Principles of Sociology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social behavior, and social institutions. The course explores foundational sociological theories, concepts, and methods used to analyze the structure and dynamics of groups, organizations, and societies. Topics include culture, socialization, deviance, social stratification, race, gender, and the impact of social change. By examining real-world examples, students gain insights into how social forces shape individual lives and collective experiences, fostering critical thinking about social issues and the complexities of human interaction.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times The Essentials 8th Edition by Diana Kendall
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16 Chapters
2386 Verified Questions
2386 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective and Research Process
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) German social scientist Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ __________ (understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others see it.
A)verstehen
B)positivism
C)social facts
D)social dynamics
Answer: A
Q2) According to feminist theorists, we live in a(n) __________, a system in which men dominate women and in which things that are considered to be "male" or "masculine" are more highly valued than those considered to be "female" or "feminine."
A)patriarchy
B)autarchy
C)matriarchy
D)monarchy
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Soccer is an example of a __________ in sports. Until recently, only schoolchildren played soccer in the United States. Now, it has become a popular sport, perhaps in part because of immigrants from Latin America and other areas of the world where soccer is widely played.
A)fad
B)collective behavior
C)trend
D)fashion
Answer: D
Q2) Norms considered to be less important are referred to as __________, which are unwritten standards of behavior understood by people who share a common identity.
A)informal mores
B)folkways
C)informal norms
D)negative sanctions
Answer: C
Q3) Discuss why culture is so significant to our personal identities.
Answer: Not Answer
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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150 Verified Questions
150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to __________, we do not know who we are until we see ourselves as we believe that others see us. This perspective helps us understand how our self-identity is developed through our contact with others.
A)functionalists
B)conflict theorists
C)symbolic interactionists
D)postmodernists
Answer: C
Q2) __________ is the totality of our beliefs and feelings about ourselves.
A)Personality
B)Psyche
C)Self-concept
D)Individual orientation
Answer: C
Q3) Child maltreatment includes physical abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional mistreatment of children and young adolescents.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Interaction in Everyday Life
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141 Verified Questions
141 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Wearing a wedding ring proclaims that a person is married, and owning a Rolls-Royce announces that one has "made it." These are examples of __________.
A)status symbols
B)conspicuous consumption
C)consumables
D)cultural capital
Q2) A primary group is a small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time. They include our family, close friends, and school or work related peer groups.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are some of the ways in which you and your school can help the homeless?
Q4) A(n) __________ is a false belief or prediction that produces behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
A)definition of the situation
B)interactionist dialogue
C)reality impression
D)self-fulfilling prophecy
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Chapter 5: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) A(n) __________ is a number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic (such as education level, age, race, or gender).
A)social group
B)category
C)aggregate
D)secondary category
Q2) Applying sociologist Charles H. Cooley's theory on primary and secondary groups, twelve students in a graduate seminar may start out as a primary group but eventually become a secondary group as they get to know one another and communicate on a more personal basis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain what is meant by the concept of groupthink and elaborate on reasons why it can be dangerous for organizations.
Q4) Conflict theorists focus on how the size of the group influences the kind of interaction that takes place among members.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Deviance and Crime
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149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ views the cause of women's crime as originating in patriarchy (male domination over females). This approach focuses on social forces that shape women's lives and experiences and shows how exploitation may trigger deviant behavior and criminal activities.
A)radical feminist approach
B)conservative feminist approach
C)liberal feminist approach
D)Marxist (socialist) feminist approach
Q2) The fact that drug laws enacted early in the 20 century were actively enforced in an effort to control immigrant workers, especially the Chinese, who were being exploited by the railroads and other industries, illustrates __________.
A)Sutherland association theory
B)Cloward and Ohlin illegitimate opportunity theory
C)Marxist critical theory
D)Merton strain theory
Q3) According to official statistics, Hispanic Americans are the most overrepresented racial minority group in arrest data.
A)True
B)False
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Page 8
Chapter 7: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to sociologist Karl Marx, the capitalist class maintains its position at the top of the class structure by control of the society's __________, which is composed of the government, schools, churches, and other social institutions.
A)substructure
B)superstructure
C)ecostructure
D)infrastructure
Q2) __________ is/are anything valued in a society, ranging from money and property to medical care and education. It is considered to be scarce because of unequal distribution among social categories.
A)Assets
B)Resources
C)Capital
D)Wealth
Q3) Discuss the issue of what keeps the American Dream alive. What can be done to reduce the structural barriers to achieving that dream.
Q4) Describe the poor in the United States, referencing age, gender, and race/ethnicity elements.
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Chapter 8: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) The _______ plan, named after a U.S. Secretary of State provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.
A)Albright Plan
B)Baker Plan
C)Southern Plan
D)Marshall Plan
Q2) _________ exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are still unable to maintain an average standard of living.
A) Relative poverty
B)Absolute poverty
C)Subjective poverty
D)Standard poverty
Q3) In relation to theories of global inequality, discuss development and modernization theory.
Q4) In relation to classification of economies by income, describe high-income economies.
Q5) Summarize sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein's world systems theory of global inequality.
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Chapter 9: Race and Ethnicity
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the contact hypothesis, symbolic interactionists point out that contact between people from divergent groups should lead to favorable attitudes and behavior when certain factors such as having equal status and pursuing the same goals are present.
A)True
B)False
Q2) From a sociological perspective, __________ is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of specific racial, ethnic, or other groups.
A)prejudice
B)discrimination
C)stereotyping
D)profiling
Q3) __________ analyze power and economic differentials between the dominant groups and subordinate groups in society.
A)Conflict theorists
B)Functionalists
C)Postmodern theorists
D)Symbolic interactionists
Q4) Theories of prejudice and measuring prejudice
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Chapter 10: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) From children's cartoons to adult shows, television programs offer more male than female characters. Male characters are typically aggressive, constructive, and direct, while some female characters defer to others or manipulate them by acting helpless, seductive, or deceitful.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following would not be an example of secondary sex characteristics in women?
A)enlarged breasts
B)wider hips
C)menstruation
D)vagina
Q3) Sociologist Becky Thompson argues that, based on stereotypes, the primary victims of eating disorders are presumed to be __________.
A)lower?class lesbians of color
B)middle?class Latinas
C)white, middle?class, heterosexual women
D)African American, heterosexual women
Q4) Define sexism and explain how it is related to discrimination and patriarchy.
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The __________ refers to family units that are composed of relatives in addition to parents and children who live in the same household.
A)blended family
B)conventional family
C)extended family
D)nuclear family
Q2) According to functionalist sociologist Emile Durkheim, families are responsible for providing economic and psychological support for members. In preindustrial societies, the economic security of families is tied to the workplace and to macrolevel economic systems.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Conflict analysts are concerned with the effect that class conflict has on the family. The exploitation of the lower classes by the upper classes contributes to family problems such as high rates of divorce and overall family instability.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Summarize families from a global perspective.
Q5) Define the social institution of the family.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Christian ritual of communion not only commemorates a historical event but also allows followers to participate in the unity of themselves with other believers. From a functionalist perspective, this ritual serves the function of __________.
A)preventing anarchy
B)providing meaning and purpose to life
C)promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging
D)providing social control and support for the government
Q2) Some analysts believe that the high cost of education reinforces the existing social class system. Which sociological perspective would be most likely to argue this?
A)functional
B)conflict
C)symbolic interaction
D)postmodern
Q3) Which statement concerning Native Americans college enrollment is true?
A)Enrollment in all colleges has increased significantly in the past decade.
B)Two year colleges have experienced an increase in enrollments.
C)Tribal colleges receive much of their funding from state and local grants.
D)There are now over 100 colleges solely operated by Native American ?
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ are political coalitions made up of individuals or groups that share a specific interest they wish to protect or advance with the help of the political system.
A)Political action committees
B)Power elites
C)Special interest groups
D)Ruling class
Q2) A person who serves simultaneously on the board of a financial institution (for example a bank) and the board of a commercial corporation (such as a computer manufacturing company) that borrows money from the bank, exemplifies a(n)
A)interlocking corporate directorate.
B)professional conglomeration.
C)shared directorate.
D)oligopoly director.
Q3) Today, many corporations are global in scope. Universal corporations are large corporations that are headquartered in several countries but sell and produce goods and services in only one country.
A)True
B)False
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to many __________ theorists, problems in U.S. health care delivery are rooted in the capitalist economy, which views medicine as a commodity that is produced and sold by the medical-industrial complex.
A)symbolic interactionist
B)functionalist
C)conflict
D)postmodernist
Q2) Drug ads typically use sympathetic and intuitive framing in order to sell their product.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Cultural ethnology is the study of the causes and distribution of health, disease, and impairment throughout a population. Typically, the targets of the study are disease agents, the environment, and the human host.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe health in global perspective.
Q5) Describe how other nations (Canada, Great Britain, and China) pay for medical care.
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Chapter 15: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss mortality as it relates to the study of population.
Q2) The simplest measure of mortality is the __________ rate.
A)crude death
B)total death
C)death quota
D)refined death
Q3) Life expectancy varies by sex. Females born in the United States in 2004 could expect to live about __________ years.
A)68.7
B)75.8
C)80.4
D)84.2
Q4) Most unauthorized immigrants come from _____.
A)Mexico
B)China
C)Canada
D)Brazil
Q5) Explain the difference between negative and sympathetic media framing and how it applies to immigrants. Is this a recent problem?
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Chapter 16: Collective Behavior, Social Movements, and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) When sociologist Kai Erikson pointed out that people face a "new species of trouble," he was referring to __________.
A)new diseases for which there is no known cure
B)inhabitants of other planets that may be discovered by space exploration in the twenty-first century
C)natural disasters, such as hurricanes and earthquakes that have more deadly force than previous ones
D)technological disasters, such as toxic chemical pollution or radiation leakage
Q2) __________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.
A)Protest
B)Expressive
C)Acting
D)Conventional
Q3) Conventional crowds are made up of people who come together for a scheduled even and thus share a common focus.
A)True
B)False
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