Principles of Sociology Review
Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used to study society and human social behavior. The course explores topics such as social structure, culture, socialization, groups, institutions, inequalities, deviance, and social change. Emphasis is placed on understanding how individuals are shaped by social forces and how societies are organized and transformed. Through analysis of real-world issues and case studies, students gain critical thinking skills and an appreciation for the diversity and complexity of social life.
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Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research
Process
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the main points of Karl Marx's theory of class conflict.
Answer: German economist and philosopher Karl Marx stressed that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces. He believed that conflictespecially class conflict-is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society. Class conflict is the struggle between the capitalist class and the working class. The capitalist class, or bourgeoisie, comprises those who own and control the means of production - the tools, land, factories, and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society. The working class, or proletariat, is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood. The capitalist class controls and exploits the masses of struggling workers by paying less than the value of their labor. This exploitation results in workers' alienation-a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from themselves. Marx predicted that the working class would become aware of its exploitation, overthrow the capitalists, and establish a free and classless society.
Q2) With the increasing diversity of the population, what personal troubles and public issues do you think are most important for the U.S. society to think about?
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Our cultural tool box is divided into two major parts. Differentiate between material culture and nonmaterial culture.
Answer: Material culture consists of the physical or tangible creations that members of a society make, use, and share. Initially, items of material culture begin as raw materials or resources such as ore, trees, and oil. Through technology, these raw materials are transformed into usable items (ranging from books and computers to guns and tanks). Sociologists define technology as the knowledge, techniques, and tools that make it possible for people to transform resources into usable forms, and the knowledge and skills required to use them after they are developed. At the most basic level, material culture is important because it is our buffer against the environment. Nonmaterial culture consists of the abstract or intangible human creations of society that influence people's behavior. Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of nonmaterial culture. A central component of nonmaterial culture is beliefs-the mental acceptance or conviction that certain things are true or real. Beliefs may be based on tradition, faith, experience, scientific research, or some combination of these.
Q2) Explain the primary ways that language influences culture.
Answer: Not Answer
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two criticisms of Piaget's theory of cognitive development are that it says little about individual differences among children nor does it take into account cultural differences.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Psychologist Jean Piaget was a pioneer in the field of __________, which relates to changes over time in how people think.
A)psychoanalysis
B)psychosocial development
C)cognitive development
D)interactionism
Answer: C
Q3) What is the most frequent form of child maltreatment?
A)physical abuse
B)emotional abuse
C)criminal sexual assault
D)neglect
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Social interaction is the process by which people act toward or respond to other people and is the foundation for all relationships and groups in society.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A convicted criminal, wearing a prison uniform, is an example of a person who has been __________; the uniform says that the person has done something wrong and should not be allowed unsupervised outside the prison walls.
A)alienated
B)marginalized
C)dislabeled
D)stigmatized
Q3) When people are proud of a particular social status that they occupy, they often choose to use visible means to let others know about their position. Status symbols are material signs that inform others of a person's specific status.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe sociologist Erving Goffman's dramaturgical analysis and explain what he meant by presentation of self.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) Sociologist George Ritzer has applied Weber's theories to an examination of fast-food restaurants such as McDonald's. In the process of "McDonaldization," he identified four dimensions of formal rationality. Which of the following was not a dimension identified?
A)efficiency
B)predictability
C)control through human technologies
D)emphasis on quantity rather than quality
Q2) According to sociologist Robert Merton, the term bureaucratic personality describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly. Such workers are usually capable of handling a unique problem or an emergency effectively, but are frequently unable to handle routine situations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Summarize Max Weber's perspective on rationality and outline his ideal characteristics of bureaucracy.
Q4) Discuss the major shortcomings of bureaucracies and their effects on workers, clients or customers, as well as levels of productivity.
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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Q1) Explain the nature of deviance and describe its most common forms.
Q2) Which of the following actions is not considered to be a corporate (white-collar) crime?
A)pilfering
B)soliciting bribes or kickbacks
C)embezzling
D)loan sharking
Q3) In relation to the functionalist perspectives on deviance, describe sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory and sociologists Richard Cloward's and Lloyd Ohlin's opportunity theory.
Q4) __________ is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.
A)Socialism
B)Terrorism
C)Totalitarianism
D)Imperialism
Q5) Discuss the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and describe the types of crime it reports.
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Q1) According to sociologist Karl Marx, class position and the extent of our income and wealth are determined by our work situation, or our relationship to the means of production.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Olin Wright has written on Marx's view of social stratification. Discuss his criticisms of Marx. List and briefly define/explain his (i.e., Wright's) model of stratification.
Q3) Which age group (of all races) has the highest percentage living in poverty
A)Under 18
B)18 - 24
C)45 - 64
D)65 and above
Q4) __________ is an extreme form of stratification in which some people are owned by others. It is a closed system in which people are treated as property and have little or no control over their lives.
A)League
B)Slavery
C)Class
D)Caste
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Q1) According to Walt Rostow, economic advisor to U.S. President Kennedy, all countries go through four stages of economic development. The first stage is the __________, in which very little social change takes place, and people do not identify a need to change their current circumstances.
A)traditional stage
B)high mass consumption stage
C)take-off stage
D)technological maturity stage
Q2) In 1990, the United Nations introduced the __________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross domestic product, for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy, education, and living standards.
A)national resource product (NRP)
B)personal socialization index (PSI)
C)Gini coefficient
D)human development index (HDI)
Q3) In relation to classification of economies by income, describe middle-income economies.
Q4) Explain the new international division of labor theory and compare the use of global commodity chains.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Based on sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, __________ may have no personal prejudice but still engage in discriminatory behavior because of peer group pressure or economic, political, or social interests.
A)unprejudiced discriminators
B)prejudiced nondiscriminators
C)prejudiced discriminators
D)unprejudiced nondiscriminators
Q2) In the United States today, African Americans make up about __________ percent of the population.
A)9
B)13
C)19
D)28
Q3) TV ads and programming reflect the actual level of interracial friendships and marriage in the U.S.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the critical race theory as an alternative perspective on racial and ethnic relations.
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Q1) Virtually everything social in our lives is __________. People continually distinguish between males and females and evaluate them differentially. It is an integral part of the daily experiences of both women and men.
A)sexually linked
B)gendered
C)hormonally associated
D)biologically identified
Q2) Compare and contrast the functional, conflict, and feminist perspectives on gender stratification.
Q3) In their investigation of college women, anthropologists Dorothy Holland and Margaret Eisenhart determined that __________.
A)the peer system propelled women into a world of romance in which their attractiveness to men counted most
B)the women's peers influenced everything from their choices of majors and careers to their final courses of action in making plans for the future
C)peer pressure did not involve appearance norms
D)peer pressure has diminished on college campuses in recent years
Q4) Discuss the biological dimension of sex.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Q1) With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.
A)blended; extended
B)extended; nuclear
C)nuclear; conventional
D)nuclear; extended
Q2) Which statement below is false?
A)The marriage rate has gone down since 1960.
B)The number of children living in extreme poverty increased in the 1990s.
C)Adult children of divorced parents are more likely to end their own marriages.
D)Couples who already have children at the beginning of their marriage are more likely to divorce than those who do not have children.
Q3) Discuss postmodernist perspectives on families.
Q4) Discuss child-related family issues and parenting.
Q5) Summarize symbolic interactionist perspectives on families.
Q6) Describe the different forms of marriage patterns found across cultures.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Questions
Q1) Because of the intertwining of group consciousness and society, functionalist suggest that religion has three important functions in any society. Which of the following was not identified as a function of religion?
A)Religion provides meaning and purpose to life.
B)Religion promotes social cohesion and a sense of belonging.
C)Religion provides social control and support for the government.
D)Religion prevents anarchy.
Q2) Civil religion is not tied to any one denomination or religious group; it has an identity all its own. The U.S. flag is the primary sacred object of our civil religion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss the conflict perspective on education and explain how tracking produces social inequality.
Q4) Ethnic and class differences are significant factors for dropout rates. For example, African Americans have the highest dropout rate (34.4%), followed by Native Americans (17.1%).
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Q1) Sociologist G. William Domhoff argues that the media __________.
A)tends to be totally neutral in news coverage
B)tends to reflect the biases of those with access to them
C)are more powerful than government officials
D)are more powerful than corporate leaders
Q2) In 1990, the United States became the first nation to formally address the issue of equality for persons with a disability. When Congress passed the Americans with Disability Act (ADA), this law established "a clear and comprehensive prohibition of discrimination on the basis of disability."
A)True
B)False
Q3) Contemporary world economic systems-socialism
Q4) Government intervention in the 1990s included billions of dollars in subsidies to farmers, tax credits for corporations, and large subsidies or loan guarantees to automakers, aircraft companies, railroads, and others. Overall, most corporations have gained much more than they have lost as a result of government involvement in the economy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss primary sector production that occurs in preindustrial economies.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Q1) According to the United Nations Joint Programme on HIV/AIDS, more than two-thirds of the people with HIV/AIDS live in __________.
A)the United States
B)England
C)sub-Saharan Africa
D)Canada
Q2) __________ is the most extensively used illegal drug in the United States.
A)Tobacco
B)Marijuana
C)Heroin
D)Alcohol
Q3) In a __________, patients pay premiums into a fund that in turn pays doctors and hospitals for each treatment that patient receives.
A)fee-for-service program
B)third-party provider program
C)health maintenance organization program
D)managed care program
Q4) Describe health in global perspective.
Q5) Explain how drug use and abuse lifestyle factors affect health.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Q1) __________ is a subfield of sociology that examines population size, composition, and distribution.
A)Ecology
B)Demography
C)Social psychology
D)Graphology
Q2) Based on urbanization and the growth of cities, discuss the functionalist perspective as it relates to the ecological models.
Q3) According to economist Thomas Malthus, the population, if left unchecked, would exceed the __________.
A)earth's carrying capacity
B)available food supply
C)ecological balance
D)earth's water supply
Q4) Discuss Herbert Gans's five major types of adaptation among urban dwellers.
Q5) Describe problems in global cities.
Q6) From a global context, explain the Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Q7) From a global context, elaborate on the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Q1) Describe mass behavior.
Q2) Summarize the different types and stages of social movements.
Q3) When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem, tension occurs in the system. This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of __________.
A)spread of a generalized belief
B)mobilization for action
C)structural strain
D)social control
Q4) Describe social movements and note when and where they are most likely to develop.
Q5) Examples of a(n) __________ include celebrations after sports victories such as those that occurred in St. Louis after the Cardinals defeated the Detroit Tigers in the 2006 Baseball World Series.
A)aggregate
B)mob
C)collectivity
D)riot
Page 18
Q6) Distinguish between crowds and masses, and the influence of dominant emotions.
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