Principles of Psychology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. The course covers foundational concepts such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, development, personality, and social interaction. Emphasis is placed on understanding research methods used in psychology, the biological basis of behavior, and the practical application of psychological principles to everyday life. Through a combination of theoretical background and real-world examples, students gain a solid framework for analyzing human thought and behavior from multiple psychological perspectives.
Recommended Textbook
Psychological Science 3rd Canadian Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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16 Chapters
2522 Verified Questions
2522 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT included in the CPA ethics code?
A) Psychologists must be respectful to all people.
B) Psychologists must protect their research subjects and clients from harm.
C) Psychologists must not use animals in research.
D) Psychologists must treat people with dignity.
Answer: C
Q2) The findings from the brain imaging study of racial attitudes conducted by Phelps and Banaji indicated that:
A) some white university students showed activation in the frontal cortex when viewing familiar black faces
B) some white university students showed activation in the frontal cortex when viewing unfamiliar black faces
C) some white university students showed heightened activation in the amygdala when viewing familiar black faces
D) some white university students showed heightened activation in the amygdala when viewing unfamiliar black faces
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Research Methodology
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When two variables are correlated, it is not clear which one is a causal variable and which is an effect. This ambiguity reflects:
A) the third variable problem
B) random error
C) selection bias
D) the directionality problem
Answer: D
Q2) If a researcher's data are reliable:
A) they still might involve a high level of systematic error
B) it is very likely that they are also valid
C) there will be little chance of participant reactivity
D) measurements were probably culturally sensitive
Answer: A
Q3) The process by which any deception used in a study is explained to a participant is called:
A) debriefing
B) informed consent
C) relief of confidentiality
D) relief from relative risk
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations
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172 Verified Questions
172 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the studies that deprived animals of early visual input, why did the visual cortex fail to develop?
A) Sufficient stimulation was not received within the critical developmental period.
B) The eyes stopped functioning, so no information was received in the visual cortex.
C) The animals were too young for visual cortex development.
D) Plasticity is not found in the visual cortex.
Answer: A
Q2) Heredity refers to:
A) the transmission of characteristics from parents to children through genetics
B) the transmission of characteristics from parents to children through genetics and environment
C) a statistical estimate of observed variation in a population caused by genetic variation
D) the extent to which organisms differ from each other
Answer: A
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5
Chapter 4: The Mind and Consciousness
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following best describes locked-in syndrome, as described in your book?
A) During a stressful episode, an individual is unable to react to danger using voluntarily movement, but otherwise is locked into autonomic behaviours.
B) After a stroke or other brain trauma, voluntary movement of all or almost all muscles is lost, but autonomic functions remain.
C) After a brain injury, you are locked into voluntary movements you made before, but are unable to learn new movements.
D) You are locked into patterns of autonomic movements, but can still make voluntary movements.
Q2) Stimulant drugs have all of the following effects EXCEPT:
A) increased heart rate and blood pressure
B) improved mood
C) increased sleep
D) increased mental concentration at low doses
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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143 Verified Questions
143 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The concept of an absolute threshold in classical psychophysics rests on the assumption that a subject's response is:
A) an accurate reflection of the subject's perception
B) influenced both by perception and judgment
C) not a good index of actual perception
D) a good index of perception but not sensation
Q2) Sameer is mixing paint. He starts with a very deep green paint and then gradually adds white paint. Sameer is ____________ of the green paint.
A) changing the hue
B) increasing the saturation
C) decreasing the saturation
D) changing the simultaneous contrast
Q3) Dogs can hear higher frequency sounds than people. This suggests that there is an anatomical difference in the:
A) eardrum
B) cochlea
C) auditory nerve
D) basilar membrane
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Chapter 6: Learning
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157 Verified Questions
157 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the Rescorla-Wagner model, the more surprising the unconditioned stimulus is, the greater the need for an organism to ____________ it using a conditioned stimulus.
A) condition
B) fear
C) predict
D) reinforce
Q2) Imitation learning is facilitated by special brain structures known as:
A) motor cortices
B) sensory cortices
C) mirror neurons
D) NMDA receptors
Q3) Why would a dopamine blocker be prescribed to someone with Tourette's syndrome or other involuntary behaviours?
A) The dopamine system is involved in motor control.
B) It would block the rewarding aspects of involuntary behaviour.
C) It would block negative reinforcement feedback loops.
D) The dopamine system is involved in speech production.
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Chapter 7: Attention and Memory
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People listening to eyewitness testimony are likely to believe:
A) eyewitnesses who are experts
B) eyewitnesses who are confident of their accounts
C) eyewitnesses who give detailed accounts
D) most eyewitnesses
Q2) Michael is participating in a psychology experiment in which he is shadowing a physics passage in his right ear, while hearing a novel in his left ear. Michael wants to get done so he can go home and watch the big game. If a sentence giving the score in the game is inserted into the passage from the novel, Michael is most likely to:
A) shadow the right ear and attend the left ear material
B) shadow the right ear and ignore the left ear material
C) shadow the left ear material and ignore the right ear material
D) shadow the left ear and attend the right ear material
Q3) According to evolutionary theory, the brain is selective about the information that gets stored in long-term memory because:
A) only a limited amount of space is available in long-term memory
B) information that aids in reproduction and survival is emphasized
C) increased selectivity is associated with greater intelligence
D) selectivity improves the organization of information in long-term memory
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Thinking and Intelligence
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188 Verified Questions
188 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A surgical team was operating in a rural hospital without a backup electrical generator when the power went out. To provide light for the surgery, they collected all the cellphones in the hospital and turned them on. The operation was able to proceed because the surgical team avoided ____________ and ____________ the problem.
A) functional fixedness; restructured
B) mental sets; correctly analyzed
C) affective forecasting; gained insight into
D) the availability heuristic; reframed
Q2) The main difference between the exemplar model and the prototype model is that the prototype model is defined by ____________ of the category and the exemplar model is defined by ____________ of the category.
A) the best example; all the examples
B) all the examples; the best example
C) the most common example; the best set of examples
D) the best set of examples; the most common example
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Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
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166 Verified Questions
166 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The pattern of cerebral asymmetry refers to the pattern of responding in which the right prefrontal cortex shows ____________ and the left prefrontal cortex shows
A) greater activation with positive affect; greater activation with negative affect
B) lesser activation with positive affect; lesser activation with negative affect
C) greater activation with negative affect; greater activation with positive affect
D) lesser activation with negative affect; lesser activation with positive affect
Q2) Peng is worried about what might be upsetting his one-month-old son, who seems to have an angry expression on his face. You could help by telling him that a negative facial expression on a baby his son's age is far more likely to be expressing ____________, because babies can't express anger until they are ____________ old.
A) pain; two months
B) fear; two months
C) pain; six months
D) fear; six months
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Chapter 10: Health and Well-Being
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156 Verified Questions
156 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scott is comfortable talking to his friends about his problems, a behaviour which has been shown to improve health. However, Scott is frequently irritated and gets sick often. What is the probable cause of Scott's mood and illness problems?
A) Scott discusses his problems but not his own actions.
B) Scott discusses his problems but not his emotional reactions.
C) Scott does not talk often enough about his problems.
D) Scott's friends are probably poor listeners.
Q2) Anorexia nervosa and bulimia differ in that:
A) anorexia is associated with a higher mortality rate than bulimia
B) anorexia is more common among men than bulimia
C) persons suffering from anorexia tend to recover more quickly than those with bulimia
D) those with bulimia are very underweight and practice restrained eating
Q3) If a person's HPA axis was inactive, the person would:
A) have an overly active stress response
B) be unable to cope with intense stress
C) experience eustress, but not distress
D) not have a stress response
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Human Development
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178 Verified Questions
178 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the biocultural systems theory, which system includes the family and has the greatest and most immediate effects on a child?
A) microsystem
B) macrosystem
C) chronosystem
D) exosystem
Q2) What was the important difference between the test of mathematical ability conducted by Mehler and Bever and that conducted by Piaget?
A) Mehler and Bever used candy and thus increased the children's motivation.
B) Piaget expected the children to be able to write their answers, not verbalize them.
C) Piaget used children with no previous math experience.
D) Mehler and Bever only used children who had previously attended preschool.
Q3) Dementia is a condition characterized by:
A) paranoia and a tendency to avoid others
B) deteriorating behaviour and cognitive abilities with age
C) psychological deterioration in the absence of any physiological change
D) death, usually before the age of 60
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13
Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When white participants in a psychology study were shown pictures of black faces, the ____________ was immediately activated. With more time, the ____________ were activated.
A) frontal lobes; amygdala
B) amygdala; frontal lobes
C) prefrontal cortex; hippocampus
D) hippocampus; prefrontal cortex
Q2) Which of the following is NOT associated with low levels of serotonin in people?
A) disruptive behaviour in children
B) criminal behaviour in adult males
C) suicide through violent means
D) violent behaviour in adult males
Q3) Reciprocal helping sees the adaptive function of altruism as increasing the person's:
A) potential value as a mate
B) status within the group
C) capability as a parent
D) probability of survival
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Chapter 13: Personality
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190 Verified Questions
190 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For Eysenck, the important difference between extroverts and introverts is that:
A) extroverts are chronically over-aroused
B) extroverts are seeking arousal while introverts are trying to avoid it
C) introverts seek environments that increase their level of arousal while extroverts seek environments that decrease it
D) the ascending reticular activating system is found primarily in extroverts and rarely in introverts
Q2) Jason is involved in a personality research study and he is asked to sort cards labelled with personality characteristics into different piles. The piles represent which characteristics describe Jason very well, somewhat well, and not at all well. The assessment given to Jason is very similar to the:
A) California Q-Sort
B) Thematic Apperception Test
C) NEO inventory
D) Rorschach
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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184 Verified Questions
184 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following two anxiety disorders are most similar?
A) phobias and generalized anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder
C) post-traumatic stress disorder and social anxiety disorder
D) phobias and social anxiety disorder
Q2) Compared to people who develop mood or substance use disorders in adulthood, people who develop schizophrenia:
A) show more odd or difficult behaviour as children
B) seek treatment at an earlier age
C) are more likely to take their medications
D) tend to be higher functioning intellectually as children
Q3) Which of the following is the best example of an anxiety response rather than a fear response, as defined in the textbook?
A) A person jumps out of the way of an oncoming car.
B) A person worries that she will never graduate from university and will be poor and homeless.
C) A person thinks about strategies to avoid walking alone in a dangerous neighbourhood.
D) A person starts crying after receiving news that she has cancer.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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209 Verified Questions
209 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found most useful in treating:
A) anxiety disorders
B) phobias
C) sexual dysfunction
D) depression
Q2) Research on relapse in patients with depression compares the effects of placebo treatment to active drug treatment for a year after patients' depression has subsided. This research has shown that:
A) both placebos and active drugs prevent relapse
B) active drugs prevent relapse better than a placebo
C) neither drugs nor placebos are needed after depression has subsided, as it tends to "cure itself" after about a year
D) relapse can only be prevented by behavioural therapy
Q3) Cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) has been especially effective in reducing the symptoms of ____________ in schizophrenia.
A) delusions and hallucinations
B) emotional outbursts
C) social aggression
D) CBT has so far been demonstrated to be ineffective for this disorder.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Cultural Psychology
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112 Verified Questions
112 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The manifestation of depression is ____________ across cultures.
A) similar
B) mostly psychological
C) environmentally mediated
D) variable
Q2) Cultural differences tend to get ____________ as people age.
A) smaller
B) larger
C) equalized
D) universal
Q3) Because they live in a collectivistic society, individuals from Ghana:
A) are more suspicious of their friends than Americans are B) are more protective of their friends than Americans are C) have fewer friends than Americans do
D) have more friends than Americans do
Q4) Stereotypes represent:
A) detached views
B) cultural beliefs
C) negative reality
D) minority beliefs
Page 18
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