Principles of Psychology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course covers foundational topics including the history of psychology, research methods, biological bases of behavior, sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, personality, psychological disorders, and treatment approaches. Students will explore how psychological principles apply to everyday life, develop critical thinking skills, and gain an understanding of how psychological research informs our understanding of individuals and groups.
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What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 4th Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The psychoanalytic theory proposed by Sigmund Freud emphasized ____.
A) behavior
B) self-determination
C) unconscious mind processes
D) evolutionary processes
Answer: C
Q2) Which progression best represents the historical order in which these psychological perspectives were developed?
A) Psychoanalytic theory, humanism, and structuralism
B) Structuralism, behaviorism, and humanism
C) Humanism, psychoanalytic theory, and cognitive psychology
D) Behaviorism, structuralism, and psychoanalytic theory
Answer: B
Q3) Which psychological perspective studies memory, problem solving, and decision making?
A) Humanism
B) Psychodynamic theory
C) Behaviorism
D) Cognitive psychology
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you have just completed a vigorous physical workout, your central nervous system is most likely to have ____.
A) decreased levels of dopamine
B) decreased levels of serotonin
C) increased levels of endorphins
D) increased levels of GABA
Answer: C
Q2) Which part of the brain plays an important role in sleep, attention, and consciousness?
A) Limbic system
B) Cerebellum
C) Hippocampus
D) Reticular formation
Answer: D
Q3) The lobes of the brain tend to be wired contralaterally, which means that ____.
A) the major pathways run at right angles to each other
B) the corpus callosum runs from the front to the back
C) each hemisphere governs the opposite side of the body
D) both sides work together in most intellectual and behavioral tasks
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) In which of the following situations would you be most likely to rely heavily on top-down perceptual processing to correctly perceive the situation?
A) When working a jigsaw puzzle depicting three kittens in a basket
B) When seeing an object that is completely unlike anything you have seen before
C) When viewing an untitled, abstract sculpture in a museum
D) When listening to a new piece of instrumental, abstract jazz
Answer: A
Q2) Your grandparents have age- or noise-related hearing loss. As a result, they will have the most difficulty hearing ____.
A) low-frequency sounds
B) middle-frequency sounds
C) high-frequency sounds
D) sounds from all frequencies
Answer: C
Q3) Describe the concept of absolute threshold.
Answer: Absolute threshold is defined as the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected 50% of the time. This 50% mark is used because the level of the stimulus required for it to just be perceived varies from trial to trial and from person to person during an experiment.
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evania has just started her medical internship. She is required to work clinic hours from 8:00 AM to 4 PM, and every third night she is on-call after clinic hours from 4:00 PM to 8:00 PM. When she finishes on-call, she then goes right on to her clinic duties, sometimes working more than 30 hours straight. Describe some of the effects her on-call tour of duty might have upon her sleep and performance.
Q2) Based on all the statistics and information provided in the textbook on the effects of alcohol, it could be concluded that ____.
A) alcohol itself is not a primary source of problems
B) alcohol primarily affects those who consume it and not those who do not
C) alcohol primarily affects those in the lower socioeconomic classes
D) alcohol exerts large effects on a large number of people
Q3) Describe three different theories psychologists have proposed to explain dreaming.
Q4) Melatonin is known as the "Dracula hormone" because it ____.
A) was first identified in the blood of bats
B) is released at night
C) makes the blood "sweeter" due to its chemical similarity with glucose
D) disguises itself as dopamine in the central nervous system
Q5) Define tolerance and substance use disorder, and describe how they are related.
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Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent research suggests that ____.
A) women are more emotional and less able to control their emotions than men
B) men are more emotional and less able to control their emotions than women
C) women and men are equally able to control their emotions
D) men are more emotional, but less able to control their emotions
Q2) You are giving a presentation to your sales department about Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, when someone asks you if there is much scientific support for this theory. What is the best response to this question?
A) "Yes, the majority of studies support this theory."
B) "There is limited scientific support for this theory."
C) "No study has ever shown support for this theory."
D) "No, this theory has not been tested yet by researchers."
Q3) According to arousal theory, those who engage in physical activities that are extremely risky or dangerous are ____.
A) attempting to reduce physical tension
B) seeking high levels of physiological arousal
C) fulfilling an instinctual need
D) satisfying a social desire to compete with others
Q4) Are emotions understood across cultures? Explain your response.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Psychologists have taught children to like healthful vegetables by pairing new vegetable flavors with the flavor of sugar to produce liking. Specifically, they are using
A) stimulus discrimination
B) habituation
C) extinction
D) classical conditioning
Q2) Describe John B. Watson's research with Little Albert and identify the unconditioned, neutral, and conditioned stimuli and the unconditioned and conditioned responses in the original study.
Q3) Vera wants to classically condition her dog to associate the sight of his leash with going outside. To do this, she must keep in mind that to get the strongest conditioning possible, she will have to ____.
A) show the dog the leash at least 25 minutes before the walk begins
B) show the dog the leash immediately before the walk begins
C) hide the leash from the dog until after the walk has begun
D) give the dog a treat before the walk begins and then show the dog the leash after the walk begins
Q4) Explain the four steps in Bandura's modeling process.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Alzheimer's patients are tested on a single task matched to their ability (such as recalling a list of numbers), they tend to perform ____.
A) better than healthy control subjects
B) the same as healthy control subjects
C) far worse than healthy control subjects
D) worse than healthy control subjects
Q2) A well-developed and large hippocampus is associated with better ____ memory.
A) declarative
B) procedural
C) implicit
D) sensory
Q3) Mila received a new DVD player that she is trying to connect to the back of her television by feel alone. The first stage of memorizing how to make the connection would be through ____.
A) iconic sensory memory
B) haptic sensory memory
C) short-term memory
D) long-term memory
Q4) Describe several techniques for improving memory.
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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Marta has heard that making a shopping list will help her save money when shopping, so she decides to try it. Her shopping list includes fruits, veggies, and meat. Marta's list uses ____ categories.
A) basic level
B) subordinate
C) superordinate
D) midordinate
Q2) Describe Benjamin Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis and what the research has to say about the hypothesis.
Q3) The strong and weak forms of the Whorfian hypothesis state that ____.
A) different cultures share the same basic language structure
B) language either determines or influences thoughts and perceptions
C) every child learns language at a pace that is unique to that child
D) language ability is based on a biological language acquisition device
Q4) Which activity is most likely to exercise your fluid intelligence abilities?
A) Watching a movie on TV
B) Going for a walk
C) Listening to a lecture on birds
D) Playing a fast-paced video game on your computer
Q5) Compare how we use prototypes and exemplars in categorization.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) The physical activities involved in playing soccer would mostly include which kind of motor skills?
A) Primary
B) Gross
C) Fine
D) Major
Q2) Fluid intelligence is to ____, as crystallized intelligence is to ____.
A) nurture; nature
B) nature; nurture
C) recall; recognition
D) recognition; recall
Q3) You once lived on your own and now are back living with your parents. The common phrase to describe this situation would be ____.
A) revolving door phenomenon
B) "if you can't beat them, join them"
C) sandwich generation
D) boomerang generation
Q4) Describe Erikson's four psychosocial stages that relate to adolescent and adult development.
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Chapter 10: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most people feel an in-group bias, which means that they ____.
A) would like to be a member of the most popular group
B) feel it is better to be in a group than outside of a group
C) view members of their own group more favorably than members of other groups
D) are likely to feel both extremes of emotion toward the people to whom they are closest
Q2) A two-month-old infant will look longer at a(n) ____ face than at a(n) _____ face.
A) asymmetric; symmetric
B) attractive; nonattractive
C) masculine; feminine
D) distinctive; nondistinctive
Q3) Explain what aversive racism is and how it operates.
Q4) When normally high-achieving females are asked to perform math problems and verbal tasks in a room where they are outnumbered by males, the women perform
A) worse on both math and verbal tasks
B) worse on math but not verbal tasks
C) better on math but not verbal tasks
D) better on both math and verbal tasks
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Chapter 11: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud's theory, your newborn niece's personality consists of ____.
A) ego, superego, and id
B) only an ego and id
C) only an ego
D) only an id
Q2) According to Freud's theory, the Oedipal complex and the Electra complex occur in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.
A) genital
B) phallic
C) latent
D) anal
Q3) The humanistic view of personality assumes that the ultimate goal of individuals is
A) self-efficacy
B) self-actualization
C) an internal locus of control
D) ego defense
Q4) Describe each component of the structure of personality according to Freud and how they interact with each other.
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Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Coping
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Sample Questions
Q1) A hard, round chancre or sore is most consistent with which type of sexually transmitted infection?
A) Gonorrhea
B) Syphilis
C) Human papillomavirus (HPV)
D) Scabies
Q2) Martha often cooks when she is angry at her husband. Martha is most likely engaging in the defense mechanism of ____.
A) sublimation
B) displacement
C) reaction formation
D) denial
Q3) Compare the responses to stressors of those with learned helplessness to those with a hardy personality.
Q4) The female response to stress has been called ____.
A) hope and despair
B) open and shut
C) fight or flight
D) tend and befriend
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Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anxiety is considered abnormal when it ____.
A) is expressed in unusual circumstances
B) is exhibited more than twice within a 30-day period
C) is observed in social settings
D) interferes with one's ability to function
Q2) Fear of having another panic attack can lead to ____.
A) schizophrenia
B) agoraphobia
C) PTSD
D) depression
Q3) Which criterion is especially problematic for psychologists when distinguishing normal from abnormal behavior?
A) Inability to function
B) Level of impairment
C) Violation of social and cultural norms
D) Personal distress
Q4) What is the usefulness of a system like the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) to clinicians and researchers? Where does the DSM fall short?
Q5) Discuss two common myths about suicide, including the truth regarding each myth.
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Chapter 14: Mental Health Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the United States, about ____ of adults with mental health problems report that they cannot get the treatment they need.
A) 20%
B) 40%
C) 60%
D) 80%
Q2) Contrary to psychoanalysis, humanistic therapy ____.
A) focuses more on unconscious forces controlling behavior
B) assumes that people will naturally strive toward personal growth
C) uses transference as a therapeutic technique
D) emphasizes past behavior rather than current behavior
Q3) The therapy developed by Albert Ellis is called ____.
A) person-centered therapy
B) rational-emotive therapy
C) covert sensitization therapy
D) cognitive distortion therapy
Q4) Describe three methods that are employed in traditional psychoanalysis.
Q5) Explain how systematic desensitization might be used to treat a person with a phobia of heights.
Page 16
Q6) Describe the procedures involved in ECT and its effects.
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