Principles of Psychology
Chapter Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Principles of Psychology is an introductory course that explores the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Covering foundational topics such as perception, learning, memory, development, motivation, emotion, personality, psychological disorders, and social behavior, this course provides students with an understanding of key psychological concepts and theories. Emphasis is placed on the biological bases of behavior, research methods, and the application of psychological principles to everyday life. By examining how individuals think, feel, and act within diverse contexts, students gain insights into human nature and the factors that shape individual and group behavior.
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Mastering the World of Psychology 5th Edition by Samuel E. Wood
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Psychology
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Q1) A counselor who takes the humanistic perspective would focus most on _____
A)environmental influences.
B)behavior.
C)subjective experience.
D)inherited tendencies.
Answer: B
Q2) Psychology was recognized as a formal academic discipline when _____
A)Sigmund Freud began publishing his theories.
B)the focus moved to mental processes.
C)the scientific method was used.
D)hypnosis was introduced and used successfully in therapy.
Answer: C
Q3) Researcher Lesley Lambright (2003)studied Vietnamese individuals and examined how their multicultural background played a role in their survival of centuries of warfare. Lambright was approaching this study from the _____ school of thought.
Answer: sociocultural
Q4) Some of the basic ideas underlying the humanistic school of thought are _____.
Answer: any of the following: free will, choice, people are basically good, potential for personal growth, self-actualization.
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Chapter 2: Biology and Behavior
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Q1) In terms of brain development, what might account for the differences in processing speed and level of thinking between children and adults?
Answer: The brain continues to develop through young adulthood. The frontal lobes do not become fully myelinated until about age 12. The frontal lobes also undergo growth spurts (due to synaptogenesis)well into adulthood. With more brain matter, more synapses, and full myelination, level of thinking and processing speed (in addition to many other s)substantially increase from childhood to adulthood.
Q2) Much of what we know about left and right hemisphere specializations comes from the study of people who had split-brain surgery. This surgery _____
A)splits the lobes of the brain apart.
B)severs the corpus callosum between hemispheres.
C)severs the nerves from the spinal cord to the right hemisphere.
D)severs the substantia nigra between hemispheres. Answer: B
Q3) The neurotransmitter _____ is suspected to play a role in attention-deficit disorder. Answer: dopamine
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Chapter 3: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) _____ is the dimension of light that refers to the specific color perceived.
A)Trichromaticity
B)Hue
C)Saturation
D)Brightness
Answer: B
Q2) A experiment in which two individuals are placed in separate rooms while one tries to send information and the other tries to receive it without use of any of the senses is using the _____ procedure.
A)ESP
B)Ganzfeld
C)telepathy
D)double blind
Answer: B
Q3) Texture gradient refers to the fact that texture appears to become _____
A)more detailed in the distance.
B)more detailed as brightness increases.
C)less detailed in the distance.
D)less detailed when it is brighter.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Q1) Which of these drugs mimic the effects of the brain's own endorphins?
A)heroin
B)alcohol
C)marijuana
D)amphetamine
Q2) The _____ proposes that hypnosis induces a split between two aspects of the control of consciousness, the planning function and the monitoring function.
A)neodissociation theory of hypnosis
B)sociocognitive theory of hypnosis
C)Freudian interpretation
D)theory of dissociated control
Q3) Which theory of sleep is based on the premise that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way?
A)restorative
B)melatonin
C)circadian
D)ecobehavioral
Q4) _____, the active ingredient in marijuana, seems to have many receptors located in the _____ of the brain, thereby affecting memory.
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Chapter 5: Learning
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Q1) Who is best known for studying the phenomenon of insight in animals?
A)Köhler
B)Tolman
C)Seligman
D)Skinner
Q2) The various forms of information available to us today have created what some researchers are calling an electronic _____ environment.
A)nightmare
B)overload
C)multi-tasking
D)brain-eating
Q3) Why do drug counselors strongly encourage those recovering from addictions to avoid the people and places from their past drug-using days?
Q4) Loretta watched the movie Jaws many times when she was younger. She remembers how scared she was every time she saw the shark on television. Now, whenever she hears the "da nan... da nan... da nan, da nan, da nan" melody, she feels scared. In terms of classical conditioning, the melody can be labeled as the _____.
Q5) Why does physical punishment frequently lead to aggression?
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Chapter 6: Memory
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Q1) There is no known limit to our _____
A)metamemory.
B)working memory.
C)long-term memory.
D)short-term memory.
Q2) Four of the seven causes of forgetting listed in your text are _____, _____, _____, and _____.
Q3) Which of the following is FALSE based on Godden's and Baddeley's 1975 research with the divers?
A)The context in which the divers learned the information probably assisted in their recall of the information when in that same context.
B)Because the context was so unusual, all of the divers seemed to have a better memory for the words they learned on land.
C)The divers' recall was not as good if they were in a different environment from where they learned the material.
D)The divers who learned the list of words on land remembered the list better on land.
Q4) The three ways to measure memory are _____, _____, and _____.
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Chapter 7: Cognition, Language, and Intelligence
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Q1) Ramey's research on the effect of early intervention on intelligence are _____ studies, so we can see that the outcomes are a result of the intervention.
A)longitudinal
B)cross-sectional
C)observational
D)experimental
Q2) Psychologists who study animal behavior, cognition, and language in relation to human behavior, cognition, and language are _____ psychologists.
A)behaviorist
B)cognitive
C)comparative
D)animal
Q3) The rhythm and emphasis on each word is called _____
A)intonation.
B)syntax.
C)morphemes.
D)phonemes.
Q4) Why should inclusion (or mainstreaming)in schools continue?
Q5) What factors-name at least four-can get in the way of solving a problem?
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Chapter 8: Human Development
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Q1) Piaget's concept that a given quantity of matter remains the same despite being rearranged or changed in appearance, as long as nothing is added or taken away, defines _____.
A)object permanence
B)irreversibility
C)symbolic function
D)conservation
Q2) Which of the following is FALSE regarding smoking while pregnant based on the research presented in your textbook?
A)The infant has a higher chance of being born prematurely.
B)The carbon monoxide the infant is exposed to is high while the oxygen the infant is exposed to is lower than normal.
C)The many chemicals experienced by the smoker are also experienced by the fetus since the chemicals cross the placental barrier.
D)Because there is a chance the baby will be born healthy, there is more risk in quitting smoking while pregnant than waiting until the pregnancy is over.
Q3) According to Erikson, _____ is essential for the successful resolution of the intimacy vs. inferiority stage.
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Chapter 9: Motivation and Emotion
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Q1) Which of the components of motivation involves focusing one's energy and mental effort and applying them toward the task at hand?
A)activation
B)assimilation
C)persistence
D)intensity
Q2) The _____ is a portion of the brain that seems to be directly involved in experiencing fear.
A)right hemisphere
B)cerebral cortex
C)hippocampus
D)amygdala
Q3) Obesity is defined by body mass index for individuals who are _____
A)under age 10.
B)over age 30.
C)between ages 15 and 20.
D)between ages 10 and 15.
Q4) _____ are cultural guidelines that suggest to people when, where, and how to express emotions.
Q5) How does Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory rest on the concept of homeostasis?
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Chapter 10: Health and Stress
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Q1) Even though the number has declined over the past 40 years, coronary heart disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States, responsible for _____ of all deaths.
A)50%
B)25%
C)10%
D)100%
Q2) Roger's boss evaluates him based on the satisfaction of the employees who work under Roger's supervision. Roger's supervisees are very unhappy because the company provides poor salary and benefits and won't even hire a cleaning company to keep the bathrooms clean. None of this is in Roger's control. The factor responsible for Roger's high work stress as described in this scenario is _____
A)accountability.
B)workload.
C)human contact.
D)clarity of job description and evaluation criteria.
Q3) When we experience stress, our _____ and endocrine system initiate the _____ response to help us fight or flee.
Q4) T cells are produced in the _____, whereas B cells are produced in the _____.
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Chapter 11: Personality Theory and Assessment
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Q1) Twenty-nine-year-old Annabelle and her partner are seriously committed to one another and have discussed the possibility of marriage since it was just legalized in their state. According to Freud, in which of the psychosexual stages are they?
A)latency
B)oral
C)genital
D)anal
Q2) Wong came to work only to find out from his female boss that the company was closing. He was so upset and angry that he lost his job, but he knew he couldn't take it out on his boss. When Wong arrived home, he yelled at his wife for not turning off the light. The defense mechanism Wong unknowingly utilized is _____.
Q3) The main component of Freud's psychoanalytic theory is _____, the primary motivating force of human behavior.
Q4) According to Freud, which structure of the personality contains the conscience?
A)preconscious
B)ego ideal
C)id
D)superego
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Chapter 12: Defining Psychological Disorders
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Q1) Without a shared system of diagnosis and classification, we could not _____
A)give anyone a diagnosis.
B)keep track of statistics, such as prevalence.
C)give labels to disorders.
D)treat disorders.
Q2) Which of the following describes personality disorders?
A)long-standing, inflexible, and maladaptive patterns of behaving and relating to others
B)having one or more personalities within one individual
C)an identity crisis that has not been resolved by adulthood
D)thinking one is someone else, usually a famous person
Q3) Some research indicates that there is a _____ basis to disruptive mood dysregulation disorder that affects _____
A)traumatic; bonding.
B)genetic; brain development.
C)manipulative; its continuance.
D)viral; neurodevelopment.
Q4) Name the five perspectives on psychological disorders and briefly describe their explanation of mental disorders.
Q5) _____ and _____ are examples of mood disorders.
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Chapter 13: Therapies
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Q1) Simone is instructed to deliberately think about her troubling and unpleasant thoughts. While she would normally engage in ritualistic behaviors to decrease the anxiety associated with these thoughts, her therapist refuses to allow her to engage in any of those behaviors. In an effort to help her overcome the diagnosis of _____, Simone's therapist is utilizing the _____ technique.
Q2) Sharif has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. His therapist purposely asks him to think about the unwanted, intrusive, unpleasant thought. These thoughts typically trigger Sharif to feel the need to engage in a particular behavior. However, his therapist does not allow him to engage in that behavior for periods of time. The goal is to decrease and eventually eliminate the need for the compulsion. This technique is called _____
A)flooding.
B)aversion therapy.
C)exposure and response prevention.
D)overexposure.
Q3) Since the introduction of drug therapy in 1955, the United States has witnessed a significantly lower _____.
Q4) List the insight therapies, state their goals, and discuss the techniques used in each.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Social Psychology
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Q1) Which of the following prompted Stanley Milgram to create research on the topic of obedience?
A)Vietnam War
B)his interest in what motivates people to go along with the crowd
C)the Holocaust
D)his keen interest in human behavior
Q2) When describing or explaining the behavior of others, we tend to blame the person; however, when explaining our own behavior, we tend to blame the situation. This phenomenon is referred to as _____
A)the fundamental attribution error.
B)the self-serving bias.
C)the situational attribution effect.
D)the actor-observer effect.
Q3) When an individual makes what seems to be a harmless, attractive offer and then fills in the unfavorable details only after the person agrees, he/she is utilizing the _____
A)foot-in-the-door technique.
B)high-ball technique.
C)door-in-the-face technique.
D)low-ball technique.
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Chapter 15: Human Sexuality and Gender
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Q1) Joanie had a complete physical and was told she had chlamydia. The advanced state of the infection indicated it had probably been present for at least a year. Why had Joanie not gotten this treated sooner?
A)She repressed knowledge of the obvious symptoms because she was ashamed.
B)The sores did not hurt and went away quickly so she ignored it.
C)Chlamydia starts as a rash that can look like an allergy.
D)There were no symptoms to tell her something was wrong.
Q2) Gender _____ theory proposes that the development of gender roles involves the way our information-processing system organizes information.
Q3) Gender differences observed early in males increase _____
A)only in elementary school.
B)with puberty in adolescence.
C)between ages 23 and 25.
D)in middle age.
Q4) Discuss how schemas relate to stereotypes.
Q5) Individuals who are _____ are most at risk of sexual assault.
Q6) Describe two ways in which biological sex may develop atypically.
Q7) Describe gender schema theory. How does it relate to Kohlberg's cognitive developmental theory of gender role development?
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