Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology Final Exam
Principles of Psychology offers a comprehensive introduction to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course covers foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, development, personality, psychological disorders, and social interactions. Through theoretical perspectives, current research findings, and practical applications, students will explore how biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors influence individual and group behavior. Emphasis is placed on developing critical thinking skills, understanding research methodologies, and applying psychological concepts to everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology Around Us 3rd Canadian Edition by Ronald Comer
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Psychology Yesterday and Today
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately when did Greek thinkers begin to substitute natural for supernatural explanations of nature and reality?
A) in the seventh and eighth centuries BCE
B) in the fourth and fifth centuries BCE
C) in the first and second centuries BCE
D) in the first and second centuries AD
Answer: B
Q2) What is the purpose of applied psychology?
Answer: To involve the application of psychological principles to help solve practical problems
Q3) Which of the following mental health practitioners is correctly matched with a title?
A) Dionne, who holds a Ph. D. degree - psychiatrist
B) Everett, who has an M. D. degree - clinical psychologist
C) Fallon, who graduated with a Psy. D. degree - clinical psychologist
D) Garrett, who received an M. S. W. degree - counselling psychologist
Answer: C
Q4) According to Hippocrates,what are humours and what is their purpose?
Answer: bodily fluids that determine a person's character and well-being
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Chapter 2: Psychology as a Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which approach to psychology advocated focus on observable behaviours only?
A) hypothetico-deductive
B) inductive reasoning
C) pseudopsychology
D) behaviourism
Answer: D
Q2) Identify three pieces of information that are often included on a research study consent form?
Answer: details regarding purpose of the study,procedures to be used,disclosure of risks and benefits of participation,responsibility of participants
Q3) The direction of the relationship between two variables is given by a correlation coefficient's ___; the strength of the relationship is given by the coefficient's ___.
A) absolute value; value
B) sign; absolute value
C) sign; value
D) absolute value; sign
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text,about how many neurons does the nervous system contain?
A) 1 billion
B) 8 billion
C) 86 billion
D) 1 trillion
Answer: C
Q2) The folds of the neocortex are called ___.
Answer: convolutions
Q3) Which of the following brain study techniques CANNOT be used to experimentally investigate the human brain?
A) lesioning
B) EEGs
C) autopsy examination
D) the study of brain damage
Answer: A
Q4) Describe the relationship between handedness and the lateralization of language.
Answer: Most right-handed persons process language in the left hemisphere.18% of left-handed persons process language in the right hemisphere.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the correct order of Piaget's stages?
A) sensorimotor, concrete operational, preoperational, formal operational
B) sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
C) sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
D) preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete operational, formal operational
Q2) In what stage is a pregnant woman most vulnerable to miscarriage?
Q3) Every now and then,Leoni's mother has the six-year-old stand against the door frame and marks her height to see how much she has grown.Leoni's mother is measuring her ___ development.
A) qualitative
B) quantitative
C) discontinuous
D) continuous
Q4) Mikaela is one day old.Which of the following will Mikaela be able to do best?
A) Distinguish the scent of her mother's milk from another woman's.
B) See objects on the wall of the nursery.
C) Choose a pink hippo over a blue elephant.
D) Distinguish between her mother's voice and another woman's voice.
Q5) Define motor skills and provide two examples.
Q6) Name Baumrind's four parenting styles and one associated outcome of each.
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regarding taste receptors,which of the following statements is true?
A) Each taste receptor responds to any of the five basic tastes.
B) The diverse types of taste receptors are located on distinct parts of the tongue.
C) The diverse types of taste receptors are evenly distributed across the tongue.
D) The diverse types of taste receptors are not distributed evenly across the tongue.
Q2) Ye-jun is participating in a study in which he is presented with different unpleasant odours that he has to identify.Unfortunately,most of the odours are presented above his absolute threshold.What does this mean?
A) Ye-jun can smell most of the odours
B) Ye-jun can only smell the strongest odours
C) Ye-jun can't tell the difference between any of the odours
D) Ye-jun didn't notice most of the odours
Q3) Which tactile receptors are found in the hairless regions of the body?
A) Merkel's discs
B) Ruffini's end-organs
C) free nerve endings
D) Meissner's corpuscles
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ken is sleep deprived and is now performing a task.How do you predict Ken will perform on the task?
A) His performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation as long as the task is very interesting.
B) His performance will be unaffected by sleep deprivation as long as the task is monotonous and repetitive.
C) His performance will be affected on any task that requires physical strength.
D) His performance will be affected on complex tasks.
Q2) A Freudian slip is best defined as
A) a memory that has no verbal content that influences mood and behaviour.
B) a repressed idea that inadvertently enters consciousness.
C) an emotionally charged event that keeps recurring in the person's mind.
D) a mistake that caused you so much embarrassment that you repressed it.
Q3) As sleepers enter deeper sleep stages,their brain waves
A) increase in complexity.
B) decrease in amplitude.
C) decrease in frequency.
D) increase in frequency.
Q4) Describe the "rush" that accompanies opioid ingestion.
Q5) A memory has reached the ___ level when we finally remember information.
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Chapter 7: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Macy is looking for her suitcase at the airport among all the suitcases travelling around on the carousel.What condition would cause a pop-out effect for her suitcase?
A) Her suitcase is round and black, and all the other suitcases are square and black.
B) Her suitcase is square and black, and the other suitcases are all square and either black or red.
C) Her suitcase is round and red and the other suitcases are all red and either round or square.
D) Her suitcase is square and black, and the other suitcases are round or square and red or black.
Q2) What is the important role that sleep plays with learning and memory,according to Tononi and Cirelli (2014)?
A) Sleep allows neurotransmitters to be recycled.
B) Sleep decreases cortical synaptic strength.
C) Sleep restores homeostatic imbalance, so the brain is ready to fire the next day.
D) Sleep prevents brain areas from sharing information and allows each area to process its own information.
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9
Chapter 8: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Grouping pieces of information together to expand the effective capacity of working memory is termed ___.
A) chunking
B) clumping
C) consolidating
D) compacting
Q2) Completing a rental application,Pippa finds she can't recall one of her previous addresses,as she's had several addresses since.Pippa is experiencing ___ interference.
Q3) Fiona is calculating the tip for her meal in her head,and doing so requires her to hold some numbers in place while she manipulates others.What part of her brain will be especially active during this type of task?
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) prefrontal cortex
Q4) Tevya was involved in a motor vehicle accident and is unable to remember anything about the three weeks before her accident.Tevya is suffering from ___.
Q5) Distinguish implicit from explicit memories and provide examples of each.
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Chapter 9: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) The study of phonemes is called ___.
Q2) In ___ problems,the nature of the problem and the information needed to solve it are clear; in ___ problems,either or both the nature of the problem and the information required to solve it are unclear.
A) well-defined; ill-defined
B) algorithmic; heuristic
C) heuristic; algorithmic
D) automatic; controlled
Q3) Chen,age 12,and his 6-year-old sister,Li Mei recently moved to Canada from China.Which of the following would you predict about their ability to learn English?
A) They will both learn English, but Li-Meiwill struggle with it while Chen will learn very easily.
B) They will both learn English at the same speed.
C) They will both learn English, but Chen will probably always speak with an accent.
D) They will both struggle to learn English as they will no longer be able to distinguish English phonemes.
Q4) Describe the concept of bounded rationality and when we use it.
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11
Chapter 10: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Martina overhears someone at a party saying that studies have shown that people with larger brains are more intelligent.Furthermore,this person claims that doctors have told him that he has an extraordinarily large brain,and thus,claim to also have superior intelligence.Martina decides to avoid that conversation because she knows from her psychology class that
A) people with extraordinarily large brains tend to score low on intelligence tests. B) this person is likely exceptionally brilliant.
C) people with more neurons in their parietal lobe are more intelligent. D) the size of individual neurons is more important for intelligence than the number of neurons.
Q2) Which of the following parents are most likely to foster a sense of creativity in their children?
A) parents who reward their children with money when they get good grades
B) parents who give their children time to think and explore without criticism
C) parents who both work long hours at a manufacturing plant
D) parents who demand elevated levels of performance from their children and do not accept failure
Q3) On what construct does practical intelligence often rely?
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which is the best definition of body mass indexes (BMI)that are categorized as obese?
A) 22 and above
B) 25 and above
C) 27 and above
D) 30 and above
Q2) Engaging in a behaviour that is satisfying in and of itself is ___ motivating.
Q3) School performance is affected by both physical and psychological needs.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following statements regarding gender differences in sexuality are true?
A) Men have more sexual fantasies than women.
B) Women wait longer than men to have sex.
C) Women are more likely than men to abstain from sex between relationships.
D) all of these
Q5) Describe an instance from your own life in which a biological motivation was inhibited in favour of gaining a social reward.
Q6) According to the Yerkes-Dodson law,what is the relationship between task difficulty and arousal?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud,defence mechanisms are used to
A) protect us from anxiety.
B) resolve conflicts between the id and the superego.
C) prevent us from becoming fixated at various stages.
D) help us resolve our unconscious conflicts.
Q2) Carl Rogers would argue that the main cause of an individual's dysfunctional behaviour is
A) unconscious impulses.
B) conditions of worth.
C) unconditional positive regard.
D) not achieving self-actualization.
Q3) Low activity of the neurotransmitter ___ has been linked to anxiety,inhibition,and low energy levels.
Q4) Which neurotransmitter helps regulate the "pleasure pathway"?
A) serotonin
B) dopamine
C) acetylcholine
D) epinephrine
Q5) What type of energy fuels the id?
Q6) Individuals with ___ personality disorder are most often male.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: social Psychology
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Sample
Questions
Q1) In an experiment by Jones and Harris,people were presented with either a pro-Castro speech or an anti-Castro speech.When people were told that the pro-Castro writer's position had been assigned,NOT chosen,people
A) made a situational attribution about the writer's beliefs. B) made a dispositional attribution about the writer's beliefs.
C) made the same attribution for the pro-Castro speech as for the anti-Castro speech. D) made just as strong an internal disposition as when they believed the writer's position to be freely chosen.
Q2) All the following are factors related to liking other people EXCEPT A) mutual respect.
B) proximity.
C) self-disclosure.
D) physical attractiveness.
Q3) When the presence of others improves our performance,it is called A) social facilitation.
B) group productivity. C) group polarization. D) groupthink.
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15
Chapter 14: Stress,coping,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a function of coping?
A) conflate stressors
B) reduce stressors
C) manage stressors
D) tolerate stressors
Q2) Individuals who had childhoods characterized by poverty are no more likely to develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)when confronted with horrific events.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Anxiety and depression contribute to impaired immune functioning because they are associated with ___.
A) increased lymphocyte production
B) decreased cytokine production
C) unhealthy behaviours
D) ANS overactivity
Q4) Researchers have found a strong relationship between stress and health.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What does "lashing out" refer to within the context of coping?
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Chapter 15: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ___ approach to understanding and treating mental illnesses encourages a search for patterns in the symptoms people present with the goal of first identifying a syndrome that is recognized,and about which one can make predictions.
Q2) Describe the diathesis-stress explanation for schizophrenia.
Q3) Eliah firmly believes that he is being plotted against,spied on,slandered,threatened,and attacked by his friends and family although there is a no evidence to support his beliefs.Eliah is experiencing ___.
A) delusions of grandeur
B) delusions of persecution
C) hallucinations
D) repression
Q4) After administering a battery of psychological tests,Shreya's psychologist determines that she is suffering from borderline personality disorder.Shreya's psychologist has made a ___.
A) classification
B) criteria decision
C) diagnosis
D) psychological determination
Q5) Describe how dysfunction is used to define abnormal behaviour.
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Chapter 16: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Franklyn has been diagnosed with schizophrenia.Which of the following would be most effective in helping Franklyn control his symptoms?
A) drug therapy
B) cognitive-behavioural therapy
C) behavioural therapy
D) humanistic therapy
Q2) Describe aversion therapy and provide an example.
Q3) Around one-third of depressed people who are treated with Beck's cognitive approach improve.
A)True
B)False
Q4) List 2 techniques that are commonly used by Gestalt therapists.
Q5) Which of the following is NOT one of the features of all therapies,according to Jerome Frank?
A) a warm, supportive environment to foster healing
B) a sufferer who seeks relief from a healer
C) a trained, socially accepted healer
D) a series of contacts between the healer and sufferer to produce change.
Q6) Describe the limitations of the cognitive-behavioural approach to therapy.
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