Principles of Psychology Final Exam
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the foundational concepts and scientific approaches that shape the study of human behavior and mental processes. Covering topics such as perception, learning, memory, cognition, motivation, development, personality, and psychopathology, the course emphasizes empirical research methods and their application in understanding psychological phenomena. Students will also explore the biological basis of behavior, the influence of social and cultural factors, and contemporary issues in psychology, equipping them with a broad understanding of the key theories and principles that guide the discipline.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 9th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) Women make up about __________ of the current graduate students in psychology.
A) 12%
B) 25%
C) 41%
D) 67%
Answer: D
Q2) Which type of psychologist would be most interested in studying built-in behavior tendencies that serve adaptive functions?
A) cognitive
B) behaviorist
C) evolutionary
D) psychoanalytic
Answer: C
Q3) The philosophical position that every behavior has a cause is known as A) free will.
B) determinism.
C) hereditarianism.
D) environmentalism.
Answer: B
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Chapter 1: A --What Is Psychology
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Q1) One of the early research interests of comparative psychologists was to measure and rank order animal intelligence in varying species. Various tasks were developed in the attempt to understand animal intelligence. In your textbook, two specific tasks are presented. Name and describe these two tasks.
Answer: The delayed-response problem is a task in which an animal is given a signal indicating where it can find food. The signal is then removed and the animal is restrained for a period of time to see how long it can remember the signal. In the detour problem, an animal is separated from food by a barrier to see whether it will take a detour away from the food in order to get to it.
Q2) A cognitive psychologist is interested in the processes of thinking and acquiring knowledge.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) An ____________________ psychologist would be most interested in studying built-in behavior tendencies that serve adaptive functions?
Answer: evolutionary
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) Researchers have found that people who live in crowded cities are more likely than others to develop schizophrenia (a psychological disorder). From these results, which of the following conclusions (if any) can we draw?
A) Something about life in crowded cities leads to schizophrenia.
B) People with schizophrenia are more likely than others to move to crowded cities.
C) The kinds of people who are predisposed to schizophrenia are also likely to choose to live in a crowded city.
D) The results do not justify any of these conclusions.
Answer: D
Q2) According to one study, the more hours students spend watching television, the lower their grades in school. This relationship is an example of
A) an illusory correlation.
B) a positive correlation.
C) a zero correlation.
D) a negative correlation.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: A--Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Q1) A correlation coefficient of -.7 represents a stronger relationship between variables than a correlation coefficient of +.5.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A population is the entire group of individuals to be considered.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Replicable results are those that anyone can obtain, at least approximately, by following the same procedures.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Demand characteristics can be reduced by using a double-blind procedure.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ is the sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores.
Q6) A ____________________ is one of the most difficult to obtain, but is best-suited for generalizing to the whole population?
Q7) The word science derives from a Latin word meaning ____________________.
Page 6
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Q1) Which type of brain scanning technique provides a high-resolution image of brain activity by recording radioactivity from chemicals that are injected into the brain?
A) electroencephalograph (EEG)
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
D) x-ray
Q2) Because researchers have found that different brain areas control vision, hearing, touch, and so forth, a new theoretical question has arisen:
A) How does the brain control movement?
B) Is brain organization the same among different animal species?
C) How long is the delay between receptor activation and conscious perception?
D) How does the brain perceive a unified object?
Q3) Impairments in hearing, the ability to recognize complex patterns (such as faces), language comprehension, and emotion are all associated with damage to the A) prefrontal cortex.
B) temporal lobe.
C) occipital lobe.
D) parietal lobe.
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Chapter 3: A--Biological Psychology
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Q1) Otto Loewi conducted an experiment in which he answered a key question about the nature of signaling across the synapse. Briefly describe the hypothesis, method, results, and interpretation of Loewi's study.
Q2) Narcotics are drugs that produce drowsiness, insensitivity to pain, and decreased responsiveness.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The resting potential of an axon is due to different distributions inside and outside the cell of ____________________ and ____________________. or
Q4) Neurons are cells in the nervous system that function to process information. Each neuron consists of three parts. Name and describe each of the three parts.
Q5) Alex has been in a bicycling accident and has suffered a concussion. He is presenting to his doctor with a variety of symptoms. Please describe at least one symptom that you might expect to see if damage occurred to the following locations; prefrontal cortex, temporal lobe, and parietal lobe.
Q6) Nicotine is classified as a ____________________.
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The tendency to interpret a line drawing as simple, symmetrical figures is an example of the Gestalt principle of
A) linear regularity.
B) proximity.
C) closure.
D) good figure.
Q2) After you stare at a pattern of narrow lines long enough to fatigue certain feature detectors, you now stare at slightly wider lines. How will your perception of those lines differ from your usual perception of them?
A) They will appear to be curved.
B) They will appear to be narrower than they really are.
C) They will appear to be even wider than they are.
D) They will appear to be slanted.
Q3) Which of the following is true of nerve deafness?
A) It can be caused by heredity, disease, or exposure to loud noises.
B) It can be corrected by surgery.
C) Hearing gradually improves as the person grows older.
D) It is caused by an abnormality of the bones connected to the eardrum.
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Chapter 4: A--Sensation and Perception
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Q1) The absolute sensory threshold for audition refers to the softest sound any human has ever accurately detected.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Humans have an approximately equal number of rods and cones.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The "pain" of feeling rejected is processed in the anterior cingulate cortex, the same brain area that responds to the emotional aspect of the cutaneous sensation of pain.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Our brains use information from both the ____________________ and the ____________________ in order to help us maintain balance. or
Q5) The auditory system responds differently to sounds that are low-frequency compared to sounds that are high-frequency.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 5: Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Q1) To test whether a young child has the concept of object permanence, Piaget would watch whether the child can
A) play with a toy the same way the experimenter plays with it.
B) state that the amount of clay or water stays the same after a distortion of its shape.
C) answer abstract, hypothetical questions about the object.
D) reach around a barrier to get an object that the child no longer sees.
Q2) Which of the following would count as evidence in favor of a genetic influence on a behavior?
A) Dizygotic twins resemble each other in this behavior more than monozygotic twins do.
B) Dizygotic twins resemble each other in this behavior exactly as much as monozygotic twins do.
C) Adopted children resemble their biological parents in this behavior.
D) Children's behaviors resemble those of their mothers more than those of their fathers.
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Chapter 5: A--Nature, Nurture, and Human Development
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Q1) Piaget called the third stage of intellectual development the sensorimotor stage.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An investigator who uses a ____________________ design examines different groups of people at the same time.
Q3) According to ____________________ theory, we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming a worldview that provides self-esteem, hope, and value in life.
Q4) Research on twins separated at birth has led scientists to begin identifying the genes that cause specific behaviors, such as hobbies and other preferences.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Temperament remains fairly consistent across the lifespan.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Genes located on the X chromosome are known as ____________________ genes.
Q7) ____________________ is the tendency for certain kinds of people to drop out of a study.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) Suppose your boss provides free coffee and donuts each morning at precisely 10:30 am. The first people there get the best choice of donuts. Your going to the place where the donuts are each day is reinforced on which schedule?
A) fixed ratio
B) variable ratio
C) fixed interval
D) variable interval
Q2) A study presented participants with a variety of Pokemon characters and asked them to respond to a "target" character. Some other characters were consistently paired with either positive words or pictures or with negative words or pictures. The results of this study show that
A) attitudes cannot be formed through classical conditioning.
B) only positive attitudes can be formed through classical conditioning.
C) attitudes can be classically conditioned, but only if the participants realize that words or images have been consistently paired with objects.
D) attitudes can be classically conditioned, even if the participants do not realize that words or images have been consistently paired with objects.
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Chapter 6: A--Learning
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Q1) Radical behaviorists reject the idea that internal states (such as thoughts and feelings) cause behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Behaviorism began, in part, as a protest against the views of the____________________.
Q3) Repeatedly presenting the CS without the UCS leads to the extinction of the CR.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Psychologists distinguish between ____________________ , which are reinforcing because of their own properties, and ____________________, which became reinforcing because of previous experiences.
Q5) Unlike methodological behaviorists, radical behaviorists are willing to use observable behaviors to make inferences about intervening variables.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the four schedules of reinforcement and give an example of each type of reinforcement schedule.
Q7) Another name for negative punishment is ____________________.
Page 14
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) Professor Lord gives you a list of 400 names and asks you to check the ones that appeared in the book of Deuteronomy. What kind of memory test is this?
A) free recall
B) cued recall
C) recognition
D) savings
Q2) In psychologists' current conception of working memory, what is the relationship between the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad?
A) Information first enters the phonological loop and then gets transferred to the visuospatial sketchpad.
B) Information first enters the visuospatial sketchpad and then gets transferred to the phonological loop.
C) The phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad handle different kinds of information, which do not interfere with each other.
D) Anything in the phonological loop is also processed simultaneously by the visuospatial sketchpad.
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Chapter 7: A--Memory
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Q1) Remembering how to play the piano is an example of ____________________ memory.
Q2) Increased recall at the beginning and end of a list of information suggests ____________________ and ____________________ effects, respectively.
Q3) As an eyewitness to a crime, you are asked to identify the suspect out of a lineup. This is an example of a/an ____________________ test of memory.
Q4) People tend to lose semantic memories more quickly and easily than they lose episodic memories.
A)True B)False
Q5) Your memory of an event that happened on your first day of high school is both a ____________________ memory and an ____________________ memory.
Q6) Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings are all tests of explicit memory. A)True B)False
Q7) Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings are tests of ____________________ memory. or
16
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Q1) The common mistakes children make as they try to learn language indicate that the children
A) are trying to memorize the sentences they hear, word for word.
B) cannot distinguish many important sounds from one another.
C) are learning grammatical rules and over-applying them.
D) can say more words than they understand.
Q2) The ability to understand sentences such as "This store sells horse shoes, and that store sells alligator shoes" depends on our
A) understanding of each morpheme.
B) understanding of each phoneme.
C) knowledge about the world.
D) knowledge about the word superiority effect.
Q3) The Stroop Effect is the phenomenon that people usually find it easier to
A) remember events in their own lives than to remember events they have read about.
B) remember the gist of a story than to remember the details
C) read a word than to say the color of its ink.
D) read a whole word than to read a single letter.
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Chapter 8: A--Cognition and Language
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Q1) Research on the framing effect has demonstrated that people tend to choose the risky strategy when considering gains and avoid taking risks when considering losses.
A)True
B)False
Q2) __________ is characterized by easy distraction, impulsiveness, moodiness, and failure to follow through on plans.
Q3) In general, it is easier to learn a second language at a younger age than at an older age.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Students were asked difficult questions (e.g., How long is the Nile River?) and asked to give a range of answers they were 90% confident included the correct answer. On difficult questions, students tend to be more confident than correct.
A)True
B)False
Q5) When you increase your attention to something in your visual field, the part of your visual cortex sensitive to that area becomes __________.
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Chapter 9: Intelligence
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Q1) Sternberg developed tests to measure three types of intelligence: creative, practical, and analytical. Critics argue
A) we already have enough types of intelligence tests available.
B) intelligence theory predicts four types of intelligence, so his tests are incomplete.
C) the tests all correlate with each other and with traditional intelligence tests.
D) the three tests do not correlate with each other, so they cannot be measuring intelligence.
Q2) A new worker at Consolidated Generic Products cannot perform any of the company's traditional tasks as well as more experienced workers can. However, when the company teaches all the workers a new skill, this new worker learns it faster than the older workers. The new worker apparently has a high degree of
A) fluid intelligence.
B) crystallized intelligence.
C) verbal intelligence.
D) performance intelligence.
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Chapter 9: A--Intelligence
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Q1) Psychologists first developed the theory of intelligence, and then they began to develop the original tests of intelligence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The goal of the first intelligence tests was to identify the LEAST capable children, those who could not learn from ordinary schooling.
A)True
B)False
Q3) According to Raymond Cattell, the "g" factor in intelligence has two major components, ____________________ and ____________________. or
Q4) On average, people with high IQ scores have fewer car accidents than people with low IQ scores.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The reliability of a psychological test is practically the same thing as its
Q6) ____________________ is a possible explanation for the Flynn effect.
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Chapter 10: Consciousness
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Q1) Hypnotized people often give a convincing report of what they claim are memories from long ago. One reason why psychologists are skeptical of these "memories" is that hypnotized people
A) also report with confidence on events from the future.
B) talk in baby talk that is hard to understand.
C) deny these memories as soon as they come out of hypnosis.
D) cannot remember events from before about age 2 years.
Q2) Research studies that have compared meditation to relaxation have shown that meditation
A) is less likely to decrease blood pressure and heart rate.
B) is much more likely to decrease blood pressure and heart rate.
C) produces about the same effects as relaxation.
D) produces more relaxation.
Q3) The brain is highly active but the large muscles are extremely relaxed during A) stage 2 sleep.
B) stage 4 sleep.
C) REM sleep.
D) all stages of sleep, equally.
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Chapter 10: A--Consciousness
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Q1) ____________________ rhythms are those that last about a day.
Q2) Insomnia is defined as the inability to sleep for more than five consecutive hours at a time.
A)True B)False
Q3) Tom is a 70-year-old man. Tom is likely to do worse on a memory test taken at 5:00 p.m. than he would on the same test taken at 8:00 a.m.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A person is suffering from ____________________ if he or she consistently feels tired and inefficient during the day due to lack of sleep.
Q5) The subjective experience of perceiving oneself and other entities is known as ____________________.
Q6) ____________________ is a tendency to ignore the left side of the body, the left side of the world, or the left side of objects.
Q7) Dreaming occurs only during REM sleep.
A)True B)False
Page 22
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviors
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Q1) Long-term regulation of food intake depends on the hormone __________, which is released by fat cells.
A) glucagon
B) cholecystokinin
C) aldosterone
D) leptin
Q2) Chuck's parents want him to learn to enjoy reading. Many psychologists would advise them not to pay him large rewards for reading. Why?
A) it interferes with his delay of gratification
B) externality hypothesis
C) homeostasis
D) overjustification effect
Q3) At the apex of Maslow's hierarchy is the need for
A) will to meaning.
B) will to power.
C) drive to succeed.
D) self-actualization.
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Chapter 11: A--Motivated Behaviors
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Q1) Alice solves crossword puzzles because she enjoys the challenge and takes satisfaction from successfully completing a puzzle. Psychologists would describe Alice's behavior as extrinsically motivated.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research indicates that people, on the average, eat more when they alone than they would eat with a group of friends.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When people receive more extrinsic motivation than necessary to perform a task, their intrinsic motivation declines. This is called ____________________.
Q4) The causes of anorexia are currently unknown.
A)True
B)False
Q5) On the average, adult homosexual males have less testosterone than adult heterosexual males.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Q1) The primary objection to the use of polygraph tests for lie detection is that
A) the tests are too expensive and time-consuming for practical use.
B) such tests are unnecessary, because most people are just as good as the polygraph is at identifying liars.
C) such tests catch too few liars to be worth the bother.
D) such tests misidentify too many honest people as liars.
Q2) All of the following brain structures are active in regulating the startle response EXCEPT the A) medulla.
B) pons.
C) primary motor cortex.
D) amygdala.
Q3) War veterans and victims of violent attacks may experience nightmares, anger, and anxiety long after their exposure to violence. One reason is that
A) they have neither sympathetic nor parasympathetic nervous system responses.
B) brief reminders of the tragic experience trigger flashbacks.
C) they are still in the alarm phase of the response to stress.
D) they make little effort to understand their present surroundings.
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Chapter 12: A--Emotional Behaviors, Stress, and Health
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Q1) Human beings are capable of ghastly acts of cruelty but also of nobility, heroism, and courageous opposition to violence. The struggle to understand violence is among the most important goals facing humanity in general and psychology in particular. Researchers are fairly certain that the combination of genetics and environment plays a role in predicting violence. Seven other factors that are associated with greater risk for violent behavior are presented in your text. List four of these seven risk factors.
Q2) You are going to show someone a picture that might arouse anger. The experience of anger will probably be greater if you mold the person's face into a ____________________ before showing the picture.
Q3) Not all psychologists are convinced that anger, fear, and so forth are psychological "elements." For several reasons many question whether it makes sense to talk about basic emotions at all. Describe the three arguments presented in your text that do not support the concept of "basic emotions."
Q4) It appears that humans evolved the ability to cry because it reduces tension.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ____________________ theory of emotions claims that the autonomic nervous system leads to emotions.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Q1) One hypothesis for why faces with normal features are rated as attractive is that normal means healthy. The research finding that presents the greatest challenge to this hypothesis is the finding that
A) even infants prefer to look at faces judged attractive by adults.
B) judgments of facial attractiveness are similar across cultures.
C) ratings of attractiveness did not correlate reliably with health.
D) people do not agree on which faces are attractive.
Q2) According to Asch's studies, about how many people conform to the opinion of the majority even when they know the majority is wrong?
A) More than half of all people conform at least some of the time.
B) About 1% of all people conform all the time, but others almost never do.
C) About 99% percent of all people conform more than half the time.
D) No one whom Asch tested conformed when the majority was clearly wrong.
Q3) According to equity theory, a romantic relationship is similar to a A) business deal.
B) battle.
C) poetic license.
D) crossword puzzle.
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Chapter 13: A--Social Psychology
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Q1) The Implicit Association Test, taken by over 600,000 people, finds that even Whites who claim to have little or no prejudice, link White-pleasant and Black-unpleasant more quickly.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Our first impression of somebody may influence the way we treat that person and they, in turn, may react in accordance with the way they are being treated. This can lead to what is termed a ____________________.
Q3) On the average, first impressions are more influential than information learned later.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to research on the sleeper effect, persuasion attempts are much more likely to be successful when we hear them subconsciously, such as when we are asleep. A)True
B)False
Q5) Social perception and ____________________ are the processes we use to learn about others and make inferences from that information.
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Chapter 14: Personality
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Q1) The MMPI includes some items that most people check true, such as "Occasionally I get angry at someone." Why?
A) to make people less likely to check true on the more serious items
B) to check whether people are answering honestly
C) to measure sense of humor
D) to identify certain rare personality types
Q2) The big five personality dimensions
A) each apply to a few very specific situations.
B) are all highly related to each other.
C) are the first five traits to develop in a child, although many more important traits develop later in life.
D) can describe most of the usual variation in human personality.
Q3) Someone with unacceptable sexual impulses expresses them symbolically through art works. According to Freud, this is an example of
A) reaction formation.
B) repression.
C) sublimation.
D) rationalization.
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Chapter 14: A--Personality
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Q1) When asked to describe your current love interest, you say s/he is "funny, honest, and outgoing." Your description reflects the trait approach to personality.
A)True B)False
Q2) Studying a particular person in great detail illustrates the nomothetic approach to personality.
A)True B)False
Q3) Freud's theory of personality is an example of a ____________________ theory.
Q4) The pattern of behavior or role that males and females are expected to follow is known as ____________________; the biological aspect of being male or female is known as ____________________.
Q5) Psychologists study personalities in two ways, called the nomothetic and the idiographic approaches. Discuss the difference between the nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality.
Q6) Striving for success is to ____________________ as collective unconscious is to ____________________.
Q7) According to research, our personality gets more ____________________ as we age.
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Chapter 15: Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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Q1) Brief therapies, which start with an agreement to limit the duration of the treatment, have the advantage that they
A) can be conducted by a therapist with less than the usual amount of training.
B) increase the sense of urgency to deal with the client's problems.
C) can be used with clients who do not wish to be helped.
D) increase the feeling of attachment between client and therapist.
Q2) Which of the following is a disorder that is said to be common in China and is characterized by a fear that a man's penis will retract into his body?
A) amok
B) koro
C) karoshi
D) yit hei
Q3) One result of economic trends in psychiatry and clinical psychology has been:
A) more prolonged treatment.
B) a shift toward treatment only by experienced therapists with a PhD or MD.
C) an increase in the number of psychiatric diagnoses.
D) an increase in the use of untested, unresearched drugs.
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Chapter 15: A--Abnormality, Therapy, and Social Issues
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Q1) One reason that more behavior is now labeled as "mental illness" is that insurance companies are more likely to pay for treatment if the person has a diagnosed mental illness.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Insanity refers to the defendant's ____________________ at the time of the crime.
Q3) Psychologists overwhelmingly agree that the basic goal or idea behind the deinstitutionalization movement was flawed.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ____________________ usually makes a client begin dealing with main problems promptly.
Q5) DSM-IV is the manual that lists the officially approved treatments for each of the mental disorders.
A)True
B)False
Q6) DSM-IV classifies psychological disorders along _________ axes. or
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Q7) ____________________ means the removal of patients from mental hospitals.
Chapter 16: Specific Disorders and Treatments
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Q1) A therapist instructs a client to "Buy a notebook, and for the next week record every time anyone smiles or seems happy to you." This is most likely a __________ therapist treating a client for __________.
A) cognitive...depression
B) person-centered...panic disorder
C) behavior modification...obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) psychodynamic...paranoia
Q2) In the treatment of depression, the benefits of drugs usually __________ but the benefits of psychotherapy usually __________.
A) last longer...cost less money
B) last longer...emerge sooner
C) help a larger number of people...cost less money
D) emerge sooner...last longer
Q3) Which of the following would be recommended as a treatment for people suffering from winter seasonal affective disorder?
A) Antabuse
B) avoidance of excessive deep breathing
C) a low-salt diet
D) bright lights
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Page 33
Chapter 16: A--Specific Disorders and Treatments
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Q1) On the average, antidepressant medications are more effective than the known types of psychotherapy in treating depression.
A)True B)False
Q2) People are not born with phobias. Therefore, there is no genetic predisposition for phobias.
A)True B)False
Q3) Of all the people who try to quit alcohol or other drugs on their own, an estimated ____________________ manage to succeed, though not necessarily on their first try. or
Q4) Panic disorder is more commonly diagnosed in men than in women. A)True B)False
Q5) People who suffer from ____________________ typically enter REM sleep much more quickly than normal after falling asleep.
Q6) A key symptom of panic disorder is ____________________.
Q7) A repetitive, unwelcome train of thought is known as ____________________.
34
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Chapter Extenssion: S 1-16--Final Examination
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Q1) One similarity between people with bulimia and people with bipolar disorder is that both kinds of people
A) are most likely to be teenage girls.
B) have a strong internal locus of control.
C) prefer to have their meals in private instead of with company.
D) alternate between one behavioral extreme and its opposite.
Q2) Someone with damage to the semicircular canals would be most likely to have problems with A) sleep apnea.
B) depression.
C) controlling aggression.
D) posture and balance.
Q3) After someone learns a phobia to one object, the phobia sometimes spreads to other similar objects. The spread could be described as A) backward conditioning.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) desensitization.
D) reaction formation.
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