Principles of Psychology Review Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course covers foundational topics such as biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, emotion, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social psychology. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students gain insight into how psychological principles apply to everyday life and develop an understanding of major theories and research methods used in the field. This course provides a basis for further study in psychology and related disciplines.
Recommended Textbook
Introducing Psychology Brain Person Group 4th Edition by Stephen M. Kosslyn
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260 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Section 1: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) In addition to describing and explaining mental processes and behavior, psychology also attempts to ________ these phenomena.
A)predict and control
B)analyze and manipulate
C)categorize and organize
D)synthesize and regulate
Answer: A
Q2) A case study examines in detail ________.
A)a single participant
B)multiple instances of a situation
C)a set of questions put to participants
D)the relationship between two variables
Answer: A
Q3) Which of these is the most accurate definition of the discipline of psychology?
A)the science of behavior
B)the science of mental processes
C)the science of behavior and mental processes
D)the science of human behavior and mental processes
Answer: C
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Chapter 1: Section 2: Introduction to the Science of Psychology:
History and Research Methods
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Q1) Mei was sent to the school psychologist to be tested.Based on her IQ scores it was decided that she would do well in the gifted child program.This is an example of which goal of psychology?
A)describing behavior
B)explaining behavior
C)predicting behavior
D)controlling behavior
Answer: C
Q2) An experiment is valid if
A)it produces reliable findings.
B)if its findings are consistent across experiments.
C)if it measures what the investigator designed it to measure.
D)if its measures are both reliable and consistent across experiments.
Answer: C
Q3) A correlation coefficient is a numerical measure of the __________________.
A)unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
B)relationship between two variables
C)behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time
D)behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
Answer: B
Page 4
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Chapter 2: Section 1: The Biology of Mind and Behavior: the Brain in
Action
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Q1) "All or none" is the principle stating that ______.
A)a neuron either fires or does not fire
B)a neuron fires at full strength or not at all
C)all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all
D)all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all
Answer: A
Q2) Ito was driving through a rough part of town late at night when a stray bullet hit the front side of his head.Both the left and right sides of his prefrontal cortex were severely damaged.As a result of the accident, Ito most likely
A)died from his injuries.
B)suffered loss of his arms and legs.
C)lost his sense of hearing.
D)suffered a change in personality.
Answer: D
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5
Chapter
Brain in Action
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Q1) Agonist is to antagonist as:
A)neuromodulator is to neurotransmitter.
B)reuptake is to receptor.
C)mimic is to block.
D)block is to mimic.
Q2) If a person were to damage the speech center in the brain, the ideal age for this to happen would be
A)2)
B)14.
C)33.
D)61.
Q3) Ever since he suffered a brain injury by falling from a ladder, his wife has continued to tell the doctor that his personality has changed.He used to be fun loving and care-free, but he is now more critical and yells at his children for seemingly little reason.Zack is likely to have suffered damage to the _______ of his cortex.
A)occipital lobe
B)parietal lobe
C)temporal lobe
D)frontal lobe
Page 6
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Chapter 3: Section 1: Sensation and Perception: How the World Enters the Mind
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Q1) All of the following are associated with attractiveness for faces except ________.
A)smooth skin
B)symmetry
C)female hormones
D)male hormones
Q2) Sensation is to perception as ________ is to ________.
A)stimulation; recognition
B)awareness; interpretation
C)interpretation; awareness
D)organization; interpretation
Q3) The point at which a person can detect a stimulus 50 percent of the time it is presented is called the ______.
A)absolute threshold
B)range threshold
C)difference threshold
D)noticeable threshold
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Chapter 3: Section 2: Sensation and Perception: How the
World Enters the Mind
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Q1) According to your authors, we identify where objects are by coding ________.
A)categorical spatial relations
B)temporal relations
C)proximal spatial relations
D)occipital relations
Q2) ______ is the mental process of making sense of sensory information.
A)Abstraction
B)Sensation
C)Perception
D)Consciousness
Q3) When you enter a darkened room (e.g., a movie theatre)you will find it hard to see at first but shortly afterward you will be able to see much better.This phenomenon is referred to as:
A)color adaptation.
B)cone adaptation.
C)dark adaptation.
D)light adaptation.
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Page 8
Chapter 4: Section 1: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) A _____________________ reinforcer is any reward that satisfies a basic, biological need, such a hunger, thirst, or touch.
A)primary
B)negative
C)positive
D)secondary
Q2) "If a response is followed by a pleasurable consequence, it will tend to be repeated.If a response is followed by an unpleasant consequence, it will tend not to be repeated." This is a statement of ________________.
A)the law of positive reinforcement
B)Rescorla's cognitive perspective
C)Thorndike's Law of Effect
D)Garcia's conditional emotional response
Q3) When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out" in a process called ______________.
A)CR fading
B)extinction
C)habituation
D)generalization fading
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Chapter 4: Section 2: Learning: How Experience Changes Us
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Q1) After Little Albert acquired a conditioned fear of rats, Watson wanted to see how he would react to a white rabbit, cotton wool, and a Santa Claus mask.He was studying whether or not _____________________ had occurred.
A)behavior modification
B)stimulus discrimination
C)extinction
D)stimulus generalization
Q2) The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called ______.
A)counterconditioning
B)instinctive drift
C)spontaneous recovery
D)stimulus discrimination
Q3) ________ is an example of a primary reinforcer, whereas ________ is an example of a secondary reinforcer.
A)A cupcake; a certificate of achievement given to a student
B)A kiss; money
C)Water; food
D)A gold star; cupcake
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Chapter 5: Section 1: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone.He asks his partner to read him his credit card number.However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers.Jamal is coming up against ______.
A)the decay of numerical memory
B)the extinction of auditory traces
C)George Miller's magic number 7, plus or minus 2
D)the limits of procedural memory
Q2) Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when
A)older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information
B)newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information
C)information is not attended to and fails to be encoded
D)information that is not accessed decays from the storage system over time
Q3) Why does distributed practice result in improved memory over massed practice?
A)You unconsciously memorize the material.
B)Each time you study you provide more associations.
C)Distributed practice activates the frontal lobe.
D)Massed practice leads to consolidation.
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Chapter 5: Section 2: Memory: Living With Yesterday
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Q1) Retrograde amnesia is to anterograde amnesia as ________.
A)mild is to severe
B)severe is to mild
C)remembering old is to learning new
D)remembering new is to learning old
Q2) The famous case of H.M.pertains to an individual who had severe memory loss once his hippocampus was removed.However, he still had a form of ________.
A)semantic memory
B)implicit memory
C)explicit memory
D)declarative memory
Q3) The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the memory system can use.
A)encoding
B)storing
C)retrieving
D)evaluating
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12
Chapter 6: Section 1: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) John B.Carroll argued that ________.
A)the relations among test scores are neatly structured into a three-tiered hierarchy
B)test scores can be categorized
C)intelligence is two-factored
D)intelligence is a single factor
Q2) Criticisms of Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences include ________.
A)the fact that it relies too heavily on g
B)there are no concerns
C)it appears to describe only those with brain damage
D)concerns over measuring and whether these intelligences only refer to talents and skills.
Q3) What systematic problem-solving method guarantees a solution, provided that one exists?
A)heuristic method
B)algorithmic method
C)mnemonic device
D)cognitive shortcut
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Page 13
Chapter 6: Section 2: Language, Thinking, and Intelligence:
What Humans Do Best
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Q1) One advantage of learning the grammar of a foreign language early in life is that it becomes ________.
A)a flashbulb memory
B)a working memory
C)automatic
D)declarative knowledge
Q2) Solving a problem critically depends on ________.
A)one's general intelligence
B)manipulation of mental images
C)how you represent it
D)the use of language
Q3) The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called ____________.
A)creativity
B)insight
C)heuristics
D)latent learning
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Page 14
Chapter 7: Section 1: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Jose's medically ideal weight is 250 pounds.He would be considered to be obese when and if he weighed ________ pounds.
A)275
B)300
C)320
D)330
Q2) Which level of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy is epitomized by the U.S.Army's slogan "Be all that you can be"?
A)safety
B)self-esteem
C)belongingness
D)self-actualization
Q3) A famed psychologist claims that motivated behaviors result from an effort to reduce tension caused by bodily needs such as hunger or thirst.This psychologist's philosophy most closely matches ______ theory.
A)reciprocity
B)homeostatic
C)needs
D)drive
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Chapter 7: Section 2: Emotion and Motivation: Feeling and Striving
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Q1) Physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it is experienced as a specific emotion, according to ____________.
A)Plutchik
B)the James-Lange theory
C)the Cannon-Bard theory
D)Schachter and Singer
Q2) Which of the following statements is true?
A)Emotions are generally unaffected by culture.
B)Positive and negative emotions are opposite sides of the same coin.
C)An emotion can have different types and different facial expressions.
D)Display rules are genetically received.
Q3) An instinct is a tendency that is ________.
A)learned
B)conditioned
C)inherited
D)easily controlled
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16
Chapter 8: Section 1: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Sample Questions
Q1) A statistical technique that is designed to see whether traits are strongly associated with each other is called _______.
A)factor features
B)t test
C)pf analysis
D)factor analysis
Q2) Which of the following concepts is not found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
A)self-actualization
B)self-concept
C)free will
D)self-efficacy
Q3) The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________.
A)personality
B)nurture
C)a trait
D)nature
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Chapter 8: Section 2: Personality: Vive La Différence
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Q1) Which statement is true regarding male and female personality comparisons?
A)There are significant differences between males and females compared to differences among people within each sex.
B)Men are more likely to have an internal locus of control than women.
C)Women are more likely to be reflective.
D)Men score higher on individuality and autonomy.
Q2) Which of Freud's personality structures can be thought of as housing the human conscience?
A)id
B)superego
C)consciousness
D)subconsciousness
Q3) What are the Big Five personality traits?
A)conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, extraversion, dominance
B)openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism
C)sensation seeking, conscientiousness, openness, agreeableness, dominance
D)neuroticism, psychoticism, extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
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18
Chapter 9: Section 1: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing
Up,
Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about a birth defect?
A)teratogen
B)critical period
C)carcinogen
D)biohazard
Q2) Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers.When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs.According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of ___________.
A)trust
B)mistrust
C)autonomy
D)initiative
Q3) In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
A)cohort
B)longitudinal
C)behavior genetics
D)cross-sectional
19
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Chapter 9: Section 2: Psychology Over the Life Span:
Growing Up, Growing Older, Growing Wiser
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Q1) What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
A)the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
B)aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
C)parental discipline styles in the first year of life
D)the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
Q2) Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills.She collects data from 200 1-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of 5 years.What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using?
A)cohort design
B)longitudinal design
C)behavior genetics design
D)cross-sectional design
Q3) The sounds t, th, and sh are ______.
A)morphemes
B)phonemes
C)semantics
D)sound bytes
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Chapter
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Q1) The field of psychoneuroimmunology focuses on ________.
A)the ways in which thoughts and feelings states affect the immune system
B)the ways in which mental states suppress our circulatory system
C)the pattern of brain activity in normal functioning adults
D)the pattern of responses from our brain
Q2) When thinking about GREs, applying to graduate school, and studying for mid-terms, Nichole starts to have sweaty palms and a racing heart.It is MOST probable that Nichole is responding to ________.
A)T cells
B)the pressure
C)stressors
D)lymphocytes
Q3) Elizabeth hears that her neighbors' son just died.She decides to bring them dinner.This is an example of ________ social support.
A)enacted
B)indirect
C)direct
D)perceived
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Chapter
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Q1) What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome?
A)resistance, alarm, exhaustion
B)exhaustion, resistance, alarm
C)alarm, exhaustion, resistance
D)alarm, resistance, exhaustion
Q2) Imagine that you have just flunked a class.You evaluate this situation and decide that flunking a class is stressful and important enough to be upset about.Next you decide to repeat the class in summer school.You have made __________.
A)a primary appraisal only
B)both a primary and a secondary appraisal
C)a stress-related decision
D)a hassle-related decision
Q3) People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it.
A)occupation
B)camaraderie
C)income
D)social support system
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Chapter 11: Section 1: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Aaron Beck (1967)proposed the idea of ________ to explain the negative view of the world, the negative view of themselves, and the negative view of the future in the thoughts of depressed people.
A)cognitive distortions
B)the negative triad
C)the positive triad
D)rumination
Q2) ________ is (are)believed to trigger a "suffocation alarm" in the brain that can lead to panic.
A)Changes in carbon dioxide levels
B)Hypersensitivity to the locus coeruleus
C)Activation in the right frontal lobe
D)Activation in the left frontal lobe
Q3) Keith shows a pattern of excessive attention seeking and expression of emotion.As such, he most likely has ________ personality disorder.
A)histrionic
B)narcissistic
C)obsessive-compulsive
D)borderline
23
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Chapter 11: Section 2: Psychological Disorders: More Than Everyday Problems
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Q1) Andy has a tendency to align the tools in his toolbox so that they are placed in perfect symmetry.Andy's compulsion illustrates ________.
A)repeated doubts
B)hoarding
C)ordering
D)counting
Q2) Which of the following is a criticism of the most recent version of the DSM?
A)There are far too few disorders included in the manual.
B)Categories define medical problems as psychological disorders.
C)The manual fails to provide too loose of a boundary between normal and abnormal behavior.
D)The manual takes into consideration cultural factors
Q3) Which of the following best describes dysthymia?
A)a mild, chronic form of depression
B)a severe, intermittent form of depression
C)a form of depression that affects biological functions such as appetite
D)a form of depression that is very responsive to electroconvulsive therapy
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Page 24
Chapter 12: Section 1: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mary, who has a great fear of flying, has been instructed by her behavior therapist to take a brief ride in an actual airplane.If Mary follows her therapist's instructions, then she'll be engaged in ________.
A)imaginal exposure
B)aversive exposure
C)in vivo exposure
D)virtual reality exposure
Q2) Sylvia, who is undergoing client-centered therapy has been told that she experiences an incongruence between her ________self and her _______self.
A)conscious; unconscious
B)possible; future
C)working; current
D)real; ideal
Q3) Most psychological professionals today take a(n)______ view of psychotherapy.
A)group treatment
B)humanistic
C)eclectic
D)behavioral
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Chapter 12: Section 2: Treatment: Healing Actions, Healing
Words
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Q1) Some drugs that combat depression work by____________.
A)increasing the amount of serotonin in the brain
B)blocking dopamine receptors in the brain
C)inhibiting the function of the medulla and the pons
D)increasing the amount of acetylcholine in the brain
Q2) For which of these problems would systematic desensitization most likely be used?
A)Joe has been depressed for two years.
B)Ken is sexually attracted to young children.
C)As a result of schizophrenia, David does not interact with members of his family.
D)A fear of heights restricts Alice's enrollment to classes that meet on the first floor.
Q3) Which of the following is a disadvantage of group therapy?
A)The therapist is the only person to whom secrets are revealed.
B)It allows the therapist to see how the client interacts with others.
C)It often allows group members to help one another learn new social skills.
D)The client must share the therapist's time.
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26
Chapter 13: Section 1: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) If Professor Jameson is most interested in studying what you believe about an object or topic, then she is focusing on the ________ component of attitudes.
A)behavioral
B)affective
C)cognitive
D)informational
Q2) You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier.Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error?
A)the yeller is a mean, angry person
B)the cashier is overworked
C)the yeller has had a bad day
D)the cashier has had a bad day
Q3) Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn.His belief is an example of _______________.
A)consensus
B)impressions
C)an attitude
D)a stereotype
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Chapter 13: Section 2: Social Psychology: Meeting of the Minds
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Q1) "Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks.Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben."Oh, that's great! Thanks so much.And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am.Pick me up at 6:00.See you then," Ben adds.You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique.
A)lowball
B)norm of reciprocity
C)door-in-the-face
D)obedience
Q2) The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions.This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model?
A)under-route processing
B)peripheral-route processing
C)central-route processing
D)classic-route processing
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