Principles of Sociology Exam Preparation Guide
Course
Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used in the study of society and human behavior. The course examines the social structures and institutions that shape everyday life, such as family, education, religion, and government, as well as topics like culture, socialization, stratification, and social change. By exploring how individuals both influence and are influenced by their social environments, students gain insights into issues related to inequality, identity, group dynamics, and the impact of social forces on attitudes and actions. This course provides a framework for understanding the complexities of social life and the factors that drive societal development and transformation.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Sociology 9th Edition by Anthony Giddens
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2072 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: What Is Sociology?
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person or group is able to make their own concerns or interests count,even if others resist,that individual or group has:
A) power
B) ideology
C) symbolism
D) relative deprivation
E) rational choice
Answer: A
Q2) Robert K.Merton advocated that sociologists should develop more modest theories that would not attempt to encompass all of society.He termed these types of theories:
A) macro-level theories
B) micro-level theories
C) theories of the middle range
D) rational theories
E) manifest theories
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Asking And Answering Sociological Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Alice Goffman found that the men in her study with warrants out for their arrest were able to avoid being arrested by behaving like law-abiding citizens,by going to work,living with their family,and showing up for court dates.
A)True
B)False Answer: False
Q2) Drawing on other researchers' ideas helps the sociologist clarify relevant issues and appropriate research methods.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) According to the text,many scholars are less confident in the ability of social science to attain which of the following goals?
A) ensuring the safety of study participants
B) identifying causes and effects
C) protecting the identify of study participants
D) selecting a representative sample
E) using statistical analysis to obtain meaningful results
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture And Society
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110 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The material goods in a culture influence the way of life of its people in significant ways.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of the following groups would NOT be considered a subculture?
A) gang members
B) middle-aged mothers
C) motorcycle collectors
D) students who are members of the marching band
E) vegans, that is, strict vegetarians who do not eat eggs or cheese
Answer: B
Q3) Explain how culture can be understood as a "tool kit" that includes a variety of "scripts." Use an example of a situation in which various people would use different "scripts" from their cultural "tool kit" and explain why these "scripts" would differ (e.g.,a job interview,a first date,meeting your significant other's parents,being stopped by law enforcement).
Answer: Anwers may vary.Should mention: impact oFalse social location and socialization on values and norms oFalse behavior.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization And The Life Cycle
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to research by Deborah Carr (2004),women now make the same pay as men.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Zammuner's (1986)research on children in Italy and Holland found,as did other studies,that:
A) girls from both societies were more likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys than were boys
B) boys from both societies were more likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys than were girls
C) girls and boys were both likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys
D) Italian girls and Dutch boys were the most likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys
E) Italian boys and Dutch girls were the most likely to choose gender-neutral or opposite-sex toys
Q3) Although we are seeing more examples of nontraditional gender roles for females in children's books and television programming,we are not seeing many examples of nontraditional male roles.Why? Relate this to the concept of gender socialization and use all agents of socialization.
Q4) Is the Internet an agency of socialization? If so,in what ways? If not,why not?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction And Everyday Life In The Age
Of The Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) When a student texts his friends with familiar abbreviations and acronyms but e-mails his professors with carefully written and edited messages e-mails,he is using the media for
A) impression management
B) status reassignment
C) interactional staging
D) temporal regionalization
E) audience resegregation
Q2) Consciously or unconsciously,a person may use impression management to influence other people's reactions to them.An example of this is:
A) wearing shower shoes in the public shower
B) wearing a business suit to a community business meeting
C) putting on your shabby old bathrobe to fetch the morning paper
D) going to the store with curlers in your hair
E) wearing a school uniform
Q3) The technique used by Mitch Duneier and Harvey Molotch to compare interactions between street people and passersby in New York City was semiotics.
A)True
B)False
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Groups, networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Introductory sociology classes tend to have fairly large enrollments,perhaps more than 100 students.In contrast,graduate seminars have small enrollments,usually fewer than 15 students.How does this difference in enrollment influence the dynamics of the different classes?
A) Students in the introductory classes are less likely to skip class because they want to spend time with all of their friends.
B) It is more acceptable and less noticeable to skip a graduate seminar because graduate students have many other responsibilities.
C) If a student skips the introductory class, it will have little or no effect on the class, whereas if a student skips the seminar, it will influence the class more.
D) In the larger class, the professor makes a point to learn the students' names because attendance is more important for freshmen than graduate students.
E) Enrollments do not influence classroom dynamics; only the professor can have such an impact.
Q2) Two people can be a social group.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Conformity, deviance, and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) A common criticism of the functionalist theories of crime and deviance is that:
A) there is little to be gained in connecting the macrosociological to the microsociological
B) they are outdated because their premises no longer apply in the information age
C) functionalists tend to presume that everyone has middle-class values
D) the aspirations held by groups in society do not coincide with available rewards
E) American society no longer experiences internal contradictions
Q2) Recent criminological research has found that adolescents in romantic relationships are less likely to commit crime than other adolescents,"perhaps because romantic love discourages offending by strengthening the social bond." (Source: McCarthy and Casey.2008."Love,Sex,and Crime: Adolescent Romantic Relationships and Offending." American Sociological Review 73: 944-969).This finding best supports which of the following theories of crime?
A) labeling
B) interactionist
C) functionalist
D) control
E) conflict
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Chapter 8: Stratification, class, and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scholars disagree on whether poverty is overreported,overestimated,or undereported when using the federal government's current poverty thresholds.Compare the arguments on both sides of this issue.What do you believe? Support your opinion with evidence.
Q2) According to Erik Olin Wright,people who control workers but are in turn controlled by their own employers are in:
A) a caste
B) contradictory class locations
C) pariah groups
D) the capitalist class
E) the working class
Q3) Differences in wealth accumulation between black and white Americans are caused wholly by income differences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the criticisms of Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E.Moore's theory and why it does NOT offer a comprehensive explanation of social class in American our society.Support your assertion with concrete examples.
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Chapter 9: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Only European countries established colonies in Asia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An economic adviser who suggests cultural policies that change people's behavior to encourage development in a low-income country would be following which theory of global inequality?
A) modernization
B) dependency
C) world systems
D) state centered
E) culture of poverty
Q3) Which countries exploit the natural resources of the periphery according to world-systems theory?
A) core
B) semicore
C) semiperipheral
D) a and b
E) a and c
Q4) Why are populations growing more than twice as fast in low-income countries than in high-income countries?
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Chapter 10: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) A sociologist who puts gender at the center of the analysis of the social world can be said to be using:
A) feminist theory
B) a gendered analysis
C) a biased perspective
D) a functionalist analysis
E) the sociological imagination
Q2) Summarize the explanations provided for gender inequalities by the four feminist approaches discussed in the test: liberal,radical,black,and postmodern feminism.Be sure to cover what each approach sees as the causes of and solutions to gender inequality.
Q3) Over the past 50 years,women's participation in the paid labor force:
A) has gone up and down with no clear pattern
B) has dropped steadily
C) has risen steadily
D) dropped for the first 25 years but rose for the last 25
E) rose for the first 25 years but dropped for the last 25
Q4) Multiple genders are practiced among all Native American cultures.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 11: Ethnicity And Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does prejudice operate,psychologically speaking? Discuss the processes of stereotypical thinking,displacement,scapegoating,projection,and the authoritarian personality type.
Q2) A situation in which ethnic cultures have a distinct and separate existence whereas their members participate in the economic and political life of the larger society is known as:
A) genocide
B) assimilation
C) segregation
D) pluralism
E) multiculturalism
Q3) The ethnic group that was forcibly removed to "relocation centers" in World War II is:
A) German American
B) Italian American
C) Japanese American
D) Chinese American
E) Vietnamese American
Q4) What is so new about "new racism"?
Q5) Explain what anitracism is.Use concrete examples.
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Chapter 12: Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mary,a 75-year-old widow,has several close friends and maintains a close relationship to her children,but she does not have many casual friends.Mary's social life is best explained by:
A) socioemotional selectivity theory
B) functionalism theory
C) conflict theory
D) activity theory
E) life course theory
Q2) Striking a balance between the needs and interests of different generations is called:
A) gerontocracy
B) generational equity
C) andragogy
D) geragogy
E) the generation gap
Q3) As the twenty-first century progresses,fewer working-age people are paying taxes to support programs for people who are elderly.How do you think this situation can be resolved?
Q4) How can the lifelong learning needs of a graying population best be met?
Q5) Discuss in detail the meaning of the phrase "the graying of America."
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Chapter 13: Government, political Power, and Social Movements
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Sample Questions
Q1) European countries provide their citizens with more services than the U.S.government provides its citizens because:
A) Europeans are nicer and care more about people
B) Europeans are wealthier than Americans
C) European governments tend to have a parliamentary form of government
D) Europeans pay higher taxes than Americans
E) Europeans have more health problems and need government help
Q2) Of the types of rights associated with the growth of citizenship,the rights of individuals in law are:
A) social rights
B) political rights
C) civil rights
D) left rights
E) right rights
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an interest group?
A) National Organization for Women
B) National Education Association
C) American Medical Association
D) Arizona State University
E) Greenpeace
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Work And Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) With respect to the future of work,the following statement that is true is that: A) people will likely tire of technological advancements and the frustrations they cause for workers
B) the fall of capitalism is imminent C) people will worry less about their careers, which are becoming increasingly stable, and more about family life, which is increasingly unstable D) unemployment is likely to decline until it is a thing of the past E) people will move in and out of paid work at different points
Q2) The global shopping mall has affordable products from around the world,and people from all socioeconomic backgrounds make their purchases there.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Independent labor unions in China are illegal. A)True
B)False
Q4) Why have strikes become increasingly rare since the 1970s? Use examples to support your answer.
Q5) Detail the characteristics of work and frame them in your own work life.
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Chapter 15: Families and Intimate Relations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A key to the development of a good marriage is a successful transferring from your "family of _______________" to your "family of _______________."
A) parents; spouses
B) patriarchy; matriarchy
C) function; consumption
D) orientation; procreation
E) matriarchy; patriarchy
Q2) The statement concerning single-parent households that is NOT true is that:
A) the majority of single-parent households are headed by men
B) more than half of widowed mothers are home owners
C) most single-parent households today are a result separation or divorce
D) many single parents still face social disapproval
E) single parents are among the poorest groups in contemporary society
Q3) Cohabitation is decreasing in many European countries.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the effects of divorce on children? Be sure to put them in the context of sociological research on this topic.
Q5) Explain the relationship between cohabitation and divorce.
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Chapter 16: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) The achievement gap is primarily related to differences in IQ.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In a counterargument to the claims made in The Bell Curve,a team of sociologists from the University of California-Berkeley asserted that the factor that is more important than intelligence in determining how well people do in life is:
A) one's parents' socioeconomic status
B) the number of students per classroom
C) the success of busing
D) one's SAT score
E) none of the above
Q3) To the extent that schools help perpetuate social and economic inequalities across generations,they are part of the process of:
A) social reproduction
B) social transformation
C) social revolution
D) tracking
E) hidden curriculum
Q4) What is information poverty? Provide concrete examples to support your answer.
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Chapter 17: Religion In Modern Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) The one of the following religious denominations that has the highest percentage of college graduates in the United States is:
A) Catholicism
B) Judaism
C) Hinduism
D) Islam
E) Protestantism
Q2) The connection between religion and violence is that:
A) Western religions, such as Christianity and Judaism, do not engage in violent activity; they focus only on compassion and understanding
B) violence exists in most religions and is couched in terms of the forces of good against the forces of evil
C) Islam is the only religion that mandates a direct link between religious fervor and violence
D) violence in the form of military conquests is always directed at religious conflicts
E) nearly all religious violence has been directed at Jews
Q3) Apply the religious economy approach to the televangelist phenomenon.
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Page 19
Chapter 18: The Sociology Of The Body: Health,illness,and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Eating disorders such as anorexia are diseases of:
A) scarcity
B) the affluent
C) the poor
D) the developing world
E) the past
Q2) In 2005,Iran executed two men because of their homosexuality.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What did the National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS)reveal about Americans' sexual behavior?
Q4) Compare and contrast the Alfred Kinsey (1948,1953)study with the Edward Laumann (1994)study.
Q5) Higher rates of sexual activity among teens are associated with those who have:
A) higher socioeconomic status
B) higher school performance
C) higher measures of intelligence
D) higher levels of "body pride"
E) higher levels of religiosity
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Urbanization, population, and The Environment
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Q1) What are the prospects for the environment in your lifetime? How will you be affected by such prospects? How does the increasing loss of biodiversity affect us? Detail reasons other than the lack of natural spaces for us to enjoy.
Q2) Cities as we know them are rapidly being rendered irrelevant by cyberspace and the global economy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term meaning "meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" that originated in the Brundtland Commission report (also known by the title Our Common future)is:
A) development
B) sustainable development
C) modernization
D) postmodernization
E) knowledge economy
Q4) The infant mortality rate has a significant influence on life expectancy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Globalization In A Changing World
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Q1) The consequences of the reorientation of people's thinking from the nation-state to the global stage include the fact that:
A) social responsibility extends beyond national borders, and people look to sources other than the nation-state to formulate their sense of identity
B) people have resisted the responsibility to help people who do not reside within their national boundaries
C) transnational corporations have been supporting branding through national boundaries
D) modern globalization differs from the past only in the intensity of interaction among nations
E) individuals are now embracing risker behaviors
Q2) Postmodernists argue that we have reached the end of history because:
A) human consumption will outstrip the world's resources within the next generation
B) technology will make recording history more difficult
C) progress is no longer unified and linear
D) we have entered a new era
E) the end of the Cold War has stalled progress and development
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