Problem Solving and Decision Making
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational principles and practical techniques of problem solving and decision making in both personal and professional contexts. Students will learn to identify complex problems, generate and evaluate alternative solutions, and make informed decisions using analytical frameworks and creative thinking strategies. The curriculum integrates psychological, organizational, and logical perspectives, emphasizing real-world applications, case studies, and collaborative exercises. By the end of the course, students will develop critical skills to systematically approach challenges, minimize errors in judgment, and enhance their ability to make effective, ethical decisions.
Recommended Textbook
Congitive Psychology 3rd Edition by E.
Bruce Goldstein
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13 Chapters
801 Verified Questions
801 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before.From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
A) inborn programming.
B) cultural influences.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant conditioning.
Answer: A
Q2) Gais et al.'s research on the impact of sleep on memory consolidation illustrates which type of approach to the study of the operations of the mind?
A) Behavioral
B) Structural
C) Physiological
D) Mathematical
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the purpose of feature detectors in creating mental representation of objects. Answer: Feature detectors play a crucial role in creating mental representations of objects by identifying and encoding specific visual features of an object, such as edges, shapes, colors, and textures. These detectors are specialized neurons in the visual cortex that respond to specific features of an object, and their activation helps the brain to form a coherent and detailed representation of the object in the mind.
By detecting and encoding these features, feature detectors enable the brain to perceive and recognize objects in the environment, even when they are presented in different orientations, sizes, or lighting conditions. This process allows the brain to create a stable and consistent mental representation of an object, regardless of the variations in its visual appearance.
Overall, the purpose of feature detectors in creating mental representations of objects is to facilitate the perception, recognition, and understanding of the visual world, ultimately contributing to our ability to navigate and interact with our environment.
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4
Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Generally, if we can see an object's geons, we are able to identify the object.This is known as the
A) principle of size constancy.
B) principles of componential recovery.
C) perceptual organization.
D) feedback signal.
Answer: B
Q2) The experimental technique that involves removing part of the brain is known as A) brain ablation.
B) dissociation.
C) fMRI.
D) EEG.
Answer: A
Q3) The theory of unconscious inference includes the A) oblique effect.
B) likelihood principle.
C) principle of componential recovery.
D) principle of speech segmentation.
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions.By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor.In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor
A) was overtly responded to by the participant.
B) was processed.
C) was ignored.
D) appeared in a high-load condition.
Q2) Which stage in Treisman's "attenuation model" has a threshold component?
A) The attenuator
B) The dictionary unit
C) The filter
D) The "leaky" filter
Q3) With the Stroop effect, you would expect to find longest response times when
A) the color and the name matched.
B) the color and the name differed.
C) the shape and the name matched.
D) the shape and the name differed.
Q4) Define change blindness.Explain two sets of experimental data that illustrate this phenomenon.
6
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain proactive interference and the release from proactive interference.First, provide experimental evidence for these phenomena.Then, use these two concepts to describe successful strategies for studying in college.
Q2) According to your text, students often overlook functions of memory they take for granted such as
A) keeping daily appointments on their schedules.
B) learning material for exams.
C) remembering names and phone numbers.
D) labeling familiar objects.
Q3) Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task is an example of the
A) physiological approach to coding.
B) mental approach to coding.
C) physiological and mental approach to coding.
D) study of articulatory suppression.
Q4) Explain Sperling's experiments about sensory memory.Compare and contrast the results of the whole- vs.partial-report methods, and use this example to explain how clever experimentation can reveal rapid cognitive processes that we are usually unaware of.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory--Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in
A) recognizing famous people.
B) remembering the meaning of some words.
C) recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen.
D) remembering where a best friend had moved.
Q2) The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment)is associated with A) LTM.
B) STM.
C) sensory memory.
D) implicit memory.
Q3) We are conscious of _____ memories.
A) implicit
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) all of the above
Q4) Explain how research on brain-damaged individuals informs our understanding of priming in implicit memory.
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory--Encoding and Retrieval
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following scenarios best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM?
A) Lilia recalls her grandmother's house where she grew up, even though she hasn't been there for 22 years.
B) Ben learned his martial arts moves by making up "short stories" and mental images to describe each movement.
C) Renee starred in the lead role of her high school play a few years ago. Although she helped write the play and based her character on her own life, she cannot remember many of the actual lines of dialogue anymore.
D) Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it every day for three years.
Q2) Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on
A) the number of vowels in a word.
B) the meaning of a word.
C) the pleasantness of a word.
D) the category of a word.
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9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.
A) event-specific
B) source
C) constructive
D) misinformation
Q2) In the "sleep list" false memory experiment, false memory occurs because of A) constructive memory processes.
B) verbatim recall.
C) the effect of scripts.
D) none of these
Q3) "S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory.According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal.
A) more
B) less
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Chapter 9: Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Collins and Loftus modified the original semantic network theory of Collins and Quillian to satisfy some of the criticisms of the original model.However, their revised model was not immune to criticism.One criticism of Collins and Loftus' semantic network theory is that it
A) cannot explain exceptions to category properties (e.g., account for the fact that an ostrich can't fly while most birds can).
B) is of little explanatory value because it can explain just about any result.
C) is so inflexible that it has been easy to falsify.
D) explains the length of links as resulting from a person's past experiences.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of the sentence verification technique?
A) Indicate whether the following statement was previously presented:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO
B) Indicate whether the following statement is true:
An apple is a fruit. YES NO
C) Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
An apple is a(n) ______.
D) Fill in the blank in the following sentence:
A(n) ______ is a fruit.
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the conceptual peg hypothesis.As examples, use the experimental results from the presentation of concrete vs.abstract noun pairs.Explain the paired-associate learning task, and provide examples of stimuli that had high recall in the task.
Q2) Perky's experiment, in which participants were asked to "project" visual images of common objects onto a screen, showed that A) imagery and perception are two different phenomena. B) imagery and perception can interact with one another. C) there are large individual differences in people's ability to create visual images. D) creating a visual image can interfere with a perceptual judgment task.
Q3) The mental simulation approach for solving mechanical problems is analogous to the idea that visual imagery involves ____ representations. A) spatial
B) propositional C) symbolic
D) verbal
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale.He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
A) instrument inference.
B) garden path sequence.
C) global connection.
D) anaphoric inference.
Q2) Lilo can't wait for school to start.This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese.Dr.Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr.Nabuto is most likely studying
A) language comprehension.
B) language acquisition.
C) speech production.
D) speech parsing.
Q3) Describe the interactionist approach to parsing, and the methods and results of eye movement research that support it.
Q4) Give an example of a garden-path sentence.Explain the syntax-first and interactionist approaches to parsing such sentences.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ identified people's tendency to focus on a specific characteristic of a problem that keeps them from arriving at a solution as a major obstacle to successful problem solving.
A) Newell and Simon's logic theorist computer problem
B) Gestalt psychologists
C) The physicist Richard Feynman
D) The analogical problem solving approach
Q2) In Belilock and Carr's study of the relationship between working memory capacity and problem solving, individuals with high working memory capacity performed best in the condition.
A) low-pressure
B) high-pressure
C) well-defined
D) ill-defined
Q3) Insight refers to
A) prior learning facilitating problem solving.
B) prior learning hindering problem solving.
C) the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.
D) the sudden realization of a problem's solution.
Q4) Describe the Gestalt approach to problem solving and provide an example.
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Chapter 13: Reasoning and Decision Making
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Sample Questions
Q1) Juanita is in a convenience store considering which soda to buy.She recalls a commercial for BigFizz she saw on TV last night.BigFizz is running a promotion where you look under the bottle cap, and one in five bottles has a voucher for a free soda.If Juanita decides to purchase a BigFizz based on this promotion, which is framed in terms of _____, she will use a _____ strategy.
A) losses; risk-taking
B) gains; risk-taking
C) losses; risk-aversion
D) gains; risk-aversion
Q2) Explain the evidence from neuropsychology and brain imaging studies showing how the prefrontal cortex is involved in problem solving and reasoning.
Q3) Define the utility approach to decisions.Explain how emotions affect decisions from this perspective.
Q4) For which type of syllogism do people exhibit the best performance in judging validity?
A) Denying the antecedent
B) Denying the consequent
C) Affirming the antecedent
D) Affirming the consequent
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