Principles of Psychology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology introduces students to the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. This course explores foundational concepts such as perception, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, development, and personality, as well as key theories and research methods used in psychology. Students will also examine the biological bases of behavior, the influences of social and cultural factors, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, the course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how psychological processes influence individuals and society.
Recommended Textbook psychology concepts and connections brief version 9th edition by spencer a. rathus
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16 Chapters
2243 Verified Questions
2243 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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145 Verified Questions
145 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lisa, while contemplating her fourth failed relationship, concludes that maybe all men aren't jerks but that she makes poor decisions. Gestalt psychologists would call this
A)insight.
B)introspection.
C)oversight.
D)perceptual congruity.
Answer: A
Q2) Dr. Jacobi is studying the effects of bilingualism on the intellectual development of children. She wants to know whether learning both English and Spanish simultaneously or sequentially impedes or enhances intelligence scores in both languages. Most likely, Dr. Jacobi follows a __________ perspective.
A)psychoanalytic
B)humanistic
C)gestalt
D)sociocultural
Answer: D
Q3) __________ are formulations of apparent relationships among observed events.
Answer: Theories
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3
Chapter 2: Biology and Psychology
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164 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mary experiences monthly bouts of irritability, abdominal cramps, food cravings, and mood swings. This is likely due to A)menopause.
B)hyperthyroidism.
C)premenstrual syndrome.
D)aging.
Answer: C
Q2) When a section of a neuron is stimulated by neighboring neurons, the cell membrane becomes __________ to sodium ions.
A)positive
B)permeable
C)polarized
D)impermeable
Answer: B
Q3) Nature is to nurture as heredity is to A)environment.
B)genetics.
C)biology.
D)instincts.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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150 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Visible light is
A)electromagnetic energy.
B)chemical energy.
C)biochemical energy.
D)pressure/vacuum energy.
Answer: A
Q2) The opponents-process theory of color vision is based on the idea that the retina contains
A)three types of simple receptors sensitive to red, green, and blue.
B)three types of receptors, two sensitive to color and one to differences in brightness.
C)three sets of cells responsive to brightness.
D)three types of receptors responsive to primary colors.
Answer: B
Q3) Colors across from each other on the color wheel are labeled
A)complementary.
B)analogous.
C)primary.
D)trichromatic.
Answer: A
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the American Psychiatric Association, the crucial factor(s) in substance abuse is/are
A)the amount you consume.
B)the social setting of your consumption.
C)the disruption of your life by your pattern of use.
D)all of these
Q2) Paradoxical sleep is also known as A)REM sleep.
B)the hypnagogic state.
C)Stage 4.
D)none of these
Q3) Drinking to the point that your pattern of use disrupts your life is defined as substance ________________.
Q4) The treatment for narcolepsy involves the use of stimulants and antidepressant drugs.
A)True
B)False
Q5) REM is to awake as NREM is to dreaming.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adrienne and Gus want to stop their son's temper tantrums through the use of physical punishment. Research would support this strategy because
A)physical punishment has been shown to quickly and effectively change behavior.
B)physical punishment creates a closer bond between a parent and a child.
C)physical punishment helps create internal moral standards.
D)none of these would be supported by research
Q2) A reduction of conditioned responses in the absence of the unconditioned stimulus is called
A)spontaneous recovery.
B)generalization.
C)aversion.
D)extinction.
Q3) Why would the term extinction be a possible misnomer?
A)Because a CS is never really extinguished
B)Because a CS always has the potential of eliciting a UR
C)Because the US always elicits a CR
D)Because we see spontaneous recovery of CRs
Q4) Compare and contrast classical conditioning with operant conditioning.
Q5) Systematic desensitization is used to overcome __________ responses.
Q6) Gambling is a(n) _________ schedule of reinforcement.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Memory: Remembrance of Things Past-And Future
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Sample Questions
Q1) Extending the semantic meaning of something you already know refers to A)metamemory.
B)elaborative rehearsal.
C)retrospective memory.
D)maintenance rehearsal.
Q2) There is age-related decline in prospective memory, but this is not so with retrospective memory.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Tracy took tennis lessons when she was very young but had not played tennis for years when she decided to enroll in a tennis class at college. A moment after she picked up her racket, she realized with surprise that she had shifted it to the correct forehand grip without even thinking. Tracy's __________ memory made this possible.
A)implicit
B)episodic
C)psychomotor
D)semantic
Q4) The three types of memory tasks used to measure forgetting are recall, _________, and _________.
8
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Chapter 7: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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155 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Jones is highly skilled in teaching mathematics and science, but he seems to lack common sense. According to Sternberg's model of intelligence, Professor Jones lacks __________ intelligence.
A)analytical
B)practical
C)creative
D)logical
Q2) On the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Susan answered fewer items correctly than her friend Keri. Yet, Susan's IQ score was higher than Keri's. How can this be possible?
A)Susan is older than Keri.
B)Susan is younger than Keri.
C)Susan and Keri are the same age.
D)None of these explain this situation
Q3) According to kinship studies, biological parents are to genetic influence as adoptive parents are to
A)environmental influence.
B)relationship influence.
C)hereditary influence.
D)none of these
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) You notice that your neighbor lets her child hit other children and take things that don't belong to him. You are concerned that the child is __________ for aggression.
A)expressing an impulse
B)being reinforced
C)seeking sensations
D)adapting to biological demands
Q2) Based on recent research, in order to understand how a stranger truly feels, you should observe his or her _____ rather than just the words spoken.
A)posture
B)body movements
C)facial expressions
D)all of these
Q3) Motives are hypothetical because
A)they are measured directly.
B)they cannot be measured directly.
C)they do not really exist.
D)they are empirical.
Q4) Describe the evidence that sexual orientation is biologically based.
Q5) The sexual response cycle consists of ______, ______, ______, and ______.
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Chapter 9: The Voyage Through the Life Span
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Sample Questions
Q1) An older adult may have difficulty hearing higher-pitched voices due to ________.
Q2) According to Levinson, individuals between the ages of 28 and 33 undergo a reevaluation of their lives known as the A)age-30 transition.
B)pre-midlife crisis.
C)reassessment period.
D)young adult transition.
Q3) The poem, "Thanatopsis," by William Cullen Bryant reflects Erik Erikson's goals of A)integrity
B)ego integrity.
C)ego identity.
D)optimism.
Q4) Adolescent egocentrism gives rise to the A)autobiography and make-believe audience.
B)personal fantasy and pretend audience.
C)imaginary audience and the personal fable.
D)none of these
Q5) The longest prenatal stage is the _____ stage.
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Chapter 10: Personality: Theory and Measurement
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153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of the source of an inferiority complex?
A)Becky wanted her father to respect her.
B)Eric was much shorter than his peers.
C)Pam received the highest grade in the class.
D)David joined the army.
Q2) Mental images of what we are capable of becoming are called
A)self-ideals.
B)self-concepts.
C)frames of references.
D)conditions of worth.
Q3) The Electra complex involves
A)a girl wanting to kill her father and possess her mother.
B)a boy wanting to kill his father and possess his mother.
C)a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.
D)a boy longing for his father and resenting his mother.
Q4) Watson and Skinner believed personality was shaped by _____.
Q5) The _____ perspective emphasizes gender, ethnicity, race, and cultural influences.
Q6) Describe how a behaviorist would explain and treat a child's temper tantrums.
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Chapter 11: Stress, Health, and Coping
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a person tends to exaggerate the extent of a loss that heightens their emotional reaction, this is called
A)catastrophizing.
B)compounding.
C)delusional thinking.
D)none of these
Q2) The three stages of GAS (in their correct order) are
A)alarm, snooze, rest.
B)alarm, rest, snooze.
C)alarm, resistance, exhaustion.
D)resistance, alarm, exhaustion.
Q3) High _______________ expectations are accompanied by relatively lower levels of adrenaline and noradrenaline in the bloodstream.
Q4) Some stress is healthful and necessary to keep people alert and occupied.
A)True B)False
Q5) The _________ person is likely to earn higher grades and more money than ________.
Q6) A(n) __________________ conflict creates the least amount of stress.
Q7) Compare and contrast the ways in which men and women experience stress.
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Chapter 12: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dissociative disorders involve __________ that cannot be attributed to organic problems.
A)a loss of memory
B)a loss of contact with reality
C)malingering
D)dangerous split personalities
Q2) All of the following are assumptions of the medical model of psychological disorders except
A)disorders are termed as mental illnesses.
B)disorders are diagnosed.
C)patients are prescribed medication.
D)disorders are caused by environmental factors.
Q3) Who is more likely to attempt suicide when faced with depression and stressful events, Rene, an African-American struggling single parent, or Tanya, a Caucasian college student?
A)Rene
B)Tanya
C)Both are just as likely
D)Neither
Q4) False auditory and visual perceptions are called _____.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Methods of Therapy
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152 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Systematic desensitization uses exposure to a feared situation along with instruction in relaxation to treat phobias.
A)True
B)False
Q2) _______ is a systematic interaction between therapist and client that applies psychological principles to affect the client's well-being.
Q3) Client-centered therapy and _______ have been shown to be equally successful with well-educated, verbal, strongly motivated clients.
Q4) In a classroom with emotionally challenged students, the teacher gives out coupons for appropriate behavior and takes them away for inappropriate behavior. At the end of the day, coupons can be traded for different rewards. The teacher is employing the _______ method.
A)shaping
B)modeling
C)token economy
D)aversive conditioning
Q5) Freud used three methods to help clients release their repressed issues and reduce anxiety: hypnosis, _______, _______, and __________.
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Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Due to a self-serving bias, people like to see their successes as the result of their own efforts and abilities, but they tend to see their failures as the result of the situation.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Terry ordered a steak to be cooked medium rare. When she received the steak, it was well done. She informed the waiter, who then asked if she could make the best of it since they were so busy. Terry is more likely to comply with this unreasonable request if she is
A)high in self-esteem but low in social anxiety.
B)assertive.
C)low in self-esteem but high in social anxiety.
D)not concerned about the waiter's feelings.
Q3) In the Asch study, what percentage of the subjects went along with the majority's wrong answer at least once?
A)15
B)25
C)55
D)75
Q4) ______ _______ schemes are rules that govern much of group decision making.
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Chapter 15: Psychology and Human Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) When people make judgments about samples according to the population they seem to model, the _______ heuristic is being used.
A)representativeness
B)availability
C)anchoring
D)adjustment
Q2) The United States population consists of 15 percent African Americans. A researcher who is trying to study a representative sample would include
A)90 percent Caucasians.
B)30 percent African Americans.
C)15 percent African Americans.
D)50 percent Caucasians.
Q3) Alice remembers her locker number by saying it over and over again. This is known as ________ rehearsal.
A)elaborative
B)rote
C)maintenance
D)recall
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17
Chapter 16: Psychology and Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) When children are raised with conditional positive regard, they will most likely experience
A)self-efficacy.
B)actualization.
C)self-esteem.
D)conditions of worth.
Q2) Which part of the brain is most involved with planning and self-regulation?
A)Limbic system
B)Frontal lobe
C)Occipital lobe
D)Cerebellum
Q3) Which type of intelligence has been shown to increase through middle adulthood?
A)Wisdom
B)Crystallized
C)Fluid
D)Perceptual speed
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