Principles of Sociology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the systematic study of human society, social behavior, and the patterns of social relationships. This course explores foundational sociological concepts and theories, including culture, socialization, social structure, groups, institutions, and social change. Students will examine how factors such as class, race, gender, and ethnicity shape individual experiences and broader societal dynamics. By analyzing current social issues and utilizing critical thinking skills, learners gain a deeper understanding of how societies function and the complex interactions within them.
Recommended Textbook
SOC 4th edition by Nijole V. Benokraitis
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16 Chapters
1280 Verified Questions
1280 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Sociologist
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an accurate definition of sociology?
A) Sociology is the enigmatic study of social interaction at the micro level.
B) Sociology is the enigmatic study of psychological interactions of people with their society.
C) Sociology is the enigmatic study of phenomenal changes that occur in a society.
D) Sociology is the systematic study of human behavior in society.
E) Sociology is the systematic study of physiological changes that people encounter in a society.
Answer: D
Q2) Sociologists can gauge _____, such as communication processes, by observing everyday behavior and how people relate to each other.
A) non material facts
B) enigmatic perspectives
C) social statics
D) social dynamics
E) non empirical facts
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Examining Our Social World
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is sociological research important in people's everyday lives?
A) It encourages overgeneralizations.
B) It exposes myths.
C) It is isolated from social policies.
D) It fails to explain why people behave irrationally.
E) It is often misleading and wrong.
Answer: B
Q2) In obtaining a sample, researchers decide whether to use:
A) probability or non probability sampling.
B) dependent or independent sampling.
C) constant or variable sampling.
D) reliable or non reliable sampling.
E) controlled or uncontrolled sampling.
Answer: A
Q3) Deduction and induction are two different but equally valuable approaches in examining the relationship between variables.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Culture
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true of symbols?
A) They are innately acquired.
B) They are transmitted from one generation to the next.
C) They distinguish one culture from another.
D) They remain consistent over time.
E) They remain consistent across all societies.
Answer: C
Q2) Why is ethnocentrism dysfunctional?
A) It uses force or the threat of force to bring about cultural change in other groups.
B) It sets up boundaries between social classes and shapes recreational activities.
C) Viewing others as inferior generates hatred, discrimination, and conflict.
D) It is based on a variety of characteristics, interests, or activities.
E) Values and practices are developed in it that run counter to those of the dominant society.
Answer: C
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5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ refer to public rituals that mark the transition from one social position to another.
A) Internalized behaviors
B) Continuum of sanctions
C) Anticipatory socialization processes
D) Symbolic interactions
E) Rites of passage
Q2) Owen was appreciated immensely by his manager for efficiently handling a complicated project.This appreciation made Owen confident and enthused, and he put in more effort into all his future projects.According to Charles Horton Cooley, which phase of the development of the looking-glass self is Owen going through?
A) Anticipation
B) Interpretation
C) Perception
D) Achievement
E) Response
Q3) Define impression management, and explain the three types of expressive resources associated with it.
Q4) Describe the key elements of the two types of socialization theories.
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Chapter 5: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) For feminists, the most significant characteristic of all human communication is that people take each other and the context into account.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about a master status?
A) It is usually not apparent.
B) It usually makes the biggest impression.
C) It usually does not affect others' perceptions.
D) It is always achieved.
E) It is always ascribed.
Q3) Which of the following statements is common to all micro-level perspectives about social interaction?
A) All the perspectives explain who says what and when.
B) All the perspectives explain who teaches communication
C) All the perspectives explain why people say and what they say.
D) All the perspectives explain how people learn social interaction.
E) All the perspectives explain how people learn social interaction
Q4) Discuss online harassment and public shaming.
Q5) What is status? Illustrate with examples.
Q6) Discuss social interaction and its critical components.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Social Groups, Organizations, and Social Institutions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the impact of a primary group on an individual's life.
Q2) Caitlin is a member of a Buddhist group that helps educate underprivileged children.Most of the members of the group have full-time jobs and volunteer to conduct classes for these children on weekends.This group is an example of a _____.
A) utilitarian organization
B) remunerative organization
C) coercive organization
D) virtual organization
E) normative organization
Q3) List any four shortcomings of bureaucracies.
Q4) Joshua has joined a cult whose members believe in cruel punishments for criminals.The society considers them as barbarians and detests their ruthless belief system.In this case, the society views Joshua's cult as a(n) _____.
A) dyad
B) in-group
C) out-group
D) triad
E) secondary group
Page 8
Q5) Differentiate between an in-group and an out-group.
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Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why white-collar crimes are lucrative.
Q2) What are victimless crimes?
Q3) Which of the following is true of white-collar crimes?
A) They cause significant public harm.
B) They are not as serious as property crimes.
C) They involve a lot of violence.
D) They are primarily middle-class crimes.
E) They are not lucrative as most offenders are caught easily.
Q4) Which of the following crimes is considered a criminal deviance?
A) Adult pornography
B) Alcoholism
C) Suicide
D) Mental illness
E) Intellectual property theft
Q5) Explain how rehabilitation can be used as an approach for controlling deviance.
Q6) Primary deviance is the initial act of breaking a rule.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Being a deviant or a criminal depends on how others react.From a symbolic interaction perspective, justify this statement.
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: United States and Global
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify a similarity between conflict theorists' and Melvin Tumin's opinion of the Davis-Moore thesis.
A) They both believe that economic struggle can be attributed to technology and globalization.
B) They both maintain that social stratification is dysfunctional because it hurts individuals and societies.
C) They both believe that government policies favor only the rich.
D) They both maintain that the proletariat would overthrow the bourgeoisie.
E) They both believe inequality is necessary to motivate people to work hard and to succeed.
Q2) In a slavery system, people's positions are based on both birth and achievement.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Critically evaluate the feminist perspective on social stratification.
Q4) What is the poverty line? How does the government determine the poverty line?
Q5) Identify the common characteristics of America's poor and briefly describe each of them.
Q6) Discuss the symbolic interactionists' perspective on social stratification.
Q7) Describe the structural factors that affect social mobility.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Female genital mutilation was an ancient practice, which is no longer in effect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Explain gender stratification in family life.
Q3) Identify a measure that the government has taken to restrict abortion.
A) Penalizing women with a fine of $5000
B) Suspending the licenses of doctors who agree to carry out the procedure
C) Cutting public funding for abortions for low-income women
D) Evicting women from public housing if they get an abortion
E) Mandating women to undertake a session on the harmful effects of abortion
Q4) Feminists are divided over the opinion that women should have more control over their lives.
A)True
B)False
Q5) George is a job seeker whose education and vocational training is a part of his human capital.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the three prominent feminist explanations of gender roles?
Q7) Comment on the greater acceptance of LGBTs in current times.
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the symbolic-interactionist perspective on racial-ethnic inequality.
Q2) _____ are individuals or groups whom people blame for their own problems or shortcomings.
A) Elites
B) Semites
C) Scapegoats
D) Bourgeoisies
E) Proletarians
Q3) Those who criticize immigrants for not becoming Americanized quickly enough reflect a _____ view of racial-ethnic relations.
A) functionalist
B) radical
C) symbolic-interactionist
D) fundamentalist
E) capitalist
Q4) People of various skin colors and cultures always experience the same social standing.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is individual discrimination?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: The Economy and Politics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Conflict theorists contend that the United States is ruled by pluralism.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the functionalists' perspective on the economy and its impact on society.
Q3) In the context of the political system, a _____ is a group of people that seeks or receives benefits or favorable treatment.
A) special-interest group
B) social group
C) diversity group
D) common-goal group
E) traditional group
Q4) Discuss the effects of globalization on the economy.
Q5) The source of power in rational-legal authority is personal because a ruler inherits authority on the basis of long-standing customs, traditions, or religious beliefs.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Critically evaluate the functionalists' perspective on political power.
Q7) Discuss the factors that have contributed to the surge in women's employment.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Families and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who belong to the sandwich generation? Discuss the outcomes that this generation is most likely to face.
Q2) There are significant differences between the young-old, the old-old, and the oldest-old in their ability to live independently, to work, and in their health.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Explain endogamy with an example.
Q4) Polyandry is an extinct marital practice.
A)True
B)False
Q5) People are considered young-old if they are _____ years old.
A) 45-54
B) 55-64
C) 65-74
D) 75-84
E) 85-94
Q6) Describe premarital cohabitation.
Q7) Describe the people who comprise the sandwich generation and highlight the issues faced by them.
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Chapter 13: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Leah is a teacher at a public school.She teaches her students that God created humans in their present form about 10,000 years ago.Which of the following beliefs does Leah follow?
A) Credentialism
B) Religiosity
C) Meritocracy
D) Secularism
E) Fundamentalism
Q2) How do religion, religiosity, and spirituality differ from each other?
Q3) According to a study by Hamilton in 1995, because churches are an integral part of the social order, they often become dependent on, rather than critical of, the ruling classes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to functionalists, a manifest function of education is that it:
A) decreases job competition.
B) brings unmarried people together.
C) increases societal cohesion.
D) creates social networks.
E) offers business opportunities.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Health and Medicine
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a similarity between the assertions of feminist and conflict theorists?
A) Both emphasize that the medical system has concern for people.
B) Both emphasize that illness is dysfunctional.
C) Both emphasize the concept of the sick role.
D) Both emphasize that men control women's health.
E) Both emphasize the connection between health and inequality.
Q2) Explain the similarities in the arguments of feminist and conflict theorists.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of health insurance in the United States?
A)
The majority of Americans get health insurance from the government.
B) More than 40 percent of Americans get their health insurance through Medicaid.
C) Medicare pays most of the medical costs of Americans age 65 and over, regardless of income.
D) Employer-based health insurance coverage has increased considerably over the last few years.
E) Medicaid provides medical care exclusively for people aged 45 years and over.
Q4) How are lifestyle choices related to health, disease, and impairment? Why?
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Robert is the CEO of a cloth-manufacturing company.His company was recently termed a greenwasher by a leading magazine.This implies that Robert's company:
A) creates its own raw material by recycling products.
B) strictly follows environment-friendly methods of manufacturing.
C) pollutes the planet while presenting a contrary public image.
D) does not support the government's law banning the production of toxic chemicals.
E) supports the "go green" initiative and mandates it as a company policy.
Q2) Explain how the mortality rate helps demographers in understanding the changes in a population.
Q3) Total fertility rate is the number of people born every day in a country.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the four stages of the demographic transition theory.
Q5) The world adds almost 700,000 people each day.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the first stage of demographic transition theory.
Q7) Discuss the causes of air pollution.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Social Change: Collective Behavior, Social Movements,
and Technology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Business Tower is a 35-storey building, housing the top corporations of the world.One summer afternoon, a short circuit in one of the wires of the building triggered the fire alarm.As soon as the alarm started ringing, there was a sudden, uncontrollable fear and anxiety among the people working in the building.The danger seemed so immense that people reacted irrationally, jammed the escape route, and started jumping off the building.As a result, a lot of people died, and many were seriously injured.In the given scenario, which of the following terms can be used to describe the irrational behavior of people?
A) Structural strain
B) Propaganda
C) Fad
D) Panic
E) Mania
Q2) Which of the following is a characteristic of propaganda?
A) It spreads rapidly and lasts forever.
B) It can create attitudes that will arouse collective outbursts.
C) It is an action and not a verbalization.
D) It is a source of genuine information exclusive of deception.
E) It is a form of collective behavior.
Q3) Describe any two types of crowds, and support your answer with an example each.
Page 18
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