Principles of Sociology
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Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods used in the sociological study of human society. The course explores how individuals, groups, institutions, and cultures interact and shape social life, addressing topics such as socialization, stratification, deviance, social change, and the role of institutions like family, education, and religion. Through critical analysis of contemporary social issues, students will develop an understanding of how sociological perspectives can be applied to better comprehend the complexities of modern society and their own roles within it.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 10th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
2099 Verified Questions
2099 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research Process
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When designing a study, the researcher considers the __________ to be the cause of the relationship or outcome.
A) independent variable
B) dependent variable
C) universal variable
D) control variable
Answer: A
Q2) From a functionalist perspective, the wife/mother is responsible for the __________ tasks, including housework, caring for the children, and providing emotional support for the entire family.
A) expressive
B) instrumental
C) compatible
D) independent
Answer: A
Q3) Sociology emerged in Europe during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Culture
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most technological changes in a society are modifications of existing technologies.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) All parts of culture do not change at the same pace. Sociologist William Ogburn referred to this disparity as __________, which is the gap between the technical development of a society and the development of its moral and legal institutions.
A) acculturation
B) cultural tension
C) cultural lag
D) cultural diffusion
Answer: C
Q3) Language may be a source of power and social control; language perpetuates inequalities between people and between groups because words are used to "keep people in their place."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 3: Socialization
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ pioneered sociobiology, arguing that genetic inheritance underlies many forms of social behavior, including war and peace, envy and concern for others, and competition and cooperation.
A) Sigmund Freud
B) Lawrence Kohlberg
C) Jean Piaget
D) Edward Wilson
Answer: D
Q2) The case of Genie, a neglected and abused child, illustrates that ________________.
A) with proper therapy, children who have been isolated can eventually become fully developed and independent
B) children who have experienced extreme isolation do not live long enough to reach adulthood
C) it is not possible for children who experience extreme social isolation and neglect to ever achieve their full human potential
D) isolated children actually recover more quickly from cognitive damage than physical damage
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these is not considered one of the five traditional social institutions?
A) family
B) education
C) military
D) economy
Q2) Which of these is the best example of a primary group?
A) the people working together in the same department
B) a sociology class
C) a jury
D) the people at a bus station
Q3) Explain the difference between a social institution and a formal organization. Give an example to illustrate the difference.
Q4) __________ include our family, close friends, and school- or work-related peer groups.
A) Institutions
B) Secondary groups
C) Formal groups
D) Primary groups
Q5) Discuss the components of social structure and their relationship to each other.
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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132 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.
A) impersonality
B) hierarchy of authority
C) goal displacement
D) division of labor
Q2) Describe the research of Solomon Asch and explain its contributions to our understanding of group conformity.
Q3) __________ size refers to the number of members a group actually has.
A) Relative
B) Numeric
C) Absolute
D) Interaction
Q4) Describe the research of Stanley Milgram and explain its contributions to our understanding of obedience to authority.
Q5) Workers in Japan have greater job security than do workers in the United States. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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138 Verified Questions
138 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a label of deviance is based on a person's intentional or inadvertent actions it is considered __________.
A) conditional
B) cultural
C) behavioral
D) conformist
Q2) Functionalists and conflict theorists are in agreement that social norms and criminal law are directed primarily at protecting the interests of the powerful in a society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research shows that __________ are more likely to be perceived as members of the dangerous classes and receive stricter sentences in criminal courts.
A) young, single, rural males
B) young, married, urban males
C) young, married, rural males
D) young, single, urban males
Q4) Discuss the Uniform Crime Report (UCR) and describe the types of crime it reports.
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Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain sociologist Karl Marx's perspective on class position and class relationships.
Q2) According to the social class model developed by Gilbert and Kahl, and based on the theory of Weber, the upper (capitalist) class of the United States includes about __________ of the population.
A) 1 percent
B) 3 percent
C) 8 percent
D) 12 percent
Q3) Describe Erik Wright's model of the U.S. class structure based on the theory of Marx.
Q4) When analyzing social class, __________ are most likely to consider the degree of control that workers have over the decision-making process and their ability to plan and implement their own work.
A) postmodern theorists
B) functionalist theorists
C) symbolic interactionist theorists
D) conflict theorists
Q5) Define the difference between income and wealth.
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ measures the degree of income inequality within a country. The measure ranges from zero (meaning that everyone has the same income) to 100 (meaning that one person receives all the income).
A) Helmicki coefficient
B) Georgia equation
C) Gross domestic inequality
D) Gini coefficient
Q2) The second of Rostow's stages of economic development is the __________ stage, which is a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism, competition, and achievement.
A) traditional
B) take-off
C) technological maturity
D) high mass consumption
Q3) Describe the "Three Worlds" approach that is used to classify nations of the world.
Q4) Outline the elements of Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory of global inequality.
Q5) Distinguish among absolute, relative, and subjective poverty.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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138 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Adorno, the __________ is most likely to develop in a family environment in which dominating parents who are anxious about status use physical discipline but show very little love in raising their children.
A) ethnocentric social learning
B) inferiority-superiority complex
C) passive-aggressive personality
D) authoritarian personality
Q2) The explanation for racist and prejudice that comes from the symbolic interactionist perspective is __________.
A) social learning theory
B) an authoritarian personality
C) the frustration-aggression hypothesis
D) social convergence theory
Q3) Define prejudice and stereotypes; explain the relationship between the two concepts.
Q4) Explain split-labor-market theory in relation to unequal racial and ethnic relations within the United States.
Q5) Explain the distinction between overt and subtle racism; give an example of each.
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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127 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) For a variety of reasons, more postindustrial society households are headed by women with no adult male present. In 2010, about __________ of African American children lived with their mother only.
A) 10 percent
B) 23 percent
C) 50 percent
D) 67 percent
Q2) Explain why hunting and gathering societies tended to be very egalitarian and had relative equality between men and women.
Q3) Discuss and compare the functional, conflict, and feminist perspectives on gender stratification.
Q4) __________ consists of showing favoritism toward one gender over the other.
A) Gender preferences
B) Sexual harassment
C) Gender bias
D) Sexual discrimination
Q5) Describe the microlevel relationship among gender, gender role, gender identity, and body consciousness.
Q6) What is the concept of "comparable worth"?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kinship in industrial societies is usually traced through both parents (bilineally). The most common form is __________, which is a system of tracing descent through both the mother's and father's sides of the family.
A) lateral descent
B) bilateral descent
C) matrilocal descent
D) neolocal descent
Q2) Discuss how culture shapes the choice of a marital partner; define the concepts of endogamy and exogamy.
Q3) Children in single-parent households are at greater risk of lower standards of living primarily due to_________________________.
A) lack of attention from a single parent
B) lower moral standards that are held by single parents
C) lack of role models and a positive reference group
D) having fewer economic resources than two-parent households
Q4) Discuss the emergence of the concept of romantic love within Western culture.
Q5) Kissing is not a culturally universal demonstration of intimacy and affection.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the different types of institutions that provide educational opportunities within the United States. Discuss current trends and challenges for colleges and universities.
Q2) Many see lagging test scores as a sign that problems exist in the nation's educational system. From a __________ perspective, improved teacher training and more stringent academic requirements for students are the best way to address these problems.
A) conflict
B) postmodern
C) functionalist
D) symbolic interactionist
Q3) Across cultures and in different eras, many things have been considered __________, including invisible gods, spirits, specific animals or trees, altars, crosses, holy books, and special words or songs that only the initiated could speak or sing.
A) magical
B) profane
C) spiritual
D) sacred
Q4) Explain the process of secularization.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A __________ is a unit of political organization that has recognizable national boundaries and whose citizens possess specific legal rights and obligations.
A) city-state
B) metropolis
C) commonwealth
D) nation-state
Q2) All forms of unemployment tend to be only temporary.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Define and compare the concepts of a profession and an occupation.
Q4) The U.S. government employs about __________ people, excluding the U.S. Postal Service.
A) 100,000
B) 500,000
C) 1 million
D) 2.1 million
Q5) Discuss the field of political sociology. What type of organizations and issues are the subjects of research in this field?
Q6) Explain the functionalist perspective on power and political systems.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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117 Verified Questions
117 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) From the conflict perspective, which of these groups benefits the least from the current U.S. health care system?
A) physicians
B) pharmaceutical companies
C) insurance companies
D) patients
Q2) __________ means that patients are billed separately for each service that they receive, including treatment by doctors, laboratory work, hospital visits, prescriptions, and other health-related expenses.
A) Third-party provider
B) Fee-for-service
C) Health maintenance organization
D) Managed care
Q3) In regard to a third-party provider system of health care, patients________________.
A) have an incentive to limit their visits to doctors, but not to hospitals
B) usually seek a second opinion on recommended medical procedures
C) usually pay for their own services
D) have no incentive to limit doctor or hospital visits
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The African slave trade to the Americas is the most striking example of
A) external migration
B) involuntary migration
C) internal migration
D) voluntary migration
Q2) The __________ distribution of a population has a direct bearing on the demand for schooling, health, employment, housing, and pensions.
A) sex
B) age
C) race
D) income
Q3) Discuss rates of fertility and fecundity in a global context. Define the terms and explain the factors that determine each. Describe the categories of nations based on fertility that were created by the U.N. Give an example of at least one country in each category.
Q4) Describe the Neo-Malthusian perspective on population growth.
Q5) Compare the concepts of urbanism and urban villagers, both pertaining to symbolic interactionist perspectives on city life.
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once a rumor begins to circulate, it seldom stops unless compelling information comes out that disproves the rumor or makes it obsolete.
A)True
B)False
Q2) As a social movement develops, leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction. This is the value-added condition of __________.
A) mobilization for action
B) social control factors
C) spread of a generalized belief
D) structural conduciveness
Q3) All expressive social movements are religious in nature.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the dynamics of collective behavior; that is, when are people most likely to act collectively, how do attitudes and behavior correlate with each other, and why might some people be more likely to act in a group than alone?
Q5) Explain the relative deprivation theory of social movements.
Page 18
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