Principles of Psychology Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. The course explores foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, motivation, emotion, development, personality, and psychological disorders. Through an examination of major theories, research methods, and real-world applications, students gain a comprehensive understanding of how individuals think, feel, and act. The course also emphasizes critical thinking and an appreciation for the diversity of human experiences in psychological contexts.
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What is Psychology Foundations Applications and Integration 4th Edition by Ellen E. Pastorino
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Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr. Ikeda conducts an experiment on the effect of physical beauty on being hired for a job, and has both attractive and unattractive individuals apply for the same job. However, he fails to control for the possibility that the attractive applicants have better resumes. In this case, the quality of the resumes is considered a(n) ____.
A) confounding variable
B) dependent variable
C) experimental variable
D) independent variable
Answer: A
Q2) The farther a commuter has to drive to get to work, the less likely he or she is to get promoted. This is an example of a ______________.
A) positive correlation
B) negative correlation
C) zero correlation
D) case study
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) The action potential is directly created when ____.
A) vesicles in the axon release neurotransmitters
B) myelin is produced by the cell body
C) sodium (Na+) ions flood into the axon
D) DNA is released into the synapse
Answer: C
Q2) Which phrase best describes how the action potential occurs?
A) "all or none"
B) "slow but sure"
C) "speed equals intensity"
D) "all for one, and one for all"
Answer: A
Q3) The lobes of the brain tend to be wired contralaterally, which means that ____.
A) the major pathways run at right angles to each other
B) the corpus callosum runs from the front to the back
C) each hemisphere governs the opposite side of the body
D) both sides work together in most intellectual and behavioral tasks
Answer: C
Q4) Describe the techniques that scientists use to image or study the brain.
Answer: 11ea13bf_0b3a_41e2_9102_d3711e976acc_TB1290_00
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) The human eye has about ____.
A) the same number of rods and cones
B) 100 million cones but only about 5 million rods
C) 100 million rods but only 5 million cones
D) 5 million cones and 10 million rods
Answer: C
Q2) A visual stimulus is to ____, as an auditory stimulus is to ____.
A) sine waves; tympanic energy
B) electromagnetic energy; compressed air
C) frequency waves; volley waves
D) neurolinguistic energy; gustatory energy
Answer: B
Q3) All colors of light are some combination of ____ light.
A) red, green, and yellow
B) blue, yellow, and red
C) green, red, and blue
D) green, blue, and yellow
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) "The thoughts, feelings, and aroused states of which we are aware" is the definition of
A) subliminal perception
B) consciousness
C) intelligence
D) hypnosis
Q2) Which sleep stage is characterized by theta brain waves and typically lasts from one to seven minutes?
A) Stage I
B) Stage II
C) Stage III
D) Stage IV
Q3) Westley takes an extremely large dose of cocaine on his first try of this substance. Westley is most likely to experience which of the following?
A) Increased alertness, decreased hunger, and euphoria
B) Extreme tiredness and depression
C) Stomach cramps and diarrhea
D) Paranoia, seizures, and potentially cardiac arrest
Q4) Describe the role of psychological factors in the effects of drugs on users.
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Chapter 5: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Among survey participants ages 18 to 69, which group reported the highest levels of experience with masturbation?
A) Millennials aged 18 to 19
B) Baby Boomers aged 58 to 64
C) Gen Xers aged 34 to 39
D) Millennials aged 25 to 29
Q2) Which statement is TRUE regarding the hypothalamus and eating?
A) Damage to a rat's lateral hypothalamus causes the rat to gain weight from then onward.
B) Damage to a rat's lateral hypothalamus appears to shift its set point upward.
C) Damage to a rat's ventromedial hypothalamus appears to shift its set point downward.
D) Damage to a rat's ventromedial hypothalamus appears to shift its set point upward.
Q3) A thermostat set at 72 degrees is a good example of a ______.
A) hierarchy of needs
B) negative feedback loop
C) positive feedback loop
D) plateau phase
Q4) Describe binge-eating disorder.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning through his research on ____.
A) digestion
B) dishabituation
C) audition
D) mental illness
Q2) Punishing a child's misbehavior only occasionally when it occurs may mean that the behavior is actually being reinforced on a partial schedule because the child is able to "get away" with doing the behavior some of the time. This program of punishment would then have the result of making the ____.
A) misbehavior more resistant to extinction
B) misbehavior less resistant to extinction
C) person doing the punishing do it less often
D) person doing the punishing do it more often
Q3) Little Albert learned to associate a ____.
A) white rat with a loud noise
B) white rat with fear
C) loud noise with fear
D) loud noise with a hammer
Q4) Describe Albert Bandura's Bobo doll studies and their implications.
Q5) Explain the four steps in Bandura's modeling process.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) When Alzheimer's patients are tested on a single task matched to their ability (such as recalling a list of numbers), they tend to perform ____.
A) better than healthy control subjects
B) the same as healthy control subjects
C) far worse than healthy control subjects
D) worse than healthy control subjects
Q2) Suppose the information you learn in your psychology class about the brain is associated in your mind with information you had previously learned in your human biology class. Then your long-term memory of the psychology information has most likely been stored through ____ encoding.
A) visual
B) neurological
C) semantic
D) intellectual
Q3) Recall is to ____ as recognition is to ____.
A) an essay question; a multiple-choice question
B) a multiple-choice question; an essay question
C) short-term memory; long-term memory
D) long-term memory; short-term memory
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Chapter 8: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Katherine makes a shopping list, she is very specific. Her list includes a 14-ounce can of Big Red diced tomatoes with peppers and onions and an eight-ounce package of Thick-n-Luscious cream cheese. Katherine's list uses ____ categories.
A) basic level
B) subordinate
C) superordinate
D) midordinate
Q2) Robert Sternberg's analytic intelligence reflects the ability to ____.
A) use knowledge in novel situations
B) use logic to solve problems
C) adapt to the environment
D) understand patterns in nature
Q3) David Wechsler's intelligence tests ____.
A) do not include a performance scale
B) do not include a verbal scale
C) yield two separate index scores
D) yield four separate index scores
Q4) Describe the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning and give examples of each.
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Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your three-month-old infant seems to smile whenever anyone catches her attention. She is exhibiting a ____.
A) social smile
B) conditioned stimulus
C) learned emotion
D) motor expression
Q2) Ellease's fertilized egg has just implanted itself in the uterine lining, an action that occurs during the ____ stage of prenatal development.
A) germinal
B) embryonic
C) fetal
D) teratogen
Q3) According to Lev Vygotsky, private speech ____.
A) is an internal monitor to guide and facilitate thinking
B) is merely an indication of a child's stage of cognitive development
C) is a form of illogical thinking unique to the preoperational stage
D) interferes with the development of thinking
Q4) Compare what happens to the brain during adolescence with brain development earlier in life.
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Chapter 10: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rick sees himself as athletic. He works out, eats right, and takes vitamins. According to dissonance theory, Rick is in a state of ____.
A) dissonance
B) discord
C) consonance
D) harmony
Q2) A culture that emphasizes group behavior and group success over individual success would be described as ____.
A) traditional
B) individualistic
C) collectivistic
D) fundamentalist
Q3) Which emotional state is most likely to be a cause of aggression?
A) Pride
B) Disgust
C) Frustration
D) Surprise
Q4) Describe the difference between foot-in the-door and door-in-the-face, and provide an example of each.
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Chapter 11: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vladimer has no memory of his year spent in kindergarten. According to Jung, Vladimer's memory of kindergarten resides in his ____.
A) unconscious
B) collective unconscious
C) conscious
D) personal unconscious
Q2) According to Freud's theory, the Oedipal complex and the Electra complex occur in the ____ stage of psychosexual development.
A) genital
B) phallic
C) latent
D) anal
Q3) Which sequence correctly represents the developmental order for the three components of personality according to Freud?
A) Ego, id, superego
B) Id, superego, ego
C) Superego, ego, id
D) Id, ego, superego
Q4) Explain the concept of reciprocal determinism.
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Chapter 12: Health, Stress, and Coping
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Q1) According to the information presented in the textbook about optimists and pessimists, ____.
A) optimists are generally healthier than pessimists
B) pessimists are actually healthier than optimists
C) being an optimist or a pessimist has no effect on health
D) thinking optimistically is a direct cause of good health
Q2) Jolene is experiencing intense itching in her pubic area. If Jolene has contracted a sexually transmitted infection, it is most likely to be ____.
A) gonorrhea
B) genital warts
C) genital herpes
D) pubic lice
Q3) Taking your anger out on something or someone other than the person that caused your anger would be an example of ____.
A) cognitive reappraisal
B) a defense mechanism
C) primary appraisal
D) problem-focused coping
Q4) Explain the relationship between Type C personality and cancer.
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Chapter 13: Mental Health Disorders
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Q1) Why do you think men might tend to fare worse over the course of schizophrenia than women who experience the same disorder?
Q2) Both the humanistic and the cognitive perspectives of abnormal behavior emphasize distorted perceptions, but the humanistic perspective is unique in its emphasis on the ____.
A) unconscious
B) self
C) past
D) body
Q3) Major depression is more common among ____ and bipolar disorder is ____.
A) women than men; equally common in men and women
B) women than men; more common in men than women
C) men than women; more common in women than men
D) men than women; equally common in men and women
Q4) Mania ____.
A) is a symptom of major depression
B) can include delusional thinking or hallucinations
C) does not occur in cyclothymic disorder
D) is a sad mood state
Q5) Describe borderline personality disorder.
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Chapter 14: Mental Health Therapies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Tardive dyskinesia is most closely associated with the use of ____.
A) antidepressants
B) conventional antipsychotic medications
C) antianxiety medications
D) lithium
Q2) Charles wishes to stop his behavior of eating several pints of ice cream every day. He works with a therapist to imagine ice cream containers filled with worms whenever he has an urge for ice cream. This is an example of the technique of ____.
A) systematic desensitization
B) token economy
C) covert sensitization therapy
D) rational-emotive therapy
Q3) Describe three methods that are employed in traditional psychoanalysis.
Q4) Behavior therapy techniques that rely on operant conditioning principles include
A) flooding
B) systematic desensitization
C) reflection
D) shaping
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