Principles of Psychology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers foundational concepts such as sensation and perception, learning, memory, development, emotion, motivation, personality, and social interaction. Biological bases of behavior and the influence of culture and environment are explored alongside major psychological theories and research methods. Through case studies, experiments, and critical discussions, students gain a broad understanding of how psychologists investigate behavior and apply their findings to everyday life and contemporary issues.
Recommended Textbook
What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 4th Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino
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14 Chapters
3093 Verified Questions
3093 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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200 Verified Questions
200 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Whose research focused on environmental and cultural factors that influence personality development?
A) Karen Horney
B) Christine Ladd-Franklin
C) Francis Sumner
D) Mary Calkins
Answer: A
Q2) Naturalistic observations are predominantly used to achieve the goals of ____.
A) prediction and control
B) explanation and prediction
C) description and prediction
D) explanation and control
Answer: C
Q3) A hypothesis is ____.
A) a statement describing the actual outcome of an experiment
B) the question that forms the foundation for a particular study
C) a statement describing what the researchers expect to find in a study
D) a type of research method that involves experimentation
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Neuroscience
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215 Verified Questions
215 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What advantages do Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and Positron Emission Tomography (PET scan) offer in studying the brain?
Answer: The MRI uses a magnetic field to create a computer-generated image of the brain. This allows physicians and psychologists to study the brain's structure in great detail. The PET scan uses radioactive glucose to gauge which areas are most active. The PET scan allows psychologists and physicians to see how the brain is working by showing which areas consume the most radioactive glucose.
Q2) The lobes of the brain tend to be wired contralaterally, which means that ____.
A) the major pathways run at right angles to each other
B) the corpus callosum runs from the front to the back
C) each hemisphere governs the opposite side of the body
D) both sides work together in most intellectual and behavioral tasks
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following names a lobe of the cortex?
A) Frontal
B) Ventral
C) Medial
D) Central
Answer: A
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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220 Verified Questions
220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Qamar is participating in a study on ESP in which he is supposed to telepathically receive one of two images that another participant views on a computer screen. If he performs like most other research participants in other studies, about how well will he do at receiving these images?
A) He will likely guess correctly approximately 90% of the time.
B) He will likely guess correctly approximately 75% of the time.
C) He will likely guess correctly approximately 50% of the time.
D) He will likely guess correctly approximately 25% of the time.
Answer: C
Q2) What is the approximate absolute threshold for taste?
A) One teaspoon of sugar dissolved in two cups of water
B) Two teaspoons of salt dissolved in one gallon of water
C) One teaspoon of sugar dissolved in two gallons of water
D) One drop of perfume dissolved in two gallons of water
Answer: C
Q3) Explain the role of top-down processing in perceptual errors.
Answer: Because of top-down processing, it can take us longer to accurately perceive objects when they are not in the context we expect them to be or are otherwise different from our experience and expectations.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Julio takes a drug that makes him feel euphoric, mentally alert, and able to accomplish almost anything. Julio most likely has taken ____.
A) alcohol
B) morphine
C) an amphetamine
D) Valium
Q2) Which statement is TRUE about nicotine and smoking?
A) Nicotine is far less addictive than it was once thought to be.
B) Nicotine elevates levels of dopamine, producing pleasure.
C) Most adult smokers started smoking after the age of 21.
D) Even in low doses, nicotine impairs attention and memory.
Q3) When police conduct field sobriety tests to determine motor coordination, they are indirectly testing the effects of alcohol on ____.
A) the temporal lobe
B) the brain stem
C) serotonin
D) dopamine
Q4) Define tolerance and substance use disorder, and describe how they are related.
Q5) Describe the sleep cycle from start to finish.
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Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
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220 Verified Questions
220 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Helena works for a fast food restaurant, and for the last three months she has been named the employee of the month. In psychological terms, Helena appears to have a great deal of ____ to succeed at her job.
A) insight
B) motivation
C) hunger
D) dutifulness
Q2) For every male with anorexia, there are approximately ____ females with the disorder.
A) two
B) five
C) 10
D) 20
Q3) Leptin is released by ____ and CCK is released by ____.
A) the hypothalamus; the stomach
B) the liver; fat cells
C) fat cells; the small intestines
D) the small intestines; hypothalamus
Q4) Describe three significant biological factors influencing hunger.
Q5) Describe our understanding of intuitive and nonintuitive eating.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The safest and most effective tool to change a child's behavior is ____.
A) positive punishment
B) negative punishment
C) coercion
D) reinforcement
Q2) When a neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus, ____ has occurred.
A) classical conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) operant conditioning
D) latent learning
Q3) Primary reinforcers are more ____ than secondary reinforcers.
A) socially related
B) trivially oriented
C) intrinsically pleasurable
D) learned from experience
Q4) The orienting reflex is to ____, as habituation is to ____.
A) learning; forgetting
B) novel experience; repeated experience
C) simple information; complex information
D) adaptive; maladaptive
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Chapter 7: Memory
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232 Verified Questions
232 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose the information you learn in your psychology class about the brain is associated in your mind with information you had previously learned in your human biology class. Then your long-term memory of the psychology information has most likely been stored through ____ encoding.
A) visual
B) neurological
C) semantic
D) intellectual
Q2) Recall is to ____ as recognition is to ____.
A) an essay question; a multiple-choice question
B) a multiple-choice question; an essay question
C) short-term memory; long-term memory
D) long-term memory; short-term memory
Q3) Which term refers to how memory utilizes knowledge and expectations to fill in the missing details in retrieved memory traces?
A) Reconstructive
B) Constructive
C) Implicit
D) Explicit
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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231 Verified Questions
231 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When you try to estimate the probability of a presidential candidate winning a race, you are engaged in which type of problem solving?
A) Insight
B) Reasoning
C) Judgment
D) Decision making
Q2) A finding that the constant use of male pronouns (he, him, his) when speaking about hypothetical people in general language can influence gender stereotyping would provide support for the ____.
A) strong form of Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis
B) nature side of the nature-nurture language debate
C) weaker version of Whorf's linguistic relativity hypothesis
D) language acquisition device theory formulated by Noam Chomsky
Q3) Children typically begin to speak their first words at around ____.
A) six months
B) nine months
C) 12 months
D) 15 months
Q4) Describe the stages that infants and children go through as they learn language.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anne and Bruce place a baby gate at the top of their stairs to make sure their infant son does not fall down them. This parental behavior recognizes the immature ____ of the infant.
A) eye convergence
B) depth perception
C) hearing
D) sound discrimination
Q2) Research on parenting styles generally suggests that ____.
A) children of authoritarian parents tend to be self-confident and self-reliant
B) children of permissive parents tend to be very mature
C) children influence the type of parenting style that parents use
D) no parenting style is better than another one
Q3) Children typically begin to understand that their gender is permanent by around age ____.
A) two years
B) four years
C) six years
D) eight years
Q4) Describe common teratogens and their effects.
Q5) Compare and contrast the theories of Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky.
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Chapter 10: Social Psychology
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231 Verified Questions
231 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We tend to prefer being with others who are ____.
A) similar to us
B) different from us, but not opposite from us
C) opposite from us
D) at an emotional distance from us
Q2) In general, repeated exposure to someone or something tends to lead to increased ____ for the person or thing.
A) boredom
B) disliking
C) liking
D) ambivalence
Q3) When we lose sight of our own internal values and begin to blindly conform to external norms, we have become ____.
A) deindividuated
B) compliant
C) obedient
D) persuaded
Q4) Describe the research of Solomon Asch and the reasons why we conform to the behavior of others.
Q5) Name three main factors involved in determining attraction to others.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Personality
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230 Verified Questions
230 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) While Freud emphasized ____ motivation, Jung emphasized ____ motivation.
A) social; biological
B) sexual; spiritual
C) learned; unlearned
D) normal; abnormal
Q2) If you were to compare the personality traits of all females with the personality traits of all males, you would expect to find more variation ____.
A) within females than within males
B) within males than within female
C) between the two genders than within each gender
D) within each gender than between the two genders
Q3) Evan takes a personality test and it reveals that he is extraverted. Evan takes the same personality test six months later and it reveals that he is introverted. This personality test has ____.
A) high validity
B) low distinctiveness
C) high reliability
D) low reliability
Q4) Explain the difference between an internal and external locus of control.
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Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Coping
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213 Verified Questions
213 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Individuals with Type C personality were originally thought to be more prone to
A) cardiovascular disease
B) mental illness
C) cancer
D) learned helplessness
Q2) Whatever you do to manage a situation that you perceive as threatening is called
A) appraisal
B) coping
C) focusing
D) stressing
Q3) Which of the following neurotransmitters acts as a natural painkiller and mood elevator?
A) Endorphins
B) Cortisol
C) Leptin
D) Adrenaline
Q4) Identify three specific defense mechanisms and provide an example for each one.
Q5) What factors contribute to happiness?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders
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202 Verified Questions
202 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The quality of family communications and interactions appears to ____.
A) be a primary cause of schizophrenia
B) have no effect at all on schizophrenia
C) influence the development of schizophrenia
D) cause schizophrenia in some people
Q2) Which of the following is most likely to be emphasized by the psychoanalytic perspective as a cause of mood disorders?
A) Lack of positive reinforcement from parents
B) Feelings of abandonment or rejection in childhood
C) A ruminative coping style that was modeled by parents
D) An accumulation of stress from interpersonal and social events
Q3) Critics of the DSM approach point out that a diagnosis ____.
A) is typically inaccurate
B) may lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy
C) serves no purpose
D) may result in denial of health insurance
Q4) Explain how the psychoanalytic perspective and the cognitive perspective view the causes of depression.
Q5) Describe the differences between dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Mental Health Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you want to obtain social support from a group of others who share the same problems, and without the intervention of a mental health professional. You will likely find what you are looking for in a type of group therapy called ____.
A) people helping people
B) community therapy
C) rational process therapy
D) self-help groups
Q2) Modern psychodynamic treatment tends to last no more than ____.
A) a few weeks
B) a few months
C) one year
D) two years
Q3) Makena is in therapy for depression. Makena and her therapist work together in therapy to identify her negative automatic thoughts. They then test the accuracy of these thoughts. Makena is most likely undergoing ____.
A) behavior modification
B) psychoanalysis
C) cognitive therapy
D) client-centered therapy
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Page 16