Principles of Psychology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology offers an introduction to the scientific study of human behavior and mental processes. This course covers foundational concepts such as perception, cognition, learning, memory, emotion, motivation, and human development. Through an exploration of biological, psychological, and social factors, students gain insight into how individuals think, feel, and act. The course also explores research methods in psychology and examines the application of psychological principles to real-world problems, fostering critical thinking and a deeper understanding of oneself and others.
Recommended Textbook
Psychology 6th Edition by James S. Nairne
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16 Chapters
5113 Verified Questions
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The philosophical position known as empiricism suggests that knowledge arises directly from experience.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) One of Sigmund Freud's unique contributions to psychology was his emphasis on using systematic introspection to determine the unconscious determinants of behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Danielle is a counseling psychologist.While she is at work, Danielle probably spends time:
A)solving practical problems in the real world
B)trying to discover basic principles of behavior and mind
C)working with individuals who have psychological disorders
D)providing advice on adjustment problems
Answer: D
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Tools of Psychological Research
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Sample Questions
Q1) On a recent quiz Lena and Robert both scored 7 points, Russell scored 2 points, and Carol scored 4 points.For these four students, the mean score on the quiz was:
A)7.0 points
B)5.0 points
C)5.5 points
D)4.3 points
Answer: B
Q2) A commonly used measure of variability is the ____________________, which is the average difference scores in a data set are from the mean of the data set.
Answer: standard deviation
Q3) Inferential statistics help researchers:
A)describe the data obtained in a research study
B)determine the likelihood that the pattern in the collected data occurred by chance
C)measure a person's potential for success in a given area
D)measure an individual's current level of knowledge in a particular area
Answer: B
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Processes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parkinson's disease patients lack an adequate amount of dopamine due to malfunction of:
A)the medulla and pons of the hindbrain
B)the hypothalamus of the forebrain
C)the cerebral cortex of the forebrain
D)the substantia nigra of the midbrain
Answer: D
Q2) Within the limbic system, the structure that is thought to be critically involved in the formation of memories is the:
A)thalamus
B)amygdala
C)hypothalamus
D)hippocampus
Answer: D
Q3) Deterioration of the myelin sheath is believed to be involved in ____________________.
Answer: multiple sclerosis
Q4) The field of ____________________ is involved in studying the connections between brain and behavior.
Answer: neuroscience
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) In early infancy, the nervous system continues to develop and mature, and it follows a pattern that is essentially:
A)from the head down and from the extremities inward
B)from the feet up and from the center out
C)from the feet up and from the extremities inward
D)from the head down and from the center outward
Q2) Parents of children with ____________________ attachment tend to be unresponsive and impatient when confronted with the children's needs.
Q3) In males, the adolescent growth spurt is triggered by:
A)increases in the levels of estrogen
B)decreases in the levels of estrogen
C)increases in the levels neuromodulators
D)increases in the levels of androgens
Q4) According to Piaget, children may change their understanding of the world in order to make sense of new experiences.He referred to this process as:
A)assimilation
B)centration
C)accommodation
D)conservation
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Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lindsay is having trouble focusing on fine details.She is having problems of:
A) visual acuity
B) retinal disparity
C) transduction
D) prosopagnosia
Q2) The transparent and protective outer covering of the eye is the:
A)cornea
B)lens
C)retina
D)iris
Q3) Jordie went to have his hearing tested.Some of the sounds that were presented during the test were so faint that he was unable to detect them.These faint sounds would fall below Jordie's:
A)difference threshold for sound
B)adaptation threshold for sound
C)absolute threshold for sound
D)level for perceptual invariance
Q4) Describe Biederman's recognition by components theory, and why not all researchers are convinced by the theory.
Q5) Explain how the body records and processes temperature.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Joe is impulsive, has difficulty sitting still, and switches from one activity to another without completing anything.Joe's behavior is most likely a result of:
A)attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
B)narcolepsy
C)synesthesia
D)attentional neglect
Q2) Neural "pruning and sculpting" seems to be promoted by:
A)the appearance of sleep spindles
B)REM sleep
C)slow-wave sleep
D)the appearance of K complexes
Q3) According to Freud, the actual symbols and events experienced in a dream form the ____________________ content.
Q4) Brain structures that schedule rhythmic variations in bodily functions by triggering them at the appropriate time are called _____________________________.
Q5) LSD is thought to mimic the action of the neurotransmitter ____________________.
Q6) Outline the typical effects of stimulant drugs.What are the biochemical effects that these drugs typically produce?
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Chapter 7: Learning From Experience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Earl can't figure out how to work his new calculator, so Julienne shows him the steps he needs to follow to work through the problems.Based on what is known about learning, you should conclude that Earl improved his calculator skills through the process known as:
A)classical conditioning
B)operant conditioning
C)vicarious observation
D)observational learning
Q2) In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus is:
A)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited without any prior training
B)an observable reaction to an environmental event that is elicited only after training or experience
C)an environmental event that elicits an observable reaction without any prior training
D)an environmental event that only elicits an observable reaction after training or experience
Q3) In classical conditioning, the response that is acquired after learning occurs is the ____________________ response.
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Chapter 8: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fernando is reading the directions for baking a cake, and storing them as he thinks about what he needs to do to prepare mixing and baking it.This activity is occurring in:
A)procedural memory
B)long-term memory
C)retroactive memory
D)short-term memory
Q2) In describing memory, psychologists refer to the momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli as:
A)echoic memory
B)implicit memory
C)iconic memory
D)a flashbulb memory
Q3) In a long list of items to be remembered, most people will tend to remember the items from the beginning and the end of the sequence the best while forgetting the items in the middle of the list.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A(n) ____________________ is any mental trick that one can use to try to improve memory.
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Chapter 9: Language and Thought
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ann looked at the rocks near the top of the rock wall and visually followed the series of footholds from the top, until she had an idea about which way she should start climbing up the wall.Ann used the problem-solving approach known as:
A)means-ends analysis
B)searching for analogies
C)anchoring and adjustment
D)working backward
Q2) The cat chased the lizard.The lizard was chased by the cat.These two sentences share the same:
A)surface structure
B)deep structure
C)phonemic content
D)mnemonics
Q3) When children overgeneralize language rules, they create only correct or grammatical sequences.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In decision making, the tendency to cling to initial beliefs when confronted with disconfirming evidence is ____________________.
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Chapter 10: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the hierarchical view of intelligence and how it acts as a compromise between the views of Spearman and Thurstone.
Q2) The term intellectual disability is generally assigned to a person whose score on a standard IQ test is:
A)90 or lower
B)80 or lower
C)70 or lower
D)60 or lower
Q3) Which of the following is NOT one of Gardner's multiple intelligences?
A)musical intelligence
B)spatial intelligence
C)bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
D)scientific intelligence
Q4) According to Howard Gardner, there are seven distinct types of intelligence, which include musical intelligence, spatial intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic intelligence, linguistic intelligence, ____________________ intelligence, intrapersonal intelligence, and logical-mathematical intelligence.
Q5) According to Raymond Cattell, ____________________ intelligence refers to one's ability to reason and solve-problems.
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Chapter 11: Motivation and Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term ____________________ is used to refer to an unlearned, characteristic pattern of responding that is controlled by specific triggering stimuli.
Q2) Discuss the role of satiation signals and CCK in eating behavior.
Q3) Nadine is watching a movie, and as the star of the movie dies at the end, Nadine feels extremely sad.This reaction is part of the:
A)physiological response in Nadine's emotional experience
B)expressive reaction in Nadine's emotional experience
C)subjective experience of Nadine's emotional experience
D)objective appraisal of Nadine's emotional experience
Q4) Electrically stimulating which part of the brain in a laboratory rat will cause the rat to lose all interest in food, even when it is true need of nutrients?
A)the hypothalamus
B)the lateral geniculate nucleus
C)the substantia nigra
D)the amygdala
Q5) Describe two eating disorders focusing on the main characteristics that distinguish each of the disorders.
Q6) Outline the five levels of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
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Chapter 12: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Amanda is currently thinking about all the things she needs to do when she gets home this evening.She is mentally making lists of the jobs she needs to remember to do.According to Freud, these thoughts are contained in Amanda's:
A)preconscious mind
B)conscious mind
C)unconscious mind
D)subconscious mind
Q2) One of central concepts in Alfred Adler's theory of personality is the collective unconscious.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Traits are:
A)factors that create similarities between people
B)stable predispositions to act in certain ways
C)generally unpredictable across long periods of time
D)maladaptive and unhealthy personality characteristics
Q4) Outline the concerns that the person-situation debate raises about behavioral consistency.Discuss the evidence that relates to behavioral consistency across situations and within situations.
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Chapter 13: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) One type of information that individuals assess when making attributions is consensus.This means that individuals try to determine:
A)how a particular person reacts toward a given object or event at different times
B)how a particular person reacts toward a variety of objects or events
C)how different people react toward a given object or event
D)how different people react toward a variety of objects or events
Q2) Describe cross-cultural differences in attitudes about the individual versus the group.
Q3) Outline Langlois and Roggman's research into cross-cultural perceptions of attractiveness.Discuss why "prototypical" preferences might be adaptive.
Q4) The tendency to exert less effort when working in a group, compared to working alone is called:
A)social interference
B)the bystander effect
C)nonconformity
D)social loafing
Q5) When one is excluded and ignored by one or more members of a group, it is called
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Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Nothing in a man's life seems to be going right.Since being laid-off, he has continually failed in his attempts at finding work, even though he's moved to different cities several times.Now he can't even seem to form new friendships.He has developed a sense of despair and is drifting into depression.This is related to the concept known as:
A)learned helplessness
B)cognitive hopelessness
C)maladaptive behavior theory
D)adaptation failure theory
Q2) Dissociative amnesia is considered to be psychological in origin.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A(n) ____________________ is a compelling need to perform one or more actions repeatedly.
Q4) Psychological disorders that focus on the physical body are called ____________________ disorders.
Q5) The ____________________ of mental illness suggests that abnormal behavior is symptomatic of an underlying "disease," which can be "cured" with the appropriate therapy.
Q6) Identify the main characteristics associated with schizophrenic disorders.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Therapy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cognitive therapists believe it is direct experience, such as failure on a test, that produces disorders such as depression, not unconscious memories.
A)True
B)False
Q2) May suddenly began to forget her appointments, to misplace her dream diary, and to be unwilling to talk during her therapy sessions.A psychoanalytic therapist would interpret her behavior as:
A)transference
B)incongruence
C)resistance
D)reactance
Q3) Which of the following drugs is NOT used to treat schizophrenia?
A)chlorpromazine
B)risperidone
C)thorazine
D)clozapine
Q4) Outline the main assumptions that underlie insight therapies as methods of treating psychological disorders.
Q5) Client-centered therapy was developed by ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Stress and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) How many stages are there in the general adaptation syndrome?
A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six
Q2) Research has shown that people who engage in regular aerobic activity show lower blood pressure and heart rate when exposed to situations involving mental stress.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is an example of tertiary prevention?
A)Individuals who are intravenous drug users are encouraged to come in for regular blood tests in order to be screened for possible HIV infection.
B)In hopes of reducing the incidence of heart disease and stroke, a company offered free cholesterol tests each year.
C)A health psychologist is involved in promoting women's health fairs that screen for breast and cervical cancer, and evaluating psychological and nutritional conditions
D)none of these choices
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