q4) An individual with an __________ personality disorder relies on deceit and manipulation to get his or her way.
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Chapter 31: Schizophrenia and Other Psychoses
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Sample Questions
Q1) The client in whom schizophrenia has been diagnosed usually is medicated with what class of drugs?
A)Antianxiety
B)Antipsychotic
C)Antidepressant
D)Antihypertensive
Q2) The client lives so completely in a world of his or her own that he or she is unable to recognize reality,relate to others,or cope with life's demands.This client is considered:
A)Exotic
B)Anorectic
C)Neurotic
D)Psychotic
Q3) The client interprets the proverb "A rolling stone gathers no moss" as "As long as the rock keeps moving,it won't turn green." This is an example of:
A)Mutism
B)Flight of ideas
C)Concrete thinking
D)Loose association
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33
Chapter 32: Chronic Mental Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Persons with chronic mental health problems have much higher rates of:
A)Apathy
B)Suicide
C)Homicide
D)Physical illness
Q2) The nurse on a mental health unit administers a medication to a female client for the purpose of reducing her psychotic symptoms and quieting her behavior.This medication is considered a __________.
Q3) Adolescents in whom diabetes is diagnosed have high rates of depression and
Q4) Persons with which of the following diagnoses respond well to therapeutic interventions and may have no further problems? (Select all that apply. )
A)Psychosis
B)Depression
C)Anxiety disorders
D)Schizophrenia
E)Phobias
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Chapter 33: Challenges for the Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) An aging population,an overburdened welfare system,and a cost conscious U.S.Congress exerting its influence on the health care system are all examples of ____ changes.
A)Social
B)Cultural
C)Environmental
D)Technological
Q2) A person suffering from paranoid schizophrenia is discharged from an inpatient facility before community mental health services can be established for him.Which statement most appropriately describes this action?
A)The client has a right to be discharged to the least restrictive environment.
B)The client is not competent to be discharged without community mental health resources for his transition to a less restrictive environment.
C)The client has a responsibility to ask to remain in the inpatient setting.
D)The client will demonstrate improved compliance with treatment once in a less restrictive environment.
Q3) Because of the active role of the consumer in today's society,the term __________ is used frequently to describe the consumer of health care.
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