Principles of Sociology
Mock Exam
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social behavior, and social institutions. The course explores foundational theories, key concepts, and research methods used in sociology to understand how individuals interact within groups, how communities are organized, and how social structures shape everyday life. Topics include culture, socialization, social stratification, race and ethnicity, gender, deviance, and the impact of social change. Through critical analysis and discussion, students develop an understanding of the complex ways in which society functions and learn to evaluate sociological issues in contemporary contexts.
Recommended Textbook Society The Basics 12th Edition by John J. Macionis
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Perspective, theory, and Method
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Q1) Who helped launch the discipline of sociology by studying the evils of slavery and also by translating the writings of Auguste Comte?
A)Harriet Martineau
B)Jane Addams
C)Elizabeth Cady Stanton
D)Dorothea Dix
Answer: A
Q2) Which German word meaning "understanding" was used by Max Weber to describe his approach to sociological research?
A)Gemeinschaft.
B)Gesellschaft.
C)Verstehen.
D)Verboten.
Answer: C
Q3) Using the sociological perspective,we would conclude that people's lives are mostly a result of what they decide to do.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Which theoretical approach gives an evolutionary explanation of why the sexual "double standard" is found around the world?
A)the structural-functional approach
B)the social-conflict approach
C)the symbolic-interaction approach
D)the sociobiology approach
Answer: D
Q2) Standards by which people who share culture define what is desirable,good,and beautiful are called
A)folkways.
B)norms.
C)mores.
D)values.
Answer: D
Q3) Culture is a source of human freedom because A)culture does not guide behavior.
B)all culture changes very quickly.
C)as cultural creatures,humans make and remake the world for themselves.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Socialization: From Infancy to Old Age
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Q1) In the nature versus nurture debate,sociologists claim that
A)nature is far more important than nurture.
B)nurture is far more important than nature.
C)nature and nurture have equal importance.
D)neither nature nor nurture creates the essence of our humanity.
Answer: B
Q2) Carol Gilligan set out to compare the moral development of girls and boys.Her research showed that
A)girls and boys typically assess situations as right and wrong using different standards. B)girls are more interested in right and wrong than boys are.
C)boys show more care and empathy in judging a moral situation than girls do.
D)the ability to assess situations as right and wrong typically develops only as young people enter the teenage years.
Answer: A
Q3) According to Kübler-Ross,a person first reacts to the prospect of dying with denial.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Which sociologist developed the approach called dramaturgical analysis?
A)George Herbert Mead
B)Harold Garfinkel
C)Erving Goffman
D)W.I.Thomas
Q2) Explain the idea of socially constructing reality by using examples from everyday life.
Q3) There are specific gestures that indicate when a person is lying or otherwise engaging in deception.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Looking at humor from a conflict viewpoint,jokes
A)tend to bring people together.
B)can be a way of making one category of people feel good at the expense of another.
C)are a good way of reducing conflict in society.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q5) Being a professional baseball player is mostly an achieved status.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Q1) Charles Horton Cooley referred to a small social group whose members share personal and enduring relationships as
A)an instrumental group.
B)an expressive group.
C)a primary group.
D)a secondary group.
Q2) Which statement correctly reflects Simmel's interpretation of the dyad?
A)Dyads are less stable than groups with many members.
B)Typically,dyads involve less intense interaction.
C)Most people find dyads less meaningful than triads.
D)Dyads are more stable than groups with many members.
Q3) Scientific management was an effort to humanize the workplace.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of these concepts was used by Robert Michels to refer to the rule of the many by the few?
A)bureaucracy
B)formal organization
C)oligarchy
D)authoritarian leadership
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Sexuality and Society
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Q1) The sexual counterrevolution had begun in the United States by A)1920.
B)1960.
C)1980.
D)1995.
Q2) Sociologists point out that human sexual behavior is very similar across all cultures.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain the significance of the Muxes of central Mexico for our understanding of gender.Develop a similar argument that takes the existence of transgender people in the United States into account.In other words,what cultural changes would be necessary for our society to recognize the full range of sexual diversity that exists here?
Q4) In what regions of the world do people make the most and least use of birth control technology? Can you explain this pattern?
Q5) What significant changes took place during the sexual revolution? What about during the sexual counterrevolution?
Q6) State two common myths about rape.Explain why these beliefs are wrong.
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Deviance
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Q1) In legal terms,a crime is composed of which two components?
A)the act and criminal intent
B)a criminal and a victim
C)the act and the social harm
D)the law and the violation
Q2) The likelihood a person will be arrested for a street crime rises sharply
A)during the late teenage years.
B)in the late twenties.
C)during the middle thirties.
D)over age forty.
Q3) In terms of racial categories,MOST of the people arrested for FBI Index crimes in the United States are
A)white.
B)African American.
C)people of mixed race.
D)of Hispanic ancestry.
Q4) Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance.Give an example of each type of deviance.
Q5) Define each of the following: white-collar crime,corporate crime,organized crime,and hate crime.
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification
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Q1) If you followed the lead of Max Weber,you would think of social stratification in terms of
A)a multidimensional status hierarchy.
B)two major social classes.
C)a middle-class society.
D)six different social classes.
Q2) What is meritocracy? What part does it play in class systems?
Q3) In the United States,people of _____ are MOST likely to vote.
A)low social position
B)high social position
C)average social position
D)None of these responses is correct.
Q4) Ideology,or cultural beliefs that support social stratification,is found in A)caste systems.
B)class systems.
C)both class and caste systems.
D)only U.S.society.
Q5) The working class is sometimes called the "lower-middle class."
A)True
B)False
10
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Chapter 9: Global Stratification
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Q1) In the world's lowest-income nations,two in ten children born die by the age of A)one.
B)five.
C)thirty-five.
D)seventy.
Q2) The people of the high-income countries,who represent 23 percent of the world's population,enjoy about how much of the world's total income?
A)15 percent
B)35 percent
C)55 percent
D)75 percent
Q3) In 2011,how many nations were there in the world?
A)57
B)195
C)341
D)2,190
Q4) With regard to dependency theory,explain exactly how poor nations are dependent on rich nations.
Q5) Identify and define four types of slavery found in today's world.
Q6) Describe the distribution of income for the world as a whole.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Gender Stratification
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Q1) Talcott Parsons explained that males tend to exhibit _____ behavior,while females are more _____.
A)instrumental;expressive
B)expressive;instrumental
C)egalitarian;hierarchical
D)rational;emotional
Q2) The CHAPTER argues that gender is not just a matter of difference in behavior,but also of differences in A)power.
B)wealth.
C)privileges.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q3) On average,males are both taller and heavier than females.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Liberal feminism seeks the elimination of gender itself.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the importance of the term "glass ceiling"?
Q6) What does Naomi Wolf mean by the term "beauty myth"?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Scientific research shows that there are three biologically pure races.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Prejudice and discrimination can be either positive or negative.
A)True
B)False
Q3) From which areas of the world are most of today's immigrants arriving? How is this different from the pattern a century ago?
Q4) In the United States,minorities typically have less A)income.
B)occupational prestige.
C)schooling.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q5) The adoption of the English language by Mexican immigrants in the United States is an example of A)genocide.
B)segregation.
C)assimilation.
D)pluralism.
Q6) What evidence is there that race is a socially constructed concept?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Economics and Politics
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Q1) Preindustrial societies,explained Max Weber,are characterized by having
A)mostly traditional authority.
B)mostly rational-legal authority.
C)mostly charismatic authority.
D)no authority at all.
Q2) In the United States,about what percentage of the labor force performs tertiary sector work?
A)15 percent
B)35 percent
C)50 percent
D)80 percent
Q3) What is welfare capitalism? How does Denmark illustrate the operation of this system?
Q4) Describe the attitudes of the U.S.population using the political spectrum.How do gender,race,and class figure in?
Q5) A conglomerate is
A)a giant corporation composed of many smaller corporations.
B)a corporation in the manufacturing sector.
C)a corporation engaged in both legal and illegal activity.
D)any company that completely dominates a market.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Family and Religion
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Q1) Compared to what it was a century ago,the U.S.divorce rate is now
A)about the same.
B)half as high.
C)twice as high.
D)about three times higher.
Q2) The trend in the United States is toward more racially mixed marriages.
A)True B)False
Q3) Looking ahead fifty years,predict the state of the U.S.family.As you see it,how will families differ from how they are today? In what ways will they be the same? Consider factors such as the popularity of marriage,the likelihood of divorce,the number of children people will have,gender differences in marriage,and the need for care giving (especially of the elderly).
Q4) Research indicates that a majority of U.S.married males are unfaithful to their wives at some point in their marriage.
A)True B)False
Q5) Define patrilineal descent,matrilineal descent,and bilateral descent.Which pattern is favored in the United States? Why?
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Chapter 14: Education, health and Medicine
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Q1) Holistic medicine asserts that
A)the most important task is treating symptoms of disease.
B)patients should rely on themselves-not just physicians-to ensure their health.
C)treatment of patients should be impersonal.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q2) Which of the following categories of people in the United States is especially likely to smoke cigarettes?
A)married people
B)divorced people
C)people with college degrees
D)people in the labor force
Q3) Comparing school performance,researchers have found that the main cause of the achievement gap between rich and poor children is
A)differences in schools.
B)differences in home environments.
C)differences in personal ability.
D)differences in personal health.
Q4) What diseases were leading causes of death in the United States in 1900? What about in 2009? Describe the pattern of change.
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Chapter 15: Population, urbanization, and Environment
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Q1) What are the four stages in demographic transition theory? Apply this theory to the population history of the United States.
Q2) As a rich nation that values consumption and convenience,the U.S.can be described as
A)a "Malthusian society."
B)a "recycling society."
C)a "disposable society."
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q3) In low-income countries,increasing opportunities available to women are likely to
A)stimulate the economy,raising economic output.
B)lower the birth rate.
C)result in more education for women.
D)All of these are correct.
Q4) Urban decentralization has led to
A)an expansion of suburbs.
B)the development of vast urban regions.
C)the growth of edge cities.
D)All of these responses are correct.
Q5) What is "environmental racism"?
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Chapter 16: Social Change: Modern and Postmodern
Societies
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Q1) Is modernization the same around the world? Why or why not?
Q2) What demographic (population)trends are reshaping the United States? What are some likely consequences of these changes?
Q3) Read the four statements below about postmodernism.They are all correct EXCEPT:
A)The future probably will not be as good as the present.
B)Science does not hold all the answers.
C)Cultural debates are intensifying.
D)The family and other social institutions are not changing.
Q4) Modernity is the product of social changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Karl Marx was a major architect of mass-society theory.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Durkheim's greatest concern about modern societies focused on A)a rise of anomie.
B)increasing personal choice.
C)increasing productive specialization.
D)increasing personal privacy.
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