Principles of Psychology Exam Review
Course
Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course covers foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Students will explore key theories, research methods, and applications of psychology in everyday life, gaining an understanding of how biological, social, and environmental factors influence behavior. Emphasis is placed on critical thinking and the practical implications of psychological principles in various contexts, including health, education, and work settings.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology in Action 11th Edition by Karen Huffman
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18 Chapters
2357 Verified Questions
2357 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methods
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146 Verified Questions
146 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The scientific study of optimal human functioning is known as .
A) optimism
B) learned hopefulness
C) positive psychology
D) optimistic psychology
Answer: C
Q2) The BEST definition of a double-blind study is research in which _____.
A) nobody knows what they are doing
B) the participants in the treatment group, as well as the participants in the control group, are unaware of the group to which they belong.
C) both the researcher and the participants are unaware of who is in the experimental and control groups
D) two control groups (or placebo conditions) must be used
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Neuroscience and Biological Foundations
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) This is the control center of bodily sensations.
A) Frontal lobe
B) Occipital lobe
C) Parietal lobe
D) Temporal lobe
Answer: C
Q2) The _____ is located near the top of the brainstem. It is involved in coordinating eye and body movement, sleep, and arousal.
A) cerebellum
B) midbrain
C) cortex
D) medulla
Answer: B
Q3) Which of the following is TRUE of the cell body?
A) It accepts incoming information from dendrites.
B) It determines whether the neuron should fire and pass on information to the axon.
C) It contains the cell nucleus.
D) All of these options
Answer: D
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Stress and Health Psychology
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome, coping occurs in the _____ stage.
A) alarm
B) resistance
C) exhaustion
D) resolution
Answer: B
Q2) A stress reduction strategy based on developing a state of consciousness that attends to ongoing events in a receptive non-judgmental way is _______.
A) Optimism
B) Positive affect
C) Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction
D) None of the above
Answer: C
Q3) Which of the following is NOT a stressor?
A) Winning the lottery
B) A death in the family
C) Taking a test
D) All of these options ARE stressors
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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206 Verified Questions
206 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT influence perceptual selection?
A) Novelty
B) Intensity
C) Contrast or movement
D) Continuity
Q2) The range of wavelengths is:
A) the distance between successive peaks
B) the height from peak to trough
C) the mixture of waves
D) the frequency
Q3) Pretend you are a tutor in psychology. Define each of the Gestalt principles of organization to your pupil, and provide an example of each one that exists in this classroom.
Q4) _____ is the readiness to perceive in a particular manner, based on expectations.
A) Perceptual affinity
B) Perceptual set
C) Expectancy theory
D) Reference framing
Q5) Why is sensory adaptation helpful for us? Give examples.
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Chapter 5: Consciousness
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The BEST way to deal with sleep problems is to _____.
A) take a prescription, rather than over-the-counter, drug
B) exercise vigorously just before bed
C) check the clock each time you wake up and keep a careful record of awakenings
D) limit the use of your bedroom to sleep and sex
Q2) A mental state other than an ordinary waking state, in which there are distinct changes in perception, emotion, memory, thinking, etc., is called alternate _____.
A) states of mental awareness
B) alertness
C) states of consciousness
D) sentience
Q3) Degenerated neurons in certain parts of the brain have been observed in dogs with _____.
A) narcolepsy
B) REM behavior disorder
C) cataplexy
D) parasomnia
Q4) State three common myths about sleep and dreaming, and explain why each one is a myth.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Henrietta extinguished her fear of spiders several months ago, she suddenly gasped in horror and felt her heart pounding when she saw an itsy-bitsy spider on her desk. This is an example of _____.
A) an extreme case of arachnophobia
B) sudden reconditioning
C) total recall
D) spontaneous recovery
Q2) Imagine that you want to teach your dog to "shake hands" with visitors. Design a program based on shaping to accomplish your goal.
Q3) Negative punishment _____ and negative reinforcement _____ the likelihood the response will continue.
A) decreases; decreases
B) increases; decreases C) decreases; increases
D) increases; increases
Q4) Define and give an example of positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment and negative punishment. Describe why policymakers and developmental psychologists urge parents to use alternatives to physical punishment, such as forms of negative punishment?
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Chapter 7: Memory
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133 Verified Questions
133 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following supports the principle of encoding specificity?
A) People who study in a depressed mood do better when tested in a good mood
B) People who study in a manic state do better when tested in a manic state
C) People who study under the effects of anti-anxiety medication do better when tested under the effects of anti-anxiety medicine
D) Both b and c
Q2) _____ refers to the stage of memory in which a relatively exact image of a sensory experience is held briefly until it can be further processed.
A) Long-term memory
B) Short-term memory
C) Sensory memory
D) Working memory
Q3) With regard to memory, tying shoes requires the use of your _____.
A) semantic memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) explicit memory
Q4) Summarize the research and its implications or consequences for eyewitness testimony and repressed memories.
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Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sentences breaks the rules for English syntax?
A) The limb crawled out on the lamb of the tree.
B) Streets fatal accidents rainy causes.
C) 'Twas brillig, and the slithy toves/Did gyre and gimble in the wabe.
D) All of these options
Q2) Your author makes the point that intelligence is not a thing. Instead, she identifies intelligence as an abstract _____.
A) concept
B) verbalization
C) construct
D) idea
Q3) Human language differs from communication in nonhuman animals in that it is _____.
A) used more to express a wide range of thoughts and ideas
B) the expression of an innate capacity
C) essential for thought
D) composed of sounds
Q4) Contrast the algorithm and heuristic as problem solving methods. Provide an example of both methods to solve the problem of finding your car keys.
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Chapter 9: Life Span Development I
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113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Synaptic pruning refers to the _____ that helps strengthen connection between neurons.
A) decrease in myelinated synapses
B) decrease in the gap between neurons, due to dendrite enlargement
C) reduction of axons
D) natural reduction of unused synapses
Q2) In Ainsworth's studies on infant attachment, the _____ infants resists when the mother returns or departs.
A) avoidant
B) stranger-based
C) securely attached
D) independent
Q3) The ability to think abstractly or hypothetically occurs in Piaget's _____ stage.
A) egocentric
B) post-operational
C) formal operational
D) concrete operational
Q4) Describe Baumrind's parenting styles, as well as the criticisms about her research.
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Chapter 10: Life Span Development II
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adults who take "petty" office supplies from the workplace, and believe that this is not "as bad" as stealing office furniture, are demonstrating the _____ stage of moral development.
A) punishment and obedience
B) instrumental-exchange
C) social-contract
D) law and order
Q2) Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of Kubler-Ross's stages of dying?
A) "Oh God, not me!"
B) "Dammit, why me?"
C) "Thank God, it's you!"
D) "Please, God, I'll never swear again if you'll spare my life now."
Q3) A child who can adapt effectively in the face of threats is demonstrating _____.
A) rapid recovery
B) resiliency
C) flexibility
D) adaptability
Q4) Describe the potential causes or correlates of family violence.
Q5) Describe the research-based list of traits and factors that contribute to long-term happy marriage, as discussed in your textbook.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Gender and Human Sexuality
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102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) developed a personality measure of male, female, and androgynous traits.
A) Bem
B) Freud
C) Masters
D) Kinsey
Q2) Hilary and Clint are seeing a therapist for their sexual difficulties. Their homework assignment this week is to caress each other while communicating what is pleasurable to each of them, and to avoid setting any performance goals. This is called the _____ exercise.
A) Kegel
B) spectatoring
C) sensate focus
D) mutual massage
Q3) Describe the four major principles of Masters and Johnson's approach to sex therapy, including the approximate length of treatment and a specific description of one possible "homework assignment."
Q4) What is androgyny? How is it adaptive?
Q5) Compare and contrast the major physiological, behavioral, and psychological differences between females and males.
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Chapter 12: Motivation and Emotion
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115 Verified Questions
115 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Zuckerman, which of the following people will have the MOST difficulty in their career or home relationships?
A) Yachi is a low sensation seeker working as an air traffic controller.
B) Jacob is a high sensation seeker working as a test pilot for the Air Force.
C) Mr. Dudley has a low to moderate need for arousal; Mrs. Dudley has a moderate to low need for arousal.
D) Peony has a moderate need for arousal, and works as a mail carrier.
Q2) In Somalia, refugees often sacrificed their own safety in efforts to help others. This behavior refutes a basic premise of which theory of motivation?
A) Incentive theory
B) Drive-reduction theory
C) Maslow's theory
D) Cognitive theory
Q3) In the Cannon-Bard theory of emotion, the thalamus sends simultaneous messages to the _____.
A) central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
B) endocrine system and muscular system
C) cortex and autonomic nervous system
D) parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Personality
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159 Verified Questions
159 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rogers thought that _____ is necessary for a child's uniqueness and positive self-concept to unfold naturally.
A) permissive parenting
B) a challenging environment
C) unconditional positive regard
D) a friendly neighborhood
Q2) Della believes she earned an "A" in chemistry because the test was easy and she made a lot of lucky guesses. It is likely that Della has a(n) _____ locus of control.
A) undervalued
B) external
C) negative
D) extrinsic
Q3) According to Jung, our collective unconscious consists of _____.
A) inherited archetypes
B) one's cultural architecture
C) the "archaeology of the soul"
D) all of these options
Q4) Describe and illustrate Freud's three levels of consciousness and his three components of personality.
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) _____ is the specialized branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders.
A) Psychology
B) Psychiatry
C) Psychobiology
D) Psychodiagnostics
Q2) A preoccupation with one's own concerns, and insensitivity to the perspective or needs of others, is defined as _____ in your text.
A) antisocial personality
B) dissociative identity
C) borderline personality
D) obsessive personality
Q3) Antidepressants are sometimes prescribed for mood disorders because they appear to affect the amount or functioning of _____ in the brain.
A) norepinephrine and serotonin
B) myelin
C) endorphins
D) acetylcholine and dopamine
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Chapter 15: Psychotherapy
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149 Verified Questions
149 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, how can you apply REBT to your own life?
A) Find a therapist who adheres to the REBT method of therapy.
B) Identify and argue against your own irrational beliefs.
C) Point out the irrational beliefs that your friends and relatives are using, and argue against them.
D) All of these options
Q2) Abbas is maintaining a deep state of relaxation as he visualizes looking at a picture of a snake first, then viewing a snake through a window, then watching a snake from across the room, then observing a snake at arm's length. In this example, Abbas is using _____ to decrease his snake phobia.
A) cognitive-relaxation therapy
B) the relaxation response
C) systematic desensitization
D) virtual-relaxation therapy
Q3) Define group therapies and describe three advantages of this kind of therapy. Differentiate among group therapy, self-help groups, and family therapy. Provide specific examples of the latter two therapies.
Q4) Define psychoanalysis and describe the five major methods used in this type of therapy.
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Chapter 16: Social Psychology
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define what a role is, then describe Zimbardo's classic prison study, the behavior of both guards and prisoners, and what was learned from the study.
Q2) The tendency to focus on the most noticeable factors when explaining the cause of behavior is called the _____ bias.
A) obvious
B) just noticeable difference
C) saliency
D) pseudo-reality
Q3) Define attitude and prejudice, and describe the three basic components of an attitude, using them to differentiate between a stereotype and discrimination.
Q4) The two MAJOR kinds of social influence are _____.
A) lowball and foot-in-the-door
B) persuasion and agreement
C) agreement and disagreement
D) conformity and obedience
Q5) Define conformity, and explain the three factors that contribute to this behavior, using examples of conformity from your own personal history.
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Chapter 17: Industrial/Organizational Psychology
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the famous Hawthorne Works study, researchers found an increase in productivity that was due to _____.
A) increased lighting in the workplace
B) decreased lighting in the workplace
C) the novelty of being researched and worker knowledge of being observed
D) scientifically planning the timing of breaks
Q2) Which of the following was mandated by the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
A) Recruiting practices and training have to be fair to all job applicants.
B) Screening tests for job applicants have to be valid predictors of job performance.
C) Jobs that had been previously reserved for white males now must be open to ethnic minorities and women.
D) All of these options
Q3) If you are a manager interested in increasing worker motivation, how can you benefit from expectancy theory?
A) Reward maximum effort
B) Make payoffs personal and valued
C) Have clear definable measures for promotion
D) All of the above
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Chapter 18: Psychology at Work in the Global Economy
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99 Verified Questions
99 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the four major elements of persuasion and provide an example for each one.
Q2) The use of a seductive woman to sell cars is based on _____, which says the buyer will pair his positive emotional response to the woman with the car being promoted in the advertisement.
A) classical conditioning
B) operant conditioning
C) repeated exposure
D) the bait-and-switch technique
Q3) A stronger and more durable attitude change is more likely when the _____ route to persuasion is used.
A) peripheral
B) central
C) extemporaneous
D) elaborative
Q4) This is NOT an environmental communication channel.
A) The speaker's voice
B) Television
C) A public speech
D) Email
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