Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology Test Preparation
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the foundational concepts, theories, and research methods that define the field of psychology. This course covers key topics such as biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Emphasis is placed on how psychological principles can be applied to everyday life and how scientific approaches are used to understand human thought and behavior. Students will gain a broad understanding of the discipline and develop skills for analyzing and interpreting psychological phenomena.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology Gateways to Mind and Behavior 14th Edition by Dennis Coon
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Chapter 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Watson realized that he could study the behavior of animals even though he could not ask animals questions by simply observed the relationship between any stimuli and an animal's response with the term response being defined as any A) event in the environment.
B) example of experiential processing.
C) covert action displayed by the animal.
D) muscular action, glandular activity, or other identifiable aspect of behavior.
Answer: D
Q2) Pavlov's contribution to behaviorism lies in his discovery of A) the conditioned response.
B) self-observation.
C) conscious experience.
D) unconscious motivation.
Answer: A
Q3) Sometimes a researcher subtly communicates his or her expectations to the subjects, which changes the participants' behavior.This is known as the __________ bias.
Answer: researcher
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Chapter 2: Brain and Behavior
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Q1) Phineas Gage underwent dramatic personality changes after he experienced serious damage to which lobe of his brain?
A) temporal
B) occipital
C) parietal
D) frontal
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following structures is part of the forebrain?
A) hypothalamus
B) medulla
C) cerebellum
D) reticular formation
Answer: A
Q3) The purpose of the myelin that surrounds the axon is to
A) keep nerve cells continually active.
B) help electrical currents cross the synapse completely.
C) repair neurons within the peripheral nervous system.
D) speed the transmission of an impulse down the axon.
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Human Development
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Q1) Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his research in the area of __________ development.
A) language
B) physical
C) moral
D) motor
Answer: C
Q2) In the United States, what percentage of children from middle-class families exhibit a secure attachment?
A) 10 percent
B) 22 percent
C) 63 percent
D) 82 percent
Answer: C
Q3) Research shows that people tend to be happy if they are making progress toward their personal __________.
Answer: goals
Q4) The false-belief task is used to assess whether a child has developed __________.
Answer: theory of mind
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) With regard to our senses, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) The flavor of food includes the quality of texture and temperature.
B) The flavor of food can involve pain.
C) We are most sensitive to sweet, and least sensitive to sour taste sensations.
D) Smell is important in determining the variety of taste flavors.
Q2) Which theory of olfaction explains that different-shaped "holes," or "pockets," exist on the surface of olfactory receptors with chemicals producing odors when part of a molecule matches a hole of the same shape?
A) trichromatic
B) lock-and-key
C) opponent process
D) gate control
Q3) Tony feels like he is wearing blinders because he has suffered a loss of peripheral vision known as myopia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Critics of modern ESP research argue that subjects who temporarily show ESP have received credit for a(n)__________.
Q5) Describe five of the seven ways that one's perceptual accuracy can be enhanced.
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Chapter 5: States of Consciousness
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Q1) After suffering a stroke, Gayle is in a longer-term waking state in which she exhibits no signs of awareness.Gayle is exhibiting which disorder of consciousness?
A) a coma
B) a persistent vegetative state
C) locked-in syndrome
D) the state of being brain dead
Q2) Dreams are usually spaced about how many minutes apart?
A) 10 minutes
B) 30 minutes
C) 60 minutes
D) 90 minutes
Q3) Concerning REM sleep, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A) REM sleep "calms" the brain and reduce its overall activation.
B) Dreams during REM sleep tend to be longer, clearer, more detailed, more bizarre, and more "dream-like" than thoughts and images than occur in NREM sleep.
C) Roughly 85 percent of the time, people who are awakened during REM sleep report having no dreams.
D) REM sleep is shown in reptiles, such as snakes and iguanas.
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Chapter 6: Conditioning and Learning
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Q1) Regarding spanking, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Most children show no signs of long-term damage from spanking if it is backed up by supportive parenting.
B) Emotional damage does occur if spankings are severe, frequent, or coupled with harsh parenting.
C) Frequent spankings tend to decrease aggression and reduce problem behaviors.
D) Antispanking laws have been passed in a number of countries around the world.
Q2) Explain what it means to be a cognitive time traveler; and discuss two research studies that have been conducted to determine whether other animals, besides humans, are cognitive time travelers.
Q3) In an experiment, the discovery learning group of students was encouraged to see that a "piece" of parallelogram could be "moved" to create a rectangle, while the rote learning group memorized the height times base formula.The results of the experiment demonstrated that
A) the discovery learning group performed better on the unusual problems.
B) the rote learning group performed better on the unusual problems.
C) both groups performed exceptionally well on the unusual problems.
D) both groups performed poorly on the unusual problems.
Q4) Classical and operant conditioning are the two types of __________ learning.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) Which of the following is known as the "truth drug," but which can elicit fantasies that are mistaken for real memories?
A) Amytal
B) GHB
C) Valium
D) MDMA
Q2) The fact that one's memory can be influenced by the mood or bodily condition that exists at the time of learning and at the time of retrieval is known as
A) eidetic imagery.
B) the serial position effect.
C) state-dependent learning.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue state.
Q3) After information has been entered into memory, this information is held for later use through the memory process known as
A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) habituation.
Q4) Explain the differences in mental images and eidetic imagery.
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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Creativity
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Q1) Which of the following is a major dimension of connotative meaning as measured by the semantic differential?
A) bad-poor
B) north-south
C) active-passive
D) central-peripheral
Q2) Compared to routine problem solving, creative thinking involves
A) inductive and deductive reasoning
B) fluency, flexibility, and originality
C) logical thinking
D) deep understanding of the problem
Q3) In problem solving, the tendency to repeat wrong solutions or faulty responses, especially as a result of becoming blind to alternatives, is called __________.
Q4) The cross-stimulation effect in brainstorming refers to
A) inductive reasoning triggering deductive reasoning.
B) a rigidity in problem solving caused by an inability to see new uses for familiar objects.
C) the incubation stage of creative thinking.
D) the tendency for one person's ideas to trigger another person's ideas.
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Chapter 9: Intelligence
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Q1) In Marta's assessment course, she is learning about the history of intelligence tests.Marta learned that the first group intelligence test was the
A) Army Alpha.
B) SAT Reasoning Test.
C) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale.
D) Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Q2) Which type of intelligence involves solving problems by using already acquired knowledge with this type of intelligence actually increasing or, at least, declining very little until advanced age?
A) fluid intelligence
B) implicit intelligence
C) crystallized intelligence
D) neural intelligence
Q3) The person responsible for the development and design of the first useful individual test of intelligence was Howard Gardner.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Computer simulations and expert systems provide good examples of __________ intelligence.
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Chapter 10: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Which of the following theorists believes that the emotions you experience are greatly influenced by how you evaluate the personal meaning of a stimulus?
A) Carrol Izard
B) Paul Ekman
C) Richard Lazarus
D) Carl Lange
Q2) Although researchers are completely certain that six facial expressions are universal, two other expressions may also be universal.These two facial expressions are
A) contempt and interest.
B) jealousy and confusion.
C) pity and remorse.
D) appreciation and envy.
Q3) If you are a manager, you can increase work quality at your company by offering raises and salary bonuses to your employees.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain how the drive to avoid pain and the sex drive are similar to and different from hunger and thirst.
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Chapter 11: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality
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Q1) In lower animals who are sexually inexperienced, castration tends to A) abolish sexual activity in both sexes.
B) slightly reduce sexual activity in both sexes.
C) produce variable responses in females, while abolishing the male sex drive.
D) produce variable responses in males, while abolishing the female sex drive.
Q2) The idea that gender roles are universal becomes questionable when we look at A) norms for male and female behaviors in other cultures.
B) the significant gender differences in certain skills such as math or language.
C) the similarity in aggressive behaviors of males and females.
D) equal opportunity and equal pay for both sexes in the United States.
Q3) The dimension of sex which refers to X and Y chromosomes is called A) gonadal sex.
B) hormonal sex.
C) genital sex.
D) genetic sex.
Q4) After orgasm, men experience a short refractory period during which a second orgasm is impossible.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Q1) The trait approach is currently the dominant method for studying personality.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you meet someone you would like to know better and unconsciously leave a book or a jacket at that person's house, ensuring another meeting, then this would be an example of a(n)
A) fixation.
B) neurotic lapse.
C) Freudian slip.
D) Oedipus conflict.
Q3) Self-actualization refers to
A) a tendency that causes human personality problems.
B) the process of admitting an experience to awareness.
C) the process of fully developing one's personal potentials.
D) the requirements necessary for becoming famous, academically distinguished, or rich.
Q4) Threats of punishment from the superego cause __________ anxiety.
Q5) Margarita's traits have been assessed using the 16 PF.The graph of her scores on this measure is called a(n)__________.
Page 14
Q6) Describe three ways that a person can reduce his or her shyness.
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Chapter 13: Health, Stress, and Coping
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Q1) Although it may become the leading cause in the near future, which factor currently ranks SECOND as a cause of preventable deaths in the United States?
A) smoking.
B) unsafe sexual behavior.
C) alcohol abuse.
D) being overweight.
Q2) Raining on the day of your outdoor wedding would be classified as frustration that is both
A) external and social.
B) external and nonsocial.
C) internal and social.
D) external and personal.
Q3) Life changes, both good and bad, can increase one's susceptibility to accidents or illness.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A negative emotional state that occurs when one is prevented from reaching a goal is called __________.
Q5) Stress triggers bodily effects, upsetting thoughts, and ineffective __________.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 2011, approximately how many Americans committed suicide?
A) 10,000
B) 23,000
C) 38,000
D) 55,600
Q2) "I believe Amanda's anxiety and defensiveness are the result of an unrealistic self-image, which leaves her vulnerable to contradictory information that threaten her faulty self-image." This statement would most likely have been made by which of the following?
A) psychodynamic theorist
B) cognitive therapist
C) humanistic psychologist
D) behavioristic theorist
Q3) Roughly what percent of all women who give birth develop postpartum depression?
A) one percent
B) five percent
C) 13 percent
D) 20 percent
Q4) In 90 percent of all suicides, a diagnosable mental disorder was a factor, usually depression or a(n)__________ disorder.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Therapies
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a behavior that would help if you were providing support and counseling to a friend?
A) supportive statements
B) use of reflection
C) probing painful topics
D) paraphrasing
Q2) Beck's approach that has been most effective in treating depression involves
A) aversion therapy.
B) a token economy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) logotherapy.
Q3) A patient stops talking about an idea during free association.Since this interrupted idea may reveal particularly important unconscious conflicts, psychoanalysts are taught to analyze this
A) resistance.
B) transference.
C) covert sensitization.
D) reciprocal inhibition.
Q4) The first true psychotherapy was __________.
Q5) Rational-emotive behavior therapy was developed by __________.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Social Thinking and Social Influence
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Q1) The section in this Chapter entitled "Bark Like a Dog," in which a psychology professor begins the first day of class by establishing the basic rules of conduct in the class, illustrates the students'
A) conformity to group pressure.
B) adherence to group norms.
C) lack of self-assertion.
D) obedience to a legitimate authority.
Q2) Regarding cult conversion, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) In recruiting new members, cults use a powerful blend of guilt, manipulation, isolation, deception, fear, and escalating commitment.
B) Cults employ high-pressure indoctrination techniques not unlike those used in brainwashing.
C) Many of the techniques used in cult conversion are used by pimps to recruit vulnerable women into prostitution.
D) Cult leaders encourage their followers to question their beliefs and to reach their own conclusions about how to live.
Q3) The process of making inferences about behavior is known as __________.
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Chapter 17: Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior
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Q1) Responding calmly to upsetting situations by seeing them as "problems to be solved" is the key to
A) altruistic cueing.
B) prosocial modeling.
C) status equality.
D) self-control.
Q2) While watching the evening news, LaTanya sees the suffering of a community that was hit by a tornado and feels the fear and anguish these people must be feeling.She immediately calls the pastor of her church to ask if she can organize a relief program to collect money and supplies to send to this community.LaTanya was motivated to help when she felt this community's pain, a condition known as A) empathic arousal.
B) a diffusion of responsibility.
C) cognitive dissonance.
D) social comparison.
Q3) For many people, becoming less prejudiced begins by accepting the value of the ability to genuinely appreciate those who differ from us culturally, which is called __________ to the other.
Q4) Describe five factors that would affect one's tendency to help in an emergency.
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Chapter 18: Applied Psychology
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Q1) Regarding overpopulation and environmental damage, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A) Overpopulation and rapid population growth are closely connected with environmental damage, international tensions, and rapid depletion of non-renewable resources.
B) World population growth began to explode around the year 1850.
C) Since corporations and governments do much environmental damage, many of the solutions to environmental problems will require changes in politics and policies.
D) Experts estimate that the maximum sustainable population of the Earth is between 25 billion and 50 billion persons.
Q2) If you make machines and work environments compatible with human sensory and motor capacities, you are working in the specialty known as
A) cybernetics.
B) psychophysiology.
C) ergonomics.
D) humanistics.
Q3) When researchers record the number of individuals in a given space, they are measuring __________.
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