Professional Nursing Practice Midterm Exam - 610 Verified Questions

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Professional Nursing Practice

Midterm Exam

Course Introduction

Professional Nursing Practice provides an in-depth exploration of the foundational roles, responsibilities, and ethical obligations of registered nurses within diverse healthcare settings. This course examines contemporary nursing theories, evidence-based practice, patient-centered care, and interprofessional collaboration while emphasizing the importance of critical thinking, decision-making, and lifelong learning. Students will develop competencies in leadership, effective communication, cultural sensitivity, and legal and ethical decision-making to prepare for safe, holistic patient care. The course integrates clinical reasoning skills and current professional standards, ensuring that students are equipped to navigate challenges in dynamic healthcare environments.

Recommended Textbook

Contemporary Nursing Issues Trends and Management 7th Edition by Cherry

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28 Chapters

610 Verified Questions

610 Flashcards

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Chapter 1: The Evolution of Professional Nursing

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21 Verified Questions

21 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1942

Sample Questions

Q1) The practice of public health nursing and the Henry Street Settlement are credited to:

A) Mary Breckenridge.

B) Mary Seacole.

C) Clara Barton.

D) Lillian Wald.

Answer: D

Q2) The use of herbs has become a popular alternative to prescription drugs in today's health care milieu. During which other historical periods did health practices focus on the use of herbs?

A) Prehistoric times and the Middle Ages

B) Civil War period and World War I

C) Renaissance and Reformation periods and the Colonial American period

D) Crimean War and Civil War periods

Answer: A

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Chapter 2: The Contemporary Image of Professional Nursing

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22 Verified Questions

22 Flashcards

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Sample Questions

Q1) The demographics of the twenty-first century nursing population indicate that:

A) individuals entering nursing are second-degree students who average 45 years of age.

B) more white nurses enter and obtain graduate degrees than any other ethnic group.

C) the highest level of nursing education for most RNs is an associate degree.

D) the majority of nurses practice in hospitals.

Answer: D

Q2) The Nurses of America's media campaign raised awareness of which aspects of nursing? (select all that apply)

A) Nurses are expert clinicians.

B) A higher nurse/patient ratio is needed.

C) Nurses are invisible in the news media.

D) Nurses are caring.

E) Nurses are well paid.

Answer: A, C

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Chapter 3: The Influence of Contemporary Trends and Issues on Nursing Education

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23 Verified Questions

23 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1944

Sample Questions

Q1) A nursing student scores 95% on the written examination for the adult health course. To be successful in this course, this same student must then perform an indwelling catheter insertion and wound care in a simulated environment meeting core competencies. The student asks, "What are core competencies?" The nursing instructor replies, "Core competencies are:

A) a trend used in nursing education to reduce attrition in prelicensure students."

B) those skills necessary for safe, competent nursing practice."

C) educational opportunities that provide remediation when student is unable to perform psychomotor skills correctly."

D) critical thinking exercises aimed to improve reading and math skills."

Answer: B

Q2) The NCLEX examination is created and administered by the:

A) American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN).

B) American Nurses Association (ANA).

C) National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN).

D) National League for Nursing (NLN).

Answer: C

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Page 5

Chapter 4: Nursing Licensure and Certification

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22 Verified Questions

22 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1945

Sample Questions

Q1) The first field of nursing to certify advanced practitioners was the field of:

A) adult nurse practitioners.

B) nurse-midwifery.

C) clinical nurse specialist.

D) nurse anesthesia.

Q2) A graduate of a nursing school in the United States plans to practice nursing in Paris, France. To request licensure to practice in Paris, the nurse:

A) must contact the Graduates of Foreign Nursing Schools to complete a special examination.

B) realizes that education in the United States is so generalized that he or she is eligible to practice in other countries without additional licensure.

C) is required to take a language proficiency examination for the primary language of that particular country, as well as a cultural assessment test, prior to licensure.

D) should contact the International Council of Nurses or the nursing regulatory board of that country.

Q3) The primary purpose of licensure is protection of the ___________.

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6

Chapter 5: Theories of Nursing Practice

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which nursing theory might a nurse use as a conceptual framework to determine how to meet the needs of immigrants while ensuring provision of high-quality and culturally sensitive care?

A) Martha Rogers' nursing theory

B) Dorothea Orem's nursing theory

C) Hildegard Peplau's nursing theory

D) Madeleine Leininger's nursing theory

Q2) The statement, "Nursing is a caring profession that focuses on helping people be as healthy as possible," is an example of a:

A) concept.

B) construct.

C) philosophy.

D) model.

Q3) Which type of theory most often guides present nursing practice?

A) Grand theory

B) Middle range theory

C) Developmental theory

D) Values theory

Q4) The basic ingredients of theory are ____________.

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Chapter 6: Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice

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23 Verified Questions

23 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1947

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse interested in life satisfaction among patients receiving hemodialysis reviews databases and identifies relevant studies which are then statistically analyzed providing generalization through multiple studies. The nurse researcher is using which type of research?

A) Quasi-experimental

B) Secondary analysis

C) Meta-analysis

D) Survey

Q2) Institutional review boards determine whether research studies involving human subjects will:

A) be published.

B) add to the body of nursing knowledge.

C) cause harm.

D) receive funding.

Q3) Which organization provides federal funding for research?

A) National Institute of Nursing Research

B) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

C) W. K. Kellogg Foundation

D) Sigma Theta Tau International

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Page 8

Chapter 7: Paying for Health Care in America: Rising Costs and Challenges

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26 Verified Questions

26 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1948

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse is very interested in learning more about health care economics and how she can use that knowledge to become a better patient advocate. She comments, "Nurses should not only deliver care one day at a time in one facility but should coordinate patient care as they move from acute care to rehabilitation to home care." This nurse would be a candidate for which nursing role?

A) Disease management program (DMP) for chronic illnesses

B) A hospital-based utilization management nurse who reviews medical records to determine the most appropriate DRG for patients

C) Case management

D) Reviewer for Managed Care Organization

Q2) A physician bills the insurance company for a computed tomography (CT) scan, laboratory tests, chest x-ray, and an extended visit and receives revenue for each procedure billed. This type of payment system is a _____ payment system.

A) prospective

B) retrospective

C) diagnosis-related group

D) capitated

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Chapter 8: Legal Issues in Nursing and Health Care

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21 Verified Questions

21 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1949

Sample Questions

Q1) A client states, "I am leaving. No one here knows what they are doing." The nurse completing the Against Medical Advice form must:

A) defer notifying the provider until the client has had ample time to leave.

B) state in medical terms the risks of leaving.

C) inform the client that leaving could result in complications and impairment.

D) detain the person with the use of soft restraints until security arrives.

Q2) Which statement regarding informed consent is correct? Informed consent:

A) is mandated by federal but not state law.

B) must reveal expected benefits.

C) requires concealing any known risks.

D) allows the RN to communicate information needed so that informed consent can be provided.

Q3) A nurse who functions in the role of team leader can be held negligent for matters involving:

A) inadequate training.

B) lack of development of proper policies and procedures.

C) failure to discipline unsafe workers.

D) delegation of client care tasks.

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Chapter 9: Ethical and Bioethical Issues in Nursing and Health Care

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20 Verified Questions

20 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1950

Sample Questions

Q1) Practicing nurses participate in employer-sponsored professional development classes that provide case studies related to ethical situations and decision making. Ethical considerations are debated among teams, and an expert helps the class arrive at the "best practices." The nurses are experiencing ethics ______________.

Q2) An older adult client is comatose and had one electroencephalogram that indicated no activity. The daughter is very distraught and notices her mother's hand moves when she is talking to her. The daughter asks the nurse, "Is mother responding to my voice?"

The nurse, attempting to console the daughter, knows the movement was involuntary but states, "It does appear she did." The nurse is violating which principle of ethics?

A) Autonomy

B) Veracity

C) Utilitarianism

D) Deontology

Q3) Ethics applied to nursing can best be defined as:

A) doing what is best for the client.

B) making good decisions about care.

C) care based on what should be done in keeping with the values of the client.

D) rules for providing competent care that is based on scientific principles.

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Chapter 10: Cultural Competency and Social Issues in

Nursing and Health Care

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24 Verified Questions

24 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1951

Sample Questions

Q1) A Southeast Asian woman brings her baby into the clinic because the baby is lethargic. The nurse determines that the baby has had diarrhea and vomiting for several days, resulting in dehydration. Physical examination reveals small, round burns on the abdomen. These burns probably are the result of cigarettes or burning cotton used to:

A) try to quiet the child and is considered child abuse.

B) bring out toxic wind from the body.

C) balance heat loss from the body.

D) brush the body with ruda to allow spirits to return.

Q2) Six cultural phenomena that vary among cultural groups are known to affect health care. The influence of the consequences of these phenomena can be seen in which of the following? (select all that apply)

A) Asians and American Indians tend to be nonadherent with medications because they believe that the environment has no control over their fate.

B) Some cancers such as stomach cancer occur less frequently among blacks.

C) Blacks and American Indians often resist direct eye contact.

D) Mexican Americans are more likely to stand close and touch health care providers.

E) Whites are often late for health care appointments.

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Page 12

Chapter 11: Complementary and Alternative Healing

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25 Verified Questions

25 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1952

Sample Questions

Q1) A patient states, "My cancer is in remission finally after all that chemotherapy, my friend used the same chemotherapy and wasn't so lucky. I want to continue participating in spiritual care and 'mind games' to keep my memory intact. I am also enrolled in Tai chi, but I just can't stop thinking about my sick lung." This patient adheres to which principle underlying alternative healing?

A) A negative alteration in the body produces a parallel effect on the mind and spirit.

B) The body can heal itself with the help of complementary alternative therapies.

C) Approaches to therapy are individualized.

D) There is a focus on the total lifestyle.

Q2) A patient is placed on reserpine (Serpalan) to decrease mild anxiety and treat hypertension. The patient researches the medication on the Internet and finds that this medication comes from which plant?

A) Atropa belladonna

B) Digitalis purpurea

C) Rauwolfia serpentina

D) Cephaelis ipecacuanha

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Chapter 12: Palliative Care

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14 Verified Questions

14 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1953

Sample Questions

Q1) Which patient's decision-making capacity should be a concern for the palliative care nurse?

A) The one who asks, "Why do I need palliative care?"

B) The patient with a diagnosis of moderate Alzheimer's disease

C) The one whose family is used to being consult about decisions affecting the patient

D) The patient who has expressed concerns about "all the decisions I have to make."

Q2) Which statements are true regarding palliative care services? (select all that apply)

A) Begins at the time of that a diagnosis of a serious illness occurs

B) Care can be delivered in most settings.

C) Expenses are paid for by Medicare.

D) Is appropriate for all patients regardless of age.

E) Providers are skilled in symptom management.

Q3) Which statement correctly applies to a person's suffering?

A) Pain is the cause of suffering.

B) Suffering and pain are experienced separately.

C) Suffering can exist without the experience of pain.

D) Pain is the focus of all nursing assessments.

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Page 14

Chapter 13: Workforce Advocacy for a Professional Nursing

Practice Environment

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22 Verified Questions

22 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1954

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse is concerned about a trend in the hospital to regularly "float" nurses to different areas of the hospital based on staff shortage regardless of recent experience in caring for the population on the unit. When deciding to accept a staffing assignment in this situation, the nurse considers a "safe harbor." What is meant by "safe harbor"?

A) In an emergency situation, nurses may move patients to one location designated to be areas safe from natural disasters or acts of terrorism.

B) Nurses work in teams to care for patients who have no communicable disease and do not pose a safety issue due to infection.

C) Horizontal violence is not tolerated and nurses report any form of violence to administration.

D) It is written a notice about recurrent staffing issues that allows nurses to continue to care for patients placed in their care but protects their nurse's license while an investigation is conducted.

Q2) Nurses who are expected to work overtime as dictated by their employer are being subjected to a ___________ hazard in the workplace.

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Page 15

Chapter 14: Collective Bargaining and Unions in Todays Workplace

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18 Verified Questions

18 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1955

Sample Questions

Q1) Physical therapists are represented by a union, nurses are represented by a separate union, and pharmacists have yet another union within a single agency. This type of union representation is known as:

A) occupational unionism.

B) industrial unionisms.

C) union shop.

D) power sharing.

Q2) A group of nurses interested in unionizing decides to contact the largest union in the United States representing registered nurses, which is the:

A) American Nurses Association.

B) United American Nurses.

C) National Nurses United.

D) National Labor Relations Board.

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16

Chapter 15: Information Technology in the Clinical Setting

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18 Verified Questions

18 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1956

Sample Questions

Q1) Software programs that process data to produce or recommend valid choices are known as ______________.

Q2) A new nurse asks, "Since Electronic Medical Records can improve quality care by having seamless data available for a patient, why doesn't everyone just replace paper and pencil charts"? Barriers to a universal health information infrastructure include the fact that: (select all that apply)

A) competition from individual companies to build EMR prevent a universal infrastructure.

B) cost is prohibitive even with federal funding for larger health care systems.

C) preventive health reminders for immunizations and yearly screenings such as mammograms are used in clinical decision making.

D) insurance companies have halted sharing of some patient data due to fear of law suits.

E) the full capacity of EHRs has not been realized with only Stage 1 of 3 nearing completion.

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17

Chapter 16: Emergency Preparedness and Response for

Todays World

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23 Verified Questions

23 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1957

Sample Questions

Q1) The emergency preparedness term that is used to describe the process of limiting the emergency situation within a well-defined area is ___________.

Q2) A nurse at a school notices that several students have "blisters" on their bodies. Further investigation reveals that a terrorist incident has occurred, causing smallpox. If the chemical, biologic, radiologic, nuclear, and explosive (CBRNE) agent categories are used, this incident would be classified as:

A) chemical.

B) biologic.

C) radiologic.

D) nuclear.

Q3) The Metropolitan Medical Response System (MMRS):

A) is totally financed by the federal government national disaster fund.

B) consists of responders who have obtained specialized training and equipment to deal with mass casualty events.

C) has a storehouse of medications and antidotes to be used during response in times of national emergencies.

D) arranges for patient admissions to federal hospitals.

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Page 18

Chapter 17: Nursing Leadership and Management

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21 Verified Questions

21 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1958

Sample Questions

Q1) According to the unit's policy for call-ins, a nurse is suspended for 3 days because of excessive call-ins that occur within 15 minutes of shift change. The nurse states, "You are unfair to me." Which theory would disprove the nurse's statement?

A) Authoritative

B) Closed systems

C) Open systems

D) Trait

Q2) Managers who exhibit an authoritative behavioral style are most likely to use which source of power?

A) Informal

B) Expert

C) Coercive

D) Reward

Q3) The first step in the nursing process and in the problem-solving process is to:

A) identify the problem.

B) gather information.

C) consider the consequences.

D) implement interventions.

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19

Chapter 18: Budgeting Basics for Nurses

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17 Verified Questions

17 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1959

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse manager plans the fiscal budget to include salaries for two RNs for two 12-hour shifts with a patient census of 6 in the short-stay observation room. The nurse manager reviews the budget report 3 months later and notes that the salary expenses are higher than was budgeted because of higher-than-planned RN staff salaries. This additional RN staff is necessary to meet patient care needs because the census has remained constant at 10 patients rather than the 6 projected when the budget was developed. The difference between the planned budget and the actual cost is known as:

A) revenue.

B) variance.

C) monitoring.

D) capital expenditures.

Q2) The nursing executive team met to review last year's productivity metric to strategize for the upcoming year's metric. The team wants to be certain the productivity metric shows productivity was:

A) high.

B) low.

C) balanced.

D) iterative.

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Chapter 19: Effective Communication and Conflict Resolution

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24 Verified Questions

24 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1960

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse gives Dilantin intravenously with lactated Ringer's solution containing multivitamins. The drug precipitates and obstructs the only existing line. When the team leader informs the nurse that these drugs cannot be mixed, the nurse states, "Everyone just pushes the medicine slowly. No one checks for compatibility. There isn't even a compatibility chart on the unit." Which type of logical fallacy has influenced the nurse?

A) Ad hominem abusive

B) Appeal to common practice

C) Appeal to emotion

D) Appeal to tradition

Q2) An RN is consistently late to work, causing reassignment of patient care and the need for repeated shift reports. The nurse, who receives a warning for repeated tardiness, states, "My husband left me, I have no car, no family close by, and the bus is always late, which makes me late. The nurse manager doesn't care how hard I try to get here, and I am raising a child by myself." The nurse is using which type of logical fallacy?

A) Appeal to emotion

B) Appeal to tradition

C) Hasty generalization

D) Confusing cause and effect

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Chapter 20: Effective Delegation and Supervision

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23 Verified Questions

23 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1961

Sample Questions

Q1) An RN delegates to the unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) the task of performing blood pressure checks for a group of patients on a nursing unit. The UAP accepts the task and is responsible for:

A) delegating the task to another UAP if he or she does not have the time or skill to complete the task.

B) keeping the RN informed of any abnormal blood pressure readings.

C) calling the physician when the patient's vital signs are not within established parameters.

D) informing the dietary department to initiate a low-sodium diet for patients who are hypertensive.

Q2) The task of completing and signing the initial assessment on a newly admitted patient who is about to undergo minimally invasive procedures on an outpatient basis can be delegated to:

A) the registered nurse (RN).

B) the licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN).

C) unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP).

D) all levels of staff, because the information is about the past and cannot change.

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Page 22

Chapter 21: Staffing and Nursing Care Delivery Models

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22 Verified Questions

22 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1962

Sample Questions

Q1) rNurses on a unit provide personal hygiene, administer medications, educate the patient and family about treatments, and provide emotional support. These nurses provide patient care based on which nursing delivery system?

A) Total patient care

B) Partnership nursing

C) Team nursing

D) Functional nursing

Q2) A patient is admitted for a hysterectomy, and the RN develops and implements the plan of care but also delegates to the LPN/LVN the responsibility of administering oral medications. While off duty, this RN receives a call requesting a change in the plan of care because the patient has developed deep vein thrombosis. The nurse who originally planned the care is practicing which type of nursing care delivery?

A) Modular

B) Primary

C) Team

D) Functional

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Chapter 22: Quality Improvement and Patient Safety

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28 Verified Questions

28 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1963

Sample Questions

Q1) Patients with heart failure have extended lengths of stay and are often readmitted shortly after they have been discharged. To improve quality of care, a type of "road map" that included all elements of care for this disease and that standardized treatment by guiding daily care was implemented. This road map is referred to as a(n):

A) benchmark.

B) critical pathway.

C) algorithm.

D) case management.

Q2) Nurses working on an orthopedic unit use personal digital assistants (PDAs) to review medications prior to administration to reduce potential drug interactions. Software is also installed that provides video clips of common procedures performed by nurses. Nurses on this unit are best demonstrating which QSEN competencies?

A) Patient-centered care

B) Informatics

C) Teamwork

D) Quality improvement

Q3) Quality is defined by the ____________.

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24

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19 Verified Questions

19 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1964

Sample Questions

Q1) If a nurse practicing in a mental health agency could only belong to one professional organization, what criteria could be used to select the organization with the biggest impact?

A) The American Nurses Association has a strong voice representing the nation's entire RN population.

B) Specialty organizations such as the American Psychiatric Nurses Association lobby for higher education requirements for nurses.

C) State nursing associations have limited power because they can lobby only state representatives.

D) Professional organizations such as The American Association for the History of Nursing (AAHN) record the history of mental health nursing.

Q2) When the policy process is compared with the nursing process, identifying the issue is consistent with which step of the nursing process?

A) Assessment

B) Diagnosis

C) Planning

D) Implementation

Q3) Another name for an eligible voter is a _________.

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Chapter 24: Making the Transition from Student to Professional Nurse

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23 Verified Questions

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Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1965

Sample Questions

Q1) When the novice nurse asks, "What will happen if this task is not completed," which skill is being demonstrated?

A) Priority setting

B) Delegation

C) Organization

D) Clinical skills

Q2) The novice nurse calls a supervisor and requests that a "float nurse" be assigned to help with all "assessments of new admissions and postoperative patients." The supervisor asks, "How many admissions and surgery patients have you received?" The novice nurse becomes flustered because she has not checked the census but simply bases the need on feeling overwhelmed. This situation best indicates a lack of _____ skills.

A) organizational

B) communication

C) interpersonal

D) clinical

Q3) It is important for novice nurses to know that "self-esteem = self-confidence + self-______."

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Chapter 25: Managing Time: The Path to High

Self-Performance

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21 Verified Questions

21 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1966

Sample Questions

Q1) A nurse is having difficulty managing assignments at work, which results in a feeling of "failure" and tasks that are not completed or that are not completed satisfactorily. The mentor suggests some tips for time management. These include: (select all that apply)

A) focusing on activities to be completed, rather than on objectives.

B) planning for tomorrow today.

C) making certain that the last hours are the most productive in tying up loose ends.

D) maintaining a log of how the nurse spends time (no need to worry about using complete sentences).

E) picking five major objectives for the day and not stopping until they are achieved.

Q2) Positive time management skills include:

A) maintaining an open-door policy.

B) retaining all paperwork.

C) returning all telephone calls immediately.

D) scheduling daily activities.

Q3) The most important step in time management is ____________.

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Chapter 26: Contemporary Nursing Roles and Career

Opportunities

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24 Verified Questions

24 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1967

Sample Questions

Q1) A new graduate desires a position in labor and delivery; however, no position is available. What is the best advice for this nurse?

A) Continue to study to keep skills current and wait for desired position.

B) Return to college until a position in labor or delivery opens.

C) Accept another nursing position and transfer into labor and delivery when a position is available.

D) Practice obstetrical skills in a simulation lab then present evidence of competency to potential employer.

Q2) The primary focus of the care provider role for the nurse involves:

A) using the nursing process to provide guidance to the patient in recovery.

B) encouraging consumer self-responsibility and emphasizing health promotion/maintenance.

C) focusing on increasing satisfaction among professional nurses.

D) advancing nursing practice through research.

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Chapter 27: Job Search: Finding Your Match

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24 Verified Questions

24 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1968

Sample Questions

Q1) A new nurse decides to use the Internet to apply for possible positions. How does applying online compare to applying by more traditional methods? (select all that apply)

A) Regardless of how one applies, it is important to check the resume for correctness.

B) Follow-up with Internet applications is no sooner than 90 days compared to a 1-week follow-up for traditional applications.

C) Researching the mission and philosophy of the agency is not necessary with Internet searches and applications.

D) The resume and cover letter should be reviewed by someone with excellent skills in grammar and writing to ensure the first impression is one of professionalism and attention to detail.

E) Internet applications should include specific questions to be answered prior to accepting an interview such as pay, shifts available, nurse-patient ratio, and autonomy of practice.

Q2) The key to a successful interview is being ____________.

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Chapter 28: The NCLEX-RN Examination

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21 Verified Questions

21 Flashcards

Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/1969

Sample Questions

Q1) The primary purpose of the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) examination is to:

A) ensure that practitioners have the minimum skills and knowledge needed to provide care that will produce the best patient care outcomes.

B) regulate nursing education.

C) determine the mandatory educational level required for nurses to practice.

D) accredit schools of nursing.

Q2) "A patient with end-stage renal disease has a potassium level of 7.5 mEq/L. Based on this laboratory result, the nurse interprets which symptom as significant prompting which action?

A) Drowsiness, stimulate the patient every 30 minutes

B) Confusion, ask the patient to state their name and date of birth

C) Irregular heartbeat, evaluate the patient's capillary refill

D) Muscle cramps, elevate the affected limb"

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