Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology Solved
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Principles of Psychology introduces students to the fundamental concepts, theories, and methods that form the foundation of the science of psychology. This course explores a broad range of topics including biological bases of behavior, perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, emotion, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students gain an understanding of how psychological principles are applied in everyday life and the ways in which psychological research can inform our understanding of human behavior and mental processes.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 4th Canadian Edition by Carole Wade
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) Phrenology is:
A) a theory of mind based on anecdotes and individual case studies.
B) the study of the minds of criminals.
C) based on the writings of John Locke.
D) a pseudoscience relating bumps on the head to personality traits.
Answer: D
Q2) The person who set the course of psychological science by emphasizing the causes and consequences of behaviour was:
A) Joseph Gall.
B) Wilhelm Wundt.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) William James.
Answer: D
Q3) A contemporary research specialty known as positive psychology follows in the footsteps of humanist psychology.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: How Psychologists Do Research
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Q1) Dr. Rodgers believes that people under high stress are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease. When he randomly selects 30 participants who have high-stress jobs, he finds that 26 of the participants develop cardiovascular disease. Based on the results Dr. Rodgers concludes that stress causes an increase in the incidence of cardiovascular disease. His reasoning is flawed because in this study:
A) he didn't formulate a hypothesis prior to conducting the study.
B) there was no control group for comparison.
C) there was no independent variable.
D) there was no dependent variable.
Answer: B
Q2) Which descriptive method would be most appropriate for studying attitudes toward stem-cell research?
A) survey
B) case study
C) test
D) observation
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Genes, Evolution, and Environment
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Q1) Many tendencies are either present at birth in all humans or develop rapidly during maturation. The following are all examples of these tendencies EXCEPT:
A) infant reflexes.
B) desire to explore.
C) attraction to familiar objects.
D) basic cognitive skills.
Answer: C
Q2) Estimates of the heritability of intelligence:
A) increase with age.
B) decrease with age.
C) do not change with age.
D) explain differences between groups.
Answer: A
Q3) In regard to heredity and environment, it would be accurate to say that, overall, environment causes our IQ scores.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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5
Chapter 4: The Brain: Source of Mind and Self
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Q1) Which of the following occurs when the parasympathetic nervous system is activated?
A) Ejaculation in males is stimulated.
B) Sweat glands are strongly stimulated.
C) Urine volume is decreased.
D) Salivation is strongly stimulated.
Q2) The part of the brain at the top of the spinal cord is called the:
A) thalamus.
B) brain stem.
C) master gland.
D) pleasure centre.
Q3) Brain scans tell us where things happen in the brain, but they do not tell us how they happen.
A)True
B)False
Q4) If your amygdala were damaged, you would probably become exceedingly clumsy and uncoordinated.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is the sympathetic nervous system compared to the accelerator of a car?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Body Rhythms and Mental States
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Q1) When sleep researchers have studied humans and other species, they found that:
A) only the higher mammals, such as humans, the great apes, and bottlenose dolphins, experience REM sleep.
B) moles, since they can hardly move their eyes at all, are unable to experience REM sleep.
C) humans begin to show evidence of REM sleep during the first two weeks after birth.
D) nearly all mammals, with the exception of spiny anteaters, bottlenose dolphins, and the porpoise, experience REM sleep.
Q2) While the most common biological rhythms people experience are circadian, humans:
A) also have some longer cycles that are about a month in length.
B) also have some shorter cycles that are about 90 minutes in length.
C) also experience both longer and shorter cycles.
D) experience some shorter cycles, but don't experience seasonal rhythms like some animals do.
Q3) Evaluate the evidence for and against the legalization of marijuana. Where do you stand in the marijuana debate?
Q4) Describe the results of abuse/addiction to heroin.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) In order to infer an object's location, we estimate its distance from us through binocular and monocular cues.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Air serves as the only transmitting substance for sound waves.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The intensity of a sound wave's pressure corresponds to the frequency of the wave.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Usually a colour deficient person is unable to distinguish red from green, and so the world is painted in shades of:
A) black, white, and red.
B) blue, yellow, brown, and grey.
C) black, white, yellow, and green.
D) reddish green and grey.
Q5) Shorter light waves tend to be seen as violet and blue.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Learning and Conditioning
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Q1) For Skinner, reinforcers are defined:
A) in terms of their actual effects on changing the probability of a response.
B) differently, depending on the definition given the individual researcher.
C) on the basis of physiological changes within the organism.
D) on the basis of whether the experimenter thinks they will have an effect on changing response probability.
Q2) In operant conditioning, ________ occurs when a reinforcer is removed.
A) extinction
B) acquisition
C) generalization
D) discrimination
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true?
A) Skinner invented an Air-Crib for his daughter.
B) Skinner won the Humanitarian of the Year Award in 1972.
C) Skinner insisted that free will is an illusion.
D) Skinner denied the existence of human consciousness.
Q4) As the activities director of a nursing home, Betty wants to help the residents become more independent and to make many of their own daily decisions. Create an example describing how Betty could use positive reinforcement in order to strengthen the independence of the residents.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Behaviour in Social and Cultural Context
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of entrapment?
A) A friend who is moving asks you to bring over a few empty boxes; when you arrive he asks you to fill the boxes with dishes, and before you know it, you've packed his kitchen.
B) You get involved part-time with a charity and within months you are chair of the fundraising committee.
C) A friend invites you over for a visit and when you get there asks if you wouldn't mind watching the kids while she pops out to the grocery store, and before you know it, you are babysitting all afternoon.
D) Your mom asks you to come over and take a look at a few things she is throwing away. and before you know it. you are helping her clean out her attic.
Q2) Define ethnic identity and acculturation.
Q3) Entrapment is a gradual process in which individuals escalate their commitment to a course of action to justify their investment of time, money, or effort.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the features of groups that are vulnerable to groupthink.
Q5) List the procedures used by researchers to measure implicit prejudice.
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Thinking and Intelligence
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Q1) When we think of mindlessness, our usual focus is on the mishaps that may occur. But mindlessness has its benefits too! Create an example that illustrates one of the benefits of the mindless processing of information.
Q2) Autumn's mental representation for Halloween includes associations, attitudes, and expectations. What term is used to describe these characteristics? Develop an example that describes Autumn's mental representation for Halloween, making sure that each of the three aspects mentioned above is included.
Q3) Multitasking is possible because some of our cognitive processing is:
A) subconscious.
B) mindless.
C) deliberate.
D) conscious.
Q4) The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that supports one's own belief is called:
A) mental set.
B) mindlessness.
C) confirmation bias.
D) stereotype threat.
Q5) How do psychometric and cognitive approaches to intelligence compare?
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Chapter 10: Memory
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Q1) The comparison of memory to a video camera is:
A) not at all accurate.
B) accurate only for memory of facts, not for memory of experiences.
C) accurate only for memory of experiences, not for memory of facts.
D) accurate for memory of both facts and experiences.
Q2) According to Sir Frederic Bartlett:
A) emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.
B) memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
C) memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
D) memory is largely a reconstructive process, like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces.
Q3) A long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic responsiveness is called:
A) long-term potentiation.
B) state-dependent memory.
C) parallel processing.
D) deep processing.
Q4) Sensory memory has a limited capacity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Why is short-term memory sometimes called a "leaky bucket"?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Emotion, Stress, and Health
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Q1) ________ provides the energy of an emotion, that familiar tingle, excitement, and sense of animation.
A) Norepinephrine
B) Dopamine
C) Epinephrine
D) Melatonin
Q2) The ________ is necessary to form a conditioned emotional response to a stimulus.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) right hemisphere
C) amygdala
D) sympathetic nervous system
Q3) Although many people in many cultures experience anger or sadness, it is ________ that determines when those emotions are experienced.
A) the brain
B) the cognitive appraisals associated with the emotion
C) the culture
D) the amygdala
Q4) Describe the role that hormones play in regard to emotion and stress (Chapter 11).
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Chapter 12: Motivation
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Q1) Which of the following is an example of an intrinsically motivated behaviour?
A) working to earn a paycheque
B) bringing your mother flowers on her birthday because it is expected
C) eating a ham sandwich because you are hungry even though you don't like ham
D) reading a mystery book by your favourite author
Q2) Motivation refers to a set of processes that:
A) get you moving toward a goal.
B) activate physiological events.
C) represent a complex set of psychological events.
D) represent innate characteristics of a person.
Q3) Name the three kinds of motivational conflicts that affect our choice of goals.
Q4) The pursuit of an activity for its own sake is called:
A) intrinsic motivation.
B) biological drives.
C) performance goals.
D) the need for affirmation.
Q5) For many years in Western society, men were romantic and women were pragmatic in choosing a marriage partner. Why?
Q6) Apply the lessons of motivational research to your own life, using the suggestions outlined in "Taking Psychology with You."
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Development Over the Life Span
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Q1) In Piaget's theory, the process of absorbing new information into existing cognitive structures is called:
A) conservation.
B) accommodation.
C) assimilation.
D) operations.
Q2) In an observational study designed to assess gender behaviour and gender socialization, 12- to 16-month-old boys and girls were found to be similar in their attempts to communicate and in their assertiveness (for example, their efforts to get a teacher's attention). How did the teachers tend to respond to these children? What did the researchers find when they observed the same children one year later?
Q3) In what ways are the two- or three-word combinations spoken by a toddler similar to the speech found in a telegram?
Q4) During ________, moral reasoning is based on conformity and a "law-and-order" orientation.
A) the preschool years
B) early adolescence
C) late adolescence
D) adulthood
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Chapter 14: Theories of Personality
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Q1) Radical behaviourists believed that personality is an illusion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Temperaments fluctuate dramatically over time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ________ have better reliability than ________.
A) Clinical judgment; objective tests
B) Objective tests; clinical judgment
C) Rorschach tests; pop-psych tests
D) Inventories; objective tests
Q4) According to Freud, the psychosexual stage that occurs during the grade-school years until puberty is called the:
A) latency stage.
B) anal stage.
C) oral stage.
D) phallic stage.
Q5) Describe the ways in which humanist psychologists have added balance to the study of personality.
Page 16
Q6) What is meant by "nonshared environment"?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Carlin has recurring periods of intense fear during which he thinks that he is having a heart attack. He trembles and shakes, and his heart palpitates. This kind of problem is called:
A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) panic attack.
Q2) What is the fundamental fear in agoraphobia?
Q3) Psychological tests used to infer motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics on the basis of a person's interpretations of ambiguous stimuli are called:
A) projective tests.
B) objective tests.
C) inventories.
D) clinical judgment tests.
Q4) Alcoholism would be less likely to occur if:
A) national abstinence was enforced by law once again.
B) it was used as a rite of passage into adulthood.
C) the adults drank moderately at family gatherings.
D) drinking occurred outside of homes, not in them.
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Chapter 16: Approaches to Treatment and Therapy
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Q1) Biological therapy with depressed patients restores their brain-wave sleep profiles to normal.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Choosing a therapeutic approach that is effective for a particular disorder is difficult. What therapies are recommended for the following problems?
* depression
* anxiety disorders
* anger and impulsive violence
* health problems
* childhood and adolescent behaviour problems
Q3) If Fergus takes ________, it reduces his agitation and delusions and shortens his schizophrenic episodes.
A) one of the tranquilizers, such as Valium
B) one of the MAO (monoamine oxidase) inhibitors, such as Nardil
C) one of the SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), such as Prozac
D) one of the neuroleptics, such as chlorpromazine
Q4) Why do humanist therapists concentrate on the "here and now" instead of on the "why and how"?
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