Principles of Sociology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Principles of Sociology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and methods used in the study of human society and social behavior. The course explores topics such as culture, socialization, social groups, institutions, and social change, examining how these elements shape individual experiences and societal structures. By analyzing issues related to race, class, gender, and power dynamics, students gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of social life and develop critical thinking skills to interpret societal patterns and challenges. This course serves as a gateway to further sociological study and a broader awareness of the factors that influence human interactions within diverse communities.
Recommended Textbook
SOC 4th edition by Nijole V. Benokraitis
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Chapter 1: Thinking Like a Sociologist
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Sample Questions
Q1) How is a sociological imagination helpful?
Answer: A sociological imagination helps us understand how larger social forces affect individuals and how individuals affect society.It identifies why our personal troubles often reflect larger public issues and policies over which we have little, if any, control.A sociological imagination relies on both micro- and macro-level approaches to understand our social world.Please see the section "What is a Sociological Imagination?" for more information.
Q2) For Marx, _____ is a class system in which conflict between the classes is common and society is anything but cohesive.
A) socialism
B) communism
C) capitalism
D) fascism
E) altruism
Answer: C
Q3) Microsociology and macrosociology differ conceptually, but they're interrelated.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Examining Our Social World
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Q1) _____ is a relationship in which one variable is the direct consequence of another.
A) Correlation
B) Castigation
C) Causation
D) Cognition
E) Cohesion
Answer: C
Q2) Content analysis is usually expensive and time consuming than other data collection methods.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Researchers have two principal options to deal with the time issue.What are they?
Answer: Researchers have two principal options to deal with the time issue: cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies.The data can be longitudinal (collected at two or more points in time from the same or different samples of respondents) or cross-sectional (collected at one point in time).Please see the section "The Scientific Method" for more information.
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a consequence of cultural lag?
A) It leads to sophisticated thought processes.
B) It exposes contradictory values and behavior.
C) It results in internalization of culture.
D) It displaces authentic local culture.
E) It becomes widespread among a population.
Answer: B
Q2) _____ is the belief that one's culture, society, or group is inherently superior to others.
A) Ethnocentrism
B) Multiculturalism
C) Cultural relativism
D) Cultural integration
E) Xenocentrism
Answer: A
Q3) Folkways are norms that involve everyday customs, practices, and interaction.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Q1) _____ maintain that people learn new attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through social interaction, especially during childhood.
A) Conflict strategies
B) Social learning theories
C) Structural functionalism theories
D) Symbolic interaction theories
E) Socialist strategies
Q2) _____ is the process of learning cultural behaviors and expectations so deeply that we accept them without question.
A) Assimilation
B) Acculturalization
C) Integration
D) Conceptualization
E) Internalization
Q3) Describe the two key points that support the argument that nature shapes behavior.
Q4) Alcohol abuse is considered a genetic factor that shapes a child's behavior.
A)True
B)False
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Social Interaction in Everyday Life
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Q1) Which of the following is an effective way of minimizing role conflict and role strain?
A) Tackling everything at once
B) Desegregating roles
C) Taking on more roles at a time
D) Setting priorities
E) Acquiring more statuses
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about the effect of online interaction on families?
A) Social media has a more negative impact on committed relationships.
B) Social media has no effect on family ties.
C) Social media has more positive effects on families.
D) Social media has a more negative effect on ties between parents and children.
E) Social media has had a mixed effect on family ties.
Q3) Discuss the symbolic interactionist perspective on social interaction.
Q4) Women are socialized to be more comfortable talking about their feelings, whereas men are socialized to be dominant and take charge, especially in the workplace.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Social Groups, Organizations, and Social Institutions
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Q1) The _____ explains the tendency of a bureaucracy to become increasingly dominated by a small group of people.
A) goal displacement policy
B) conflict approach
C) iron law of oligarchy
D) Peter principle
E) carrot and stick approach
Q2) What are the five major social institutions?
Q3) What role does K-12 play in addressing America's weight problems?
A) It mandates students' participation in health programs.
B) It provides students with scholarships if they maintain a healthy body mass index.
C) It holds an annual family event to help parents incorporate healthy eating habits in the family.
D) It offers students healthier lunches.
E) It encourages students to walk to school.
Q4) Membership in coercive organizations is largely involuntary.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Differentiate between an in-group and an out-group.
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Chapter 7: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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Q1) Sabotaging computer systems, hacking, and stealing confidential information are examples of _____.
A) public order crimes
B) victimless crimes
C) cybercrimes
D) violent crimes
E) organized crimes
Q2) Deviance becomes crime when:
A) it results in bodily harm to a person.
B) it warrants more than five years of imprisonment.
C) it involves the collective effort of a large number of people.
D) it violates rules that have been written into law.
E) it violates rules that are deemed immoral.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of a violent crime?
A) Robbery
B) Motor-Vehicle theft
C) Arson
D) Intellectual property theft
E) Cybercrime
Q4) Summarize the critical evaluation of feminist perspectives on deviance.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Social Stratification: United States and Global
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Q1) _____ is the abundance of economic assets that a person or family owns.
A) Mobility
B) Wealth
C) Reputation
D) Prestige
E) Power
Q2) How does the upper-upper class differ from the lower-upper class?
A) Unlike upper-upper class, those in the lower-upper class have been wealthy for generations.
B) Unlike upper-upper class, those in the lower-upper class have little chance for advancement.
C) Unlike upper-upper class, those in the lower-upper class have worked for their income rather than inherited it.
D) Unlike upper-upper class, those in the lower-upper class shape the economic and political climate through a variety of mechanisms.
E) Unlike upper-upper class, those in the lower-upper class have less autonomy and freedom from supervision.
Q3) Describe the structural factors that affect social mobility.
Q4) Briefly describe the features of the working class of America.
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Chapter 9: Gender and Sexuality
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Q1) What are the three prominent feminist explanations of gender roles?
Q2) _____ refers to people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, and other valued resources because of their sex.
A) Acculturation
B) Meritocracy
C) A glass ceiling
D) Gender stratification
E) A glass escalator
Q3) _____ are social structures that enable people's unequal access to wealth, power, status, prestige, opportunity, and other valued resources because of their sex.
A) Political action committees
B) Booster clubs
C) Gendered institutions
D) Total institutions
E) Virtual organizations
Q4) More Americans describe themselves as "pro-choice" than "pro-life."
A)True
B)False
Q5) Briefly explain the factors that shape one's sexual orientation.
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Q1) Which of the following statements is true of U.S.reactions to immigration?
A) Between 45 to 78 percent of Americans favor deporting undocumented immigrants.
B) All residents of places with hostile immigrant laws believe that newcomers cause problems.
C) Many farmers stress on tightening immigration rules.
D) Few Americans realize that undocumented immigrants contribute significantly to state and local taxes.
E) Industries with low-paying jobs are suffering because they employ a large number of undocumented immigrants.
Q2) While on vacation, Malakai, a black athlete, went to a local restaurant for lunch.Before he could sit down, the owner of the restaurant came out from behind the counter and told Malakai to leave the restaurant because of his skin color.This scenario is an example of _____.
A) institutionalized discrimination
B) individual discrimination
C) institutional discrimination
D) structural discrimination
E) systemic discrimination
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Chapter 11: The Economy and Politics
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Q1) _____ is power based on exceptional individual abilities and characteristics that inspire devotion, trust, and obedience.
A) Traditional authority
B) Downward authority
C) Charismatic authority
D) Upward authority
E) Rational-legal authority
Q2) Discuss the feminist perspective on the economy and its impact on society.
Q3) Which of the following statements is true of the pluralist model?
A) Individuals have little direct power over political decision making.
B) Individuals have no authority to influence government policies.
C) There is only a single leadership.
D) People have no power outside of their special-interest groups.
E) There are no checks and balances.
Q4) Describe the key characteristics of a pluralist model.
Q5) Critically evaluate the perspective of conflict theorists on the power elite.
Q6) Discuss the factors that have contributed to the surge in women's employment.
Q7) How does a transnational corporation differ from a transnational conglomerate?
Q8) Discuss the effects of globalization on the economy.
Q9) Define capitalism.List the characteristics of a capitalistic economy. Page 13
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Page 14
Chapter 12: Families and Aging
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Q1) Who belong to the sandwich generation? Discuss the outcomes that this generation is most likely to face.
Q2) In an egalitarian family system, both partners share power and authority fairly equally.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to the U.S.Department of Health and Human Services in the year 2013, which of the following is the most common form of child maltreatment?
A) Neglect
B) Sexual abuse
C) Overprotectiveness
D) Psychological abuse
E) Physical abuse
Q4) Which of the following family functions helps children acquire language?
A) Social stratification
B) Socialization
C) Social class placement
D) Social security
E) Economic security
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Chapter 13: Education and Religion
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Q1) Jay belongs to a Hindu subgroup that was formed recently.The subgroup acknowledges the presence of other religious groups and agrees that other groups also possess the truth.The religious subgroup that Jay belongs to can be classified as a _____ of Hinduism.
A) cult
B) sect
C) denomination
D) symbol
E) faction
Q2) As education increases, the importance of religion also increases.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How does education create and perpetuate social inequality? Support your answer with examples.
Q4) According to a study by Hamilton in 1995, because churches are an integral part of the social order, they often become dependent on, rather than critical of, the ruling classes.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Discuss the feminist perspective on religion.Support your answer with examples.
Page 16
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Chapter 14: Health and Medicine
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Q1) Explain the common criticisms faced by conflict theorists.
Q2) One of the top three preventable health hazards is _____.
A) dehydration
B) chronic malnutrition
C) Parkinson's disease
D) substance abuse
E) epidemic diseases
Q3) Which of the following is a similarity between the assertions of feminist and conflict theorists?
A) Both emphasize that the medical system has concern for people.
B) Both emphasize that illness is dysfunctional.
C) Both emphasize the concept of the sick role.
D) Both emphasize that men control women's health.
E) Both emphasize the connection between health and inequality.
Q4) Explain the changes in the occurrence of illnesses with age.
Q5) Which are the variables that are most frequently used to measure the health status of a given population?
Q6) Explain the role of a physician as a gatekeeper.
Q7) What is meant by medicalization? Provide examples to support your answer.
Q8) How are lifestyle choices related to health, disease, and impairment? Why?
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Chapter 15: Population, Urbanization, and the Environment
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Q1) Which of the following countries will be the world's largest by 2050?
A) China
B) India
C) Nigeria
D) United States
E) Indonesia
Q2) Which of the following in the context of the Malthusian theory?
A) According to the theory, the population grows at an arithmetic rate.
B) It maintains that the population is growing faster than the food supply needed to sustain it.
C) It states that resources available to humans will quadruple by 2050.
D) Neo-Malthusians are against the old theory, and believe the population is under control.
E) According to neo-Malthusians, the earth will survive as it's a "striving planet."
Q3) By 2050, Nigeria will replace the United States as the third largest country.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe gentrification.
Q5) Explain the four models of city growth and change.
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Chapter 16: Social Change: Collective Behavior, Social Movements,
and Technology
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Q1) Which of the following is true of the emergence stage of a social movement?
A) The number of staff positions increases, members draw up bylaws, and the organization hires outsiders.
B) The original leaders move on to better paying and more influential positions.
C) The movement develops chapters at local, regional, national, and international levels.
D) The leaders verbalize the feelings of the discontented, crystallize the issues, and push for action.
E) The organization establishes a division of labor in which leaders make policy decisions and followers perform necessary tasks.
Q2) Which of the following is a component of public opinion?
A) It concerns a limited number of people.
B) It is based on actions rather than words.
C) It involves a controversial issue.
D) It is not influenced by propaganda.
E) It does not affect collective behavior.
Q3) Discuss the institutionalization stage of a social movement.
Q4) Discuss the benefits of technology in health and medicine.
Q5) Describe any two types of social movements.
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